Controlled coupling and characterization of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) ferritin with gold nanostars

Ferritin has good thermal stability,resistance to certain acids and bases,and targeting,and has broad application prospects in the synthesis of gold nanostars(AuNS).In this study,we screened monodisperse AuNS with uniform particle size and morphology through a one-step synthesis method and coupled the synthesized AuNS with oyster ferritin(GF1).The results showed that the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)peaks of the coupled GF1@AuNS changed signifi cantly,and the changes in infrared spectra and potential confirmed the success of the synthesis,while the microscopic morphology showed an increase in particle size and surface peak coverage.Furthermore,GF1@AuNS does not induce cell death in the 100µmol/L range,is highly stable in physiological environments,and exhibits good X-ray attenuation in micro-computed tomography.Due to the unique functional activity of ferritin and AuNS,GF1@AuNS has potential applications in food detection and drug development in the future.

Human natural killer cells for targeting delivery of gold nanostars and bimodal imaging directed photothermal/photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy

Objective:To construct a novel nanoplatform GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK by loading the CaCO3-coated gold nanostars(GNSs)with Chlorin e6 molecules(Ce6)into human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)-derived NK cells for tumor targeted therapy.Methods:GNS@CaCO3/Ce6 nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by TEM and UV-vis.The cell surface markers and cytokines secretion of NK cells before and after loading the GNS@CaCO3/Ce6 nanoparticles were detected by Flow Cytometry(FCM)and ELISA.Effects of the GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK cells on A549 cancer cells was determined by FCM and CCK-8.Intracellular fluorescent signals of GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK cells were detected via Confocal laser scanning microscopic(CLSM)and FCM at different time points.Intracellular ROS generation of GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK cells under laser irradiation were examined by FCM.The distribution of GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK in A549 tumor-bearing mice were observed by fluorescence imaging and PA imaging.The combination therapy of GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK under laser irradiation were investigated on tumor-bearing mice.Results:The coated CaC03 shell on the surface of GNSs exhibited prominent delivery and protection effect of Ce6 during the cellular uptake process.The as-prepared multifunctional GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK cells possessed bimodal functions of fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging.The as-prepared multifunctional GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK cells could actively target tumor tissues with the enhanced photothermal/photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy.Conclusions:The GNS@CaCO3/Ce6-NK shows effective tumor-targeting ability and prominent therapeutic efficacy toward lung cancer A549 tumor-bearing mice.Through fully utilizing the features of GNSs and NK cells,this new nanoplatform provides a new synergistic strategy for enhanced photothermal/photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy in the field of anticancer development in the near future.

Laser Pulse Duration Optimization for Photothermal Therapy with Gold Nanostars

Photothermal therapy (PTT), which utilizes light radiation to create localized heating effect in the targeted areas, is a promising solution for highly specific yet minimally invasive cancer therapy. PTT uses photothermal agents, which are usually nanoparticles that absorb strongly in the near-infrared optical window where minimal tissue absorption occurs. Photothermal agents are also highly functionalized to target at specific tumor sites. Gold nanostar is an ideal candidate for photothermal agents, because it not only has a Surface Plasmon Resonance in the near-infrared, but also can be easily produced and purified, and is extremely versatile in the drug delivery process. In order to achieve maximum amount of localized heating, pulse lasers are usually used in laser ablation processes like photothermal therapy. However, intensive laser radiation can cause damage to regular tissues as well the nanostructures themselves. Therefore, identifying the optimal pulse duration to effectively generate localized heating in the tumorous tissues while keeping the normal tissues and the nanostructures intact is important to achieving optimal photo-therapeutic results. This manuscript provides a numerical calculation method with Comsol Multiphysics to optimize the pulse condition of the gold nanostars under photothermal therapy settings. Based on results, gold nanostar displays significant temperature heterogeneity under femtosecond and picosecond laser radiation, while nanosecond laser only induces rather uniform heating effects across the entire gold nanostar particle. This finding indicates that femtosecond laser, which is the most common type of laser used for ablation, is likely to melt the tip of the gold nanostar before the nanostar body reaches a reasonably high temperature. Picosecond and nanosecond lasers are much less likely to induce such dramatic morphology change. This study offers important insight into finding the optimal condition for photothermal therapy with maximal efficacy and minimal damage.

In situ synthesis of gold nanostars within liposomes for controlled drug release and photoacoustic imaging

This report describes the design and synthesis of gold nanostars(AuNSs) containing liposomes by the in situ reduction of gold precursor,HAuCU(pre-encapsulated within the liposomes) through HEPES diffusion and reduction.Compared with the conventional process that encapsulates the pre-synthesized gold nanoparticles into liposomes during the thin-film hydration step,this facile and convenient method allows the formation and simultaneous encapsulation of AuNSs within liposomes.The absorption spectra of AuNSs can be tuned between visible and near infra-red(NIR) regions by controlling the size and morphology of AuNSs through varying the concentrations of HAuCU and HEPES.As a proof of concept,we demonstrate the synthesis of AuNSs with a maximum absorbance at 803 nm within the temperature-sensitive liposomes.These liposomes can produce stronger photoacoustic signals(1.5 fold) in the NIR region than blood.Furthermore,when there are drugs(i.e.,doxorubicin) within these liposomes,the irradiation with the NIR pulse laser will disrupt the liposomes and trigger the 100%release of these pre-encapsulated drugs within 10 seconds.In comparison,there is neglectable contrast enhancement or minor release(10%) of drugs for the pure liposomes under the same conditions.Finally,cell experiment shows the potential therapeutic application of this system.

Integrin α_(v)β_(3)-targeted polydopamine-coated gold nanostars for photothermal ablation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Photothermal therapy(PTT)has emerged as a promising cancer therapeutic method.In this study,Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)peptide-conjugated polydopamine-coated gold nanostars(Au@PDA-RGD NPs)were prepared for targeting PTT of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).A polydopamine(PDA)shell was coated on the surface of gold nanostars by the oxidative self-polymerization of dopamine(termed as Au@PDA NPs).Au@PDA NPs were further functionalized with polyethylene glycol and RGD peptide to improve biocompatibility as well as selectivity toward the HCC cells.Au@PDARGD NPs showed an intense absorption at 822 nm,which makes them suitable for near-infraredexcited PTT.Our results indicated that the Au@PDA-RGD NPs were effective for the PTT therapy of the α_(v)β_(3) integrin receptor-overexpressed HepG2 cells in vitro.Further antitumor mechanism studies showed that the Au@PDA-RGD NPs-based PTT induced human liver cancer cells death via the mitochondrial-lysosomal and autophagy pathways.In vivo experiments showed that Au@PDARGD NPs had excellent tumor treatment efficiency and negligible side effects.Thus,our study showed that Au@PDA-RGD NPs could offer an excellent nanoplatform for PTT of HCC.

Real-time in situ observation of P53-mediated cascade activation of apoptotic pathways with nucleic acid multicolor fluorescent probes based on symmetrical gold nanostars

T-2 toxin,one of the most dangerous natural pollutants,induces apoptosis through multiple pathways.Amongst,P53 mediated apoptosis pathway,an important collection of molecules,plays a key role in cell vital activity.Real-time monitoring of upstream and downstream activation relationships of P53 mRNA,Bax mRNA,and cytochrome c(Cyt c)in signaling pathways is of great significance for understanding the apoptotic machinery in human physiology.In this work,a novel nucleic acid multicolor fluorescent probe,based on silica-coated symmetric gold nanostars(S-AuNSs@SiO_(2)),was developed for highly sensitive in situ real-time imaging of P53 mRNA,Bax mRNA,and Cyt c during T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis.The nucleic acid chains modified with carboxyl groups were modified on the surface of S-AuNSs@SiO_(2)by amide reaction.The complementary chains of targeted mRNA and the aptamer of targeted Cyt c were modified with different fluorophores,respectively,and successfully hybridized on S-AuNSs@SiO_(2)surface.When targets were present,the fluorescent chains bound to the targets and detached from the material,resulting in the quenched fluorescence being revived.The probes based on S-AuNSs showed excellent performance is partly ascribed to the presence of 20 symmetric“hot spots”.Notably,the amide-bonded probe exhibited excellent anti-interference capability against biological agents(nucleases and biothiols).During the real-time fluorescence imaging of T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis,the corresponding fluorescence signals of P53 mRNA,Bax mRNA,and Cyt c were observed sequentially.Therefore,S-AuNSs@SiO_(2)probe not only provides a novel tool for real-time monitoring of apoptosis pathways cascade but also has considerable potential in disease diagnosis and pharmaceutical medical.

Controllable Preparation of Plasmonic Gold Nanostars for Enhanced Photothermal and SERS Effects

Gold nanostars(Au NSs)are asymmetric anisotropic nanomaterials with sharp edge structure.As a promising branched nanomaterial,Au NS has excellent plasmonic absorption and scattering properties.In order to tune the plasmonic photothermal and surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)activity of Au NSs to obtain the desired characteristics,the ffects of reagents on the local surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)bands of Au NSs were studied and the morphology and size were regulated.Nanoparticles with different sharp edges were synthesized to make their local plasmon resonance mode tunable in the visible and near-infrared region.The effects of the number and sharpness of different tips under the control of AgNO3 on the photothermal response of Au NSs and the SERS ac-tivity and their mechanism were discussed in detail.The results show that as the length of the branch tip becomes longer and the sharpness increases,the plasmonic photothermal effect of Au NSs is strengthened,and the photother-mal conversion efficiency is the highest up to 40%when the length of Au NSs is the longest.Au NSs with high SERS activity are used for the Raman detection substrate.Based on this property,the quantitative detection of the pesticide thiram is achieved.

Passively Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser using a gold nanostars based saturable absorber

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an all-fiber passively Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser （EDFL） by using gold nanostars （GNSs） as a saturable absorber （SA） for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. In comparison with other gold nanomorphologies, GNSs have multiple localized surface plasmon resonances, which means that they can be used to construct wideband ultrafast pulse lasers. By inserting the GNS SA into an EDFL cavity pumped by a 980 nm laser diode, a stable passively Q-switched laser at 1564.5 nm was achieved for a threshold pump power of 40 mW. By gradually increasing the pump power from 40 to 120 mW, the pulse duration decreases from 12.8 to 5.3 its and the repetition rate increases from 10 to 17 kHz. Our results indicate that the GNSs are a promising SA for constructing pulse lasers.

Synthesis of different-sized gold nanostars for Raman bioimaging and photothermal therapy in cancer nanotheranostics

Gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) have been attractive for nanomedicine because of their pronounced optical properties.Here,we customerized the methods to synthesize two types of gold nanostars,Au nanostars-1 and Au nanostars-2,which have different spire lengths and optical properties,and also spherical AuNPs.Compared to nanospheres,gold nanostars were less toxic to a variety of cells,including macrophages.Au nanostars-1 and Au nanostars-2 also manifested a similar pattern of tissue distribution upon in vivo administration in mice to that of nanospheres,and but reveled less liver retention than nanospheres.Due to their strong absorption in the near-infrared(NIR),Au nanostars-2 induced a strong hyperthermia effect in vitro upon excitation at 808 nm,and elicited a robust photothermal therapy(PTT) efficacy in ablating tumors in a mouse model of orthotopic breast cancer using 4T1 breast cancer cells.Meanwhile,Au nanostars-1 showed a great capability to enhance the Raman signal through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS) in 4T1 cells.Our combined results opened a new avenue to develop Au nanostars for cancer imaging and therapy.

Hierarchical Nanogold Labels to Improve the Sensitivity of Lateral Flow Immunoassay

Lateral flow immunoassay(LFIA) is a widely used express method and offers advantages such as a short analysis time, simplicity of testing and result evaluation.However, an LFIA based on gold nanospheres lacks the desired sensitivity, thereby limiting its wide applications.In this study, spherical nanogold labels along with new types of nanogold labels such as gold nanopopcorns and nanostars were prepared, characterized, and applied for LFIA of model protein antigen procalcitonin. It was found that the label with a structure close to spherical provided more uniform distribution of specific antibodies on its surface, indicative of its suitability for this type of analysis.LFIA using gold nanopopcorns as a label allowed procalcitonin detection over a linear range of 0.5–10 ng mL^(-1) with the limit of detection of 0.1 ng mL^(-1), which was fivefold higher than the sensitivity of the assay with gold nanospheres. Another approach to improve the sensitivity of the assay included the silver enhancement method,which was used to compare the amplification of LFIA for procalcitonin detection. The sensitivity of procalcitonin determination by this method was 10 times better the sensitivity of the conventional LFIA with gold nanosphere as a label. The proposed approach of LFIA based on gold nanopopcorns improved the detection sensitivity without additional steps and prevented the increased consumption of specific reagents(antibodies).

Anisotropic gold nanoparticles: Preparation and applications in catalysis

Despite the high amount of scientific work dedicated to the gold nanoparticles in catalysis, most of the research has been performed utilising supported nanoparticles obtained by traditional impreg‐nation of gold salts onto a support, co‐precipitation or deposition‐precipitation methods which do not benefit from the recent advances in nanotechnologies. Only more recently, gold catalyst scien‐tists have been exploiting the potential of preforming the metal nanoparticles in a colloidal suspen‐sion before immobilisation with great results in terms of catalytic activity and the morphology con‐trol of mono‐and bimetallic catalysts. On the other hand, the last decade has seen the emergence of more advanced control in gold metal nanoparticle synthesis, resulting in a variety of anisotropic gold nanoparticles with easily accessible new morphologies that offer control over the coordination of surface atoms and the optical properties of the nanoparticles （tunable plasmon band） with im‐mense relevance for catalysis. Such morphologies include nanorods, nanostars, nanoflowers, den‐dritic nanostructures or polyhedral nanoparticles to mention a few. In addition to highlighting newly developed methods and properties of anisotropic gold nanoparticles, in this review we ex‐amine the emerging literature that clearly indicates the often superior catalytic performance and amazing potential of these nanoparticles to transform the field of heterogeneous catalysis by gold by offering potentially higher catalytic performance, control over exposed active sites, robustness and tunability for thermal‐, electro‐and photocatalysis.

金纳米星的可控制备及其SERS性能研究

金纳米星(Au Nano-stars,AuNSs)由于表面具有众多尖角结构,能显著提高SERS信号强度,已在农药、生物、医药等检测领域展现出潜在应用优势,其可控制备是近年来的研究热点。本文采用种子生长法来制备AuNSs,通过调节反应体系中氯金酸(HA_(u)Cl_(4))的体积实现AuNSs粒径调控,然后讨论其SERS性能。形貌表征采用扫描电镜SEM,拉曼性能测试采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪,激发波长633 nm。结果表明,控制反应过程中的HA_(u)Cl_(4)的体积可以有效实现粒径从约80 nm到800 nm有效调控,制备的AuNSs形貌均一,对四种常见探针分子(R_(6)G、MB、MG、CV)均有很强光谱响应,是一种有效的调控手段。同时简要讨论了AuNSs粒径对SERS光谱的影响规律,可为实际样品检测时SERS基底的选型提供参考。

金银合金纳米星/聚氯乙烯柔性表面增强拉曼基底的制备及其对毒死蜱的检测

该文制备了一种金银合金纳米星/聚氯乙烯柔性表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)基底,该基底具有透明度高、灵活性强和SERS增强性能显著的优点,可以快速实现对果蔬表面毒死蜱残留的定性和定量检测。在复合基底制备中,首先优化聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)添加量获得柔性良好的PVC基底,并优化氯金酸/硝酸银体积比制备了形貌鲜明且SERS增强效应显著的各向异性金银合金纳米星(gold-silver alloy nanostars,Au@Ag NSs),其次以拉曼信号分子4-巯基苯甲酸为对象,通过拉曼光谱仪测定其在复合基底上的SERS强度,确定了Au@Ag NSs溶液的最优浓缩倍数,进一步验证了基底的良好SERS效应、重现性和稳定性,最后成功应用于苹果表皮毒死蜱残留的检测。

油中溶解丙酮的银纳米线-金纳米星SERS检测

油纸绝缘设备是电力系统中的关键设备之一,准确掌握电气设备油纸绝缘老化状态,是保证电网安全生产的重要因素之一。丙酮是绝缘纸老化的重要指标,快速、灵敏、准确地测定绝缘油中溶解丙酮含量,对评估油-纸绝缘系统的老化具有重要意义。通过离子溅射法成功在硅-金(Si-Au)膜表面制备了银纳米线(AgNWs)-金纳米星(AuNSts)表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底,并将其用于快速评估绝缘油中丙酮的含量。根据扫描电子显微镜显示的基底进行形貌表征表明:在比表面积较大的AgNWs表面溅射小尺寸的金纳米颗粒,形成的双金属星环绕结构既可以有效提高表面等离激元共振,又可以为AgNWs提供了一层保护屏障,使得基底整体的抗氧化性能显著增加。SERS检测结果表明:相较于Si-Au,Si-Au-AgNWs,Si-AgNWs-AuNSts基底,Si-Au-AgNWs-AuNSts的SERS性能更优异,采用水(H2O)萃取后,绝缘油中溶解丙酮的最低检测限为40 mg·L^(-1)。且基底具有较高的一致性和稳定性,RSD值为4.87%,30 d后目标峰信号仅仅衰减了6.14%。该方法为实现油中溶解丙酮高可靠现场检测提供了一种有效途径。

Hot spots enriched plasmonic nanostructure-induced random lasing of quantum dots thin film

Here,a plasmon-enhanced random laser was achieved by incorporating gold nanostars（NS） into disordered polymer and Cd Se/Zn S quantum dots（QDs） gain medium films,in which the surface plasmon resonance of gold NS can greatly enhance the scattering cross section and bring a large gain volume.The random distribution of gold NS in the gain medium film formed a laser-mode resonator.Under a single-pulse pumping,the scattering center of gold NS-based random laser exhibits enhanced performance of a lasing threshold of 0.8 m J/cm^2 and a full width as narrow as 6 nm at half maximum.By utilizing the local enhancement characteristic of the electric field at the sharp apexes of the gold NS,the emission intensity of the random laser was increased.In addition,the gold NS showed higher thermal stability than the silver nanoparticles,withstanding high temperature heating up to 200？C.The results of metal nanostructures with enriched hot spots and excellent temperature stability have tremendous potential applications in the fields of biological identification,medical diagnostics,lighting,and display devices.

双信号放大的电化学发光体系的构建及高灵敏检测FLT3基因

生物标志物的快速、精准检测对控制和预防疾病具有重要意义。首先合成了具有多个枝状手臂的金纳米星(AuNSs),并将其作为一种理想的基底修饰在玻碳电极上;随后利用无酶的目标催化发夹反应(CHA)构筑高灵敏的电化学发光DNA传感器,用于急性髓系白血病FLT3基因的高灵敏检测。AuNSs不仅具有良好的导电性和生物相容性,其多个纳米级的手臂结构可以提供更多的活性位点并加载更多的发夹DNA,显著增加了传感器的响应信号。无酶CHA的引入,使得单个FLT3基因可以反复利用,实现了信号的指数放大。采用电化学交流阻抗法对组装过程进行了跟踪,证实了该传感器组装的可行性;采用电化学发光法,研究了传感器对底液中不同浓度的FLT3响应。结果表明,该传感器实现了对FLT3的灵敏检测,其线性范围为0.7~50 pmol/L,检测限为0.3 pmol/L。此外,该传感器结构简单、选择性好、重现性高,为构建其他类型的电化学发光传感器提供了可能。

紫杉醇温敏脂质体与siRNA金纳米星载药系统的构建与表征

用种子生长法制备金纳米星(gold nanostar,GNS),构建聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)、氨基葡萄糖(2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose,DG)和九聚精氨酸(9-D-arginine,9R)修饰的载COX-2 siRNA(siCOX-2)的GNS复合纳米粒[siCOX-2(9R/DG-GNS)];以薄膜分散法制备载紫杉醇温敏脂质体(paclitaxel temperature sensitive liposome,PTX-TSL);最后将siCOX-2(9R/DG-GNS)与PTX-TSL体通过巯基配位得到PTX-TSL与siCOX-2(9R/DG-GNS)共载药系统PTX-TSL-[siCOX-2(9R/DG-GNS)]。采用核磁共振、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳法验证了siCOX-2(9R/DG-GNS)成功构建,马尔文电位粒度仪测得PTX-TSL-[siCOX-2(9R/DG-GNS)]粒径电位分别为(292±14)nm、-(2.59±0.12)m V,透射电子显微镜结果显示其结构呈包裹磷脂双分子层的星型,808 nm激光照射下表现出良好的光热转换效率。差示扫描量热法测试PTX-TSL相变温度约为42.6℃,透析法测得其载药量为7.5%,包封率为95.4%,具有良好的温敏释药性能。因此,本复合物纳米载药系统可作为PTX与siCOX-2的共载药体系,用以抗肿瘤耐药治疗。

金种子生长法制备小尺寸金纳米星

本研究采用金种子生长法,通过优化氯金酸溶液用量、生长液pH值以及反应温度等条件,制备出一种全新的小尺寸金纳米星(Au-NSs)颗粒,方法具有可控、稳定、简单、Au-NSs粒径均一等优点。紫外-可见-近红外(UV-Vis-NIR)光谱和透射电子显微镜(TEM)检测表明,该方法制备出的Au-NSs的粒径在40nm左右,远小于常规方法制得的Au-NSs(~80nm)。最终制备条件确定为:生长液、金种溶液和抗坏血酸(AA)的体积比为600∶9∶7;生长液的pH≈3.05;制备Au-NSs的温度条件为先冰浴加入金种,回升至室温后加入AA还原。

金纳米星负载二氢卟吩e6对肺癌A549细胞的光动力效应

目的:制备负载光敏剂二氢卟吩e6(chlorin e6,Ce6)的金纳米星(gold nanostars,GNS),研究其对肺癌A549细胞的光动力作用效果。方法:GNS经巯基聚乙二醇(SH-PEG-NH2)修饰后与光敏剂Ce6振荡过夜,制备出具有光动力治疗效应的探针GNS-PEG@Ce6,检测其表征、形态和包封率,通过激光共聚焦显微镜比较A549细胞对探针GNS-PEG@Ce6与Ce6的吞噬作用。应用MTT法检测探针GNS-PEG@Ce6对A549细胞增殖的抑制效果,通过流式细胞仪检测探针GNS-PEG@Ce6与Ce6对A549细胞凋亡的影响。结果:探针GNS-PEG@Ce6的粒径为100 nm左右,具有良好的分散性和稳定性,Ce6的包封率为50%左右。探针GNS-PEG@Ce6以胞吞方式进入细胞,主要分布于细胞质内,且较Ce6能更有效地进入细胞。探针GNS-PEG@Ce6对A549细胞的增殖抑制作用强于Ce6(P<0.05),流式细胞仪检测证明了探针对细胞有极为明显的致凋亡效果。结论:以GNS作为载体能有效地增加肺癌A549细胞对Ce6的摄取,从而进一步增强Ce6对肺癌A549细胞的杀伤效果。

基于纳米金星的层析试纸条用于检测HIV-DNA（英文）

构建了基于纳米金星(AuNSs)的快速、简单且可视化的横向流层析试纸条(LFTS),并用于检测人类免疫缺陷病毒的DNA。采用一步法合成AuNSs,并对其进行生物功能化,目标物与DNA修饰的AuNSs结合。该复合物通过碱基互补配对原则被捕获在测试线上,依据测试线上纳米金星颜色的变化进行定性和半定量分析,使用便携式读条器在最佳实验条件下进行定量分析。该方法的线性范围为0.2～50 nmol/L,检出限为0.14 nmol/L。相同条件下,该方法比传统纳米金试纸条的灵敏度约高5倍。该方法可用于人血清中HIV DNA的检测,结果良好。