Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on cytokines in adolescents with subthreshold depression:a randomized controlled study

Strong evidence has accumulated to show a correlation between depression symptoms and inflammatory responses.Moreover,anti-inflammatory treatment has shown partial effectiveness in alleviating depression symptoms.Lycium barbarum polysaccharide(LBP),derived from Goji berries,exhibits notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.In our recent double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial,we found that LBP significantly reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression.It is presumed that the antidepressant effect of LBP may be associated with its influence on inflammatory cytokines.In the double-blinded randomized controlled trial,we enrolled 29 adolescents with subthreshold depression and randomly divided them into an LBP group and a placebo group.In the LBP group,adolescents were given 300 mg/d LBP.A 6-week follow up was completed by 24 adolescents,comprising 14 adolescents from the LBP group(15.36±2.06 years,3 men and 11 women)and 10 adolescents from the placebo group(14.9±1.6 years,2 men and 8 women).Our results showed that after 6 weeks of treatment,the interleukin-17A level in the LBP group was lower than that in the placebo group.Network analysis showed that LBP reduced the correlations and connectivity between inflammatory factors,which were associated with the improvement in depressive symptoms.These findings suggest that 6-week administration of LBP suppresses the immune response by reducing interleukin-17A level,thereby exerting an antidepressant effect.

Effect of combined ultrasonic and enzymatic assisted treatment on the fermentation process of whole Lycium barbarum(goji berry)fruit

The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions for combined ultrasonication and enzymatic treatment of whole fruit Lycium barbarum.The synergistic effects of ultrasonication and enzymatic treatment on the fermentation process,bioactive compounds,and antioxidant activity were investigated.Optimal combination of sonication time,enzyme ratio(cellulase:pectinase:protease),and enzyme concentration was determined by optimization experiments to be 10 min,1:1:1,and 0.75%,respectively.Under these conditions,the fermentation process greatly accelerated,the viable cell count of the lactic acid bacteria after fermentation for 36 h reached(5.57±0.38)×10^(8)CFU g^(-1)compared with(8.63±0.29)×10^(7)CFU g^(-1)for samples without pretreatment.The total phenol and flavonoid contents of Lycium barbarum with pretreatment after fermentation for 36 h increased by 10.69%and 19.62%,respectively,compared with samples without pretreatment.The highest antioxidant activities,as measured by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)assay,hydroxyl radical scavenging assay,and superoxide anion scavenging assay,were obtained for the treated Lycium barbarum.

中宁枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)的核型分析

报道了中宁枸杞( Lycium barbarum L.)的核型.核型公式为K(2n)=2 X=24=2 2 m(4 SAT)+2 sm.核型类型为1A，为较原始的对称核型，并与前人的报道结果进行了对比分 析.

Effects of Different Culture Conditions on Vitrification of Lycium barbarum L. Plantlets in Tissue Culture

The tender stems from new Lycium barbarum L. cultivar ＂Ningqi 3＂ released by Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences were regarded as explants to investigate the vitrification of Lycium barbarum plantlets in tissue culture under different concentrations of 6-BA, sucrose, agrose, culture temperature, and illumination duration with MS as basic medium. The results show that the conditions for maximal proliferation coefficient and min- imal vitrification are as following： the basic medium with 0.2 mg/L 6-BA, 3% sucrose and 0.65% agarose; culture at 25℃; 12 h/d（ daylight lamp, 2 000 lx） illumination.

药用植物宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)土壤细菌群落演替特征

【目的】研究土层、季节和树龄对宁夏枸杞土壤细菌群落结构的影响,对揭示枸杞种植区域土壤质量变化规律具有重要意义。【方法】以宁夏枸杞之乡—宁夏回族自治区中宁县为研究区,采用高通量测序分析了不同土层、季节和树龄条件下枸杞土壤细菌生物量及细菌群落结构和丰度的变化趋势。【结果】随着枸杞树龄增加,与幼龄(种植当年,<1年)枸杞土壤相比,春季和夏季0—20 cm中龄(6年)和老龄(12年)土壤总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)及0—40 cm土壤总有机氮(total organic nitrogen,TON)含量先增加后减少;春季不同树龄0—20 cm土壤微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)一直增加,但春季和秋季20—40 cm则呈相反趋势。夏季中龄植株表层土壤MBC最高,但MBN却最低。随着树龄增加,枸杞表层土壤细菌多样性普遍呈先增加后减小的趋势。枸杞土壤变形菌门Proteobacteria、放线菌门Actinobacteria、拟杆菌门Bacteroidete在细菌群落中占绝对优势。相同季节老龄土壤Proteobacteria相对丰度普遍高于幼龄和中龄,幼龄土壤Planctomycetes和绿弯菌门Chloroflexi丰度高于中龄和老龄。变形杆菌中黄色单胞菌Xanthomonadales、红杆菌Rhodobacterales和根瘤菌Rhizobiales占主导地位,尤其是在秋季中龄和3个季节的老龄枸杞土壤。土层、季节和树龄对土壤微生物数量影响不同。【结论】随着树龄增加,宁夏枸杞表层土壤微生物生物量和细菌多样性呈先增加后降低的趋势。老龄植株土壤Xanthomonadales数量相对最多。土层对枸杞土壤碳分布有极显著影响,树龄主要显著影响土壤氮源和细菌群落多样性,季节对枸杞土壤碳源、微生物量碳氮均有极显著影响。

Preliminary Study on the Anther Culture in Lycium barbarum L.

To investigate the culture technique in anther of Chinese wolfberry,we optimized the culture medium(including hormone combination)and culture conditions.The results showed that calluses were induced from all the six tested Chinese wolfberry materials,but the induction rate of callus varied toward the materials with different genotypes.When the experimental materials were cultured on medium appended with 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L and KT 1.0 mg/L under dark,the callus induction rate reached 20.0 % in this study,and this hormone combination should be the optimum for anther culture of Chinese wolfberry.With MS appended with 6-BA 0.5 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L as differentiation medium and that appended with NAA 0.1 mg/L,the plants could be yielded in 20 days.

Effects of Different Vibration Intensities Harvesting on Photosynthesis System Parameters of Lycium barbarum L. Trees with Harvest Machine

The effects of different vibration intensities harvesting on photosynthesis system parameters of Lycium barbarum L. tree with harvest machine were researched. The result showed that the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomata conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of L. barbarum tree＇s leaves under different treatment during different periods have no significant difference compared with contrast. It indicates that there is no significant effect on photosynthesis system parameters of L. barbarum tree＇s leaves with harvest machine.

The Relation between Anther's Nutrient Metabolism and Pollen Abortion of Male Sterile Lines in Lycium barbarum L.

[ Objective] This study deals with the relation between anther nutrient metabolism and pollen abortion of male sterile lines in Lycium barbarum L., and provides some theoretical references for the pollen abortion mechanism of male sterile lines in Lyciurn barbarurn L.. [Method] By using semi-thin section and cytochemistry technology, the accumulation and distribution of anther nutrient of male sterile and fertile lines in Lycium barbarum L. were observed and compared. [ Result] The result showed that after meiosis, starch grains in the connective parenchyma of anther decreased sharply, and starch grains in epidermis and endothecium were also greatly decreased, while nearly no lipid accumulated in tapetal cells in male sterile lines compared with the fertile lines. The tapetal cells and tetraspore had vacuoles appear successively, and then entered the degenerate process. During the degeneration stage of tapetal cells and tetraspore, starch grains in epidermis and endothecium were still in a smell number and in the connective parenchyme as well. [ Conclusion] The decrease of polysaccharide supplying in anther vascular leads to the disorder of mechanism of glycelipid transforming in tapetal ceils, which triggers the tapetal cells degenerating ahead of time, and the latter gives rise to callus wall failing to degenerate in time. Therefore, the tetrads disintegrate and disappear ultimately due to lack of nutrition.

Pollination Compatibility of Six Lycium barbarum L.Varieties

[Objective] The aim was to research pol ination compatibility of Six Lycium barbarum L. Varieties. [Method] Self-fertilization and reciprocal cross fertilization tests were conducted among the Six Lycium barbarum L. Varieties. [Result] Ningqi No.3 was of self-incompatibility and the self-fertilization fruit set ratio was only 1.33%; the self-compatibility of Ningqi No.2 was only 31.74%; the rest kept self-compatibility higher than 50%. The six varieties al showed better compatibility in general, espe-cial y for Ningqi No.3, whose fruit set ratio and weight of single fruit can be im-proved once a suitable pol inizer is found. [Conclusion] The research providers refer-ences for pol inizer-trees in production.

Effects of Different Mulching Methods on Primary Substances and Secondary Substances of Lycium barbarum L.

[Objective] The aim was to provide certain theoretical basis for stuides on the high yield and high quality cultivation of Lycium barbarum L..[Method] Under yield conditions,the accumulation of primary substances and secondary substances of Lycium barbarum L.was studied under different mulching treatments.[Result] Different mulching methods all had a certain effects on the contents of main primary substances and main secondary substances in Lycium barbarum L.fruit.Among them,carbohydrates and flavonoids contents in Lycium barbarum L.were both obviously increased under straw-film mulching;carotenoid content was decreased relatively;hundred leaf weight,1 000-grain weight and yield of Lycium barbarum L.were increased to a certain extent,but there was no obvious effect on the shape of fruit.Besides,the yield of Lycium barbarum L.had no significant positive correlation with total carbohydrate and polysaccharide,almost had no correlation with flavonoids,and had no significant negative correlation with carotenoid.[Conclusion] The reasonable mulching could improve the yield and quality of Lycium barbarum L..

Efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in adolescents with subthreshold depression: interim analysis of a randomized controlled study

Subthreshold depression is a highly prevalent condition in adolescents who are at high risk for developing major depressive disorder.In preclinical models of neurological and psychiatric diseases,Lycium barbarum polysaccharide(LBP)extracted from Goji berries had antidepressant effects including but not limited to anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.However,the effect of LBP on subthreshold depression is unclear.To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of LBP for treating subthreshold depression in adolescents,we conducted a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial(RCT)with 29 adolescents with subthreshold depression recruited at The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.The participants were randomly assigned to groups where they received either 300 mg LBP(LBP group,n=15,3 boys and 12 girls aged 15.13±2.17 years)or a placebo(placebo group,n=14,2 boys and 12 girls aged 15±1.71 years)for 6 successive weeks.Interim analyses revealed that the LBP group exhibited a greater change in Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD-24)scores relative to the baseline and a higher remission rate(HAMD-24 total score≤7)at 6 weeks compared with the placebo group.Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II(BDI-II),Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Kessler Psychological Distress Scale(Kessler),and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED)were similar between the LBP and placebo groups.No side effects related to the intervention were reported in either group.These results indicate that LBP administration reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression.Furthermore,LBP was well tolerated with no treatment-limiting adverse events.Clinical trials involving a larger sample size are needed to further confirm the anti-depressive effects of LBP in adolescents with subthreshold depression.This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University(Guangzhou,China;approval No.L2019-08)on April 4,2019 and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov(identifier:NCT04032795)on July 25,2019.

Changes of the Main Carotenoid Pigment Contents During the Drying Processes of the Different Harvest Stage Fruits of Lycium barbarum L.

The test analyzed the regularity of biosynthesis and degradation of the main functional components, such as zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and esterified carotenoids in the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. in order to provide theoretical basis for improvement of processing condition, appearance quality, and preservation of carotenoids. RP-HPLC was adapted to assay the changes of the main carotenoids of the different harvested stage fruit during the drying processing. Quantification was realized using external standard with gradient elution. The results showed that zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased dramatically, 2-22 times that of fresh fruits at the beginning of the drying period. In the middle of drying period, degradation occurred to a some extent, and the fall fruit degraded to a large extent. At the end of drying period, zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents increased to a little extent until a balanced state is obtained. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate content had a total degradation to more than 40% at the beginning of the drying period, and increased a little at the middle period, then reached a balanced state finally. The total carotenoid content analysis showed that the summer fruit had higher carotenoid content than the fall fruit. The experiments demonstrated zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased and zeaxanthin dipalmitate decreased during the drying process, which had an effect on the production appearance.

Review on the Diseases and Insects of Lycium barbarum L.

With the increasing planting area of Lycium barbarum L. , influence of diseases and pests has grown more serious, and the researches on the diseases and pests of L. barbarum L. have become increasingly important. This study reviewed the found diseases and pests of L barbarum L. and corresponding control measures, proposed the problems, suggestions and prospects, in order to provide references for the sustainable healthy development of L. barbarum L. industry in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Screening,structural characterization and anti-adipogenesis effect of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L.by an activity-oriented approach

This study aimed to describe the structural features and anti-adipogenesis effect of polysaccharides obtained from Lycium barbarum L.by a bioactivity-oriented purification method.First,crude polysaccharide LICP009 was identified as the main bioactive compound with potential inhibition of intracellular lipid accumulation.Bioactivity guided fractionation was further performed using ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-50 to obtain the purified component LICP009-2-1.This component was mainly composed of arabinose(Ara),galactose(Gal),glucose(Glc),galacturonic acid(GalA),and glucuronic acid(GlcA)in a molar ratio of 40.2:31.5:4.2:5.8:5.7 with a molecular weight of 1.35×10^(4) g/mol.Linkage and NMR data indicated that the backbone of LICP009-2-1 was consisted of a repeated unit of→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→residues,with three branches composed ofα-L-Araf-(1→,α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→,andα-L-Araf-(1→2)-α-L-Araf-(1→[4)-β-D-Galp-(1]_(3)→.In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte model,LICP009-2-1 exhibited an antiadipogenic effect by decreasing lipid accumulation,as well as downregulating the expression of key transcription factors and proteins in the adipogenesis pathway in a dose-dependent manner.In high-fat-diet-induced obese mice,oral administration of LICP009-2-1 counteracted the progression of obesity and hyperlipidemia.These results indicated that LICP009-2-1 plays anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity roles both in vitro and in vivo,and could be an anti-obesity agent utilized as medicinal,pharmacological and functional food ingredient.

Determination of the Composition and Content of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides by Chromatography

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides （LBP） were obtained after Lycium barbarum, the study object, went through chloroform-methanol degreasing, water extraction and alcohol precipitation, acetone and ether wash and dry, hydrogen peroxide bleaching, deproteinization by savage method. Determined LBP molecular weight by HPLC was 73950-138090Da. And the monosaccharides in LBP determined by IC mainly included glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, xylose and mannose, in which glucose, arabinose and galactose had larger contents, while the contents of other monosaccharides were low.

HPLC法同时测定枸杞中3种酚酸和3种黄酮化合物的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定枸杞中3种酚酸和3种黄酮化合物含量的方法。方法:采用C18柱,以乙腈-0.5%醋酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测器为紫外检测器,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),柱温为25℃,检测波长为320 nm,进样量为10μL。结果:6种化合物在各自的线性范围内具有良好的线性关系,相对标准偏差均小于5%,回收率为99.7%~106.9%。结论:本方法快速、简便、准确和重复性好,适用于检测枸杞中黄酮类和酚酸类化合物的含量。

枸杞子糖缀合物及其糖链对LDL氧化修饰的抑制作用

目的 研究枸杞子糖缀合物及其糖链对LDL氧化修饰的抑制作用。方法 在Cu2 +诱导的LDL氧化模型中测定了脂质过氧化产物硫代巴比妥酸反应物质 (TBARS)的含量及LDL在琼脂糖凝胶电泳上的迁移率以反映从枸杞子中分离、纯化得到的糖缀合物及糖链对LDL氧化修饰的抑制作用。结果 枸杞子糖缀合物及糖链抗LDL氧化的能力是不同的 ,其中LbGp5可明显的抑制LDL的氧化。结论 枸杞子糖缀合物具有抗LDL氧化作用 。

NaCl胁迫和外源ABA对枸杞愈伤组织膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,枸杞愈伤组织生长量下降,质膜相对透性和丙二醛 MDA 含量增大,且二者呈正相关;过氧化酶 POD 和超氧化歧化酶 SOD 活性升高,但对POD同工酶酶带无影响,仅使酶带染色程度加深.加入ABA后,SOD、POD活性升高,说明盐胁迫下ABA可以延缓盐胁迫对膜的伤害,从而提高枸杞的耐盐性.

枸杞子糖缀合物LbGp4糖链的结构及其免疫活性的研究

枸杞子糖缀合物 Lb Gp4经 β-消除、柱层析分离后得到一条分子量高达 1 80 80 0的分支多糖化合物Lb Gp4 -OL.Lb Gp4 -OL糖基组成为 n( Rha)∶ n( Ara)∶n( Gal) =0 .0 5∶ 1 .3 3∶ 1 .根据甲基化、部分酸水解及1H NMR、 13 C NMR分析 ,确定了其主要的结构 ,并对 Lb Gp4和 Lb Gp4

NaCl和Na_2CO_3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度。结果表明:枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%。在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似。但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加。叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势。而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱。