Gold-tube pyrolysis experiments were performed on two Athabasca oil sand bitumens at 300℃to 525℃with 2℃/h rate and 25℃step under 50 MPa.Pyrolysis temperature of 425℃is critical for weight loss of bulk bitumen and...Gold-tube pyrolysis experiments were performed on two Athabasca oil sand bitumens at 300℃to 525℃with 2℃/h rate and 25℃step under 50 MPa.Pyrolysis temperature of 425℃is critical for weight loss of bulk bitumen and hydrocarbon generation and destruction.Polar compounds are the main source of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon,gas and coke fractions.Molecular compositions in pyrolyzates vary systematically with increasing pyrolysis temperatures.High molecular weight n-alkanes(C26^+) are gradually destructed during pyrolysis due to thermal cracking.Moderate molecular weight n-alkanes(C21-C25)show the highest thermal stability in designed pyrolysis temperatures.The loss of low molecular weight n-alkanes(C20^-)might be caused by volatilization during pyrolysis,which may alter commonly used molecular parameters such as∑n-C20^-/∑n-C21^+,Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18.Aromatic hydrocarbons were generated from 300 to 425℃,then condensation and dealkylation have been initiated at 425℃as evidenced by decreased summed alkylnaphthalenes to alkylphenanthrenes ratios and increased unsubstituted aromatics to substituted homologs ratios in higher temperatures.The occurrence of anthracene and benz[a]anthracene in pyrolysates indicates pyrogenic origin,while fluoranthene shows unexpected behaviors during pyrolysis.Ratios derived from them are not always reliable for pyrogenic source input diagnosis in environmental samples.展开更多
准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷及其周缘累计探明石油地质储量近30×10;t,油源主要来自凹陷内的二叠系风城组碱湖相烃源岩。通过黄金管热模拟试验,并采用Kinetic软件进行计算,获得了玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组烃源岩的各类烃产率和动力学参数,建立...准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷及其周缘累计探明石油地质储量近30×10;t,油源主要来自凹陷内的二叠系风城组碱湖相烃源岩。通过黄金管热模拟试验,并采用Kinetic软件进行计算,获得了玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组烃源岩的各类烃产率和动力学参数,建立了生烃模式,进而对该套烃源岩的生烃能力进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组碱湖相烃源岩总烃产率高达412.24 mg/(g·TOC),其中液态烃类产率随温度升高先增加而后降低,高峰温度为420~460℃,气态烃产率持续增加,总产油率高于产气率,气态烃碳同位素具油型气特征。(2)风城组碱湖相烃源岩C_(1),C_(2)—C_(5),C_(6)—C_(14),C_(14+)的生成活化能主峰值分别为268 k J/mol,255 k J/mol,251 k J/mol,247 k J/mol。(3)玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖相烃源岩的生烃模式与国内外14个不同盆地具有相似性,均为早期出现生油高峰、晚期持续生气的特征,且单位TOC的生烃能力中等偏上。展开更多
含砷难处理金矿的细菌氧化预处理法具有投资成本较低、反应易控制及适合中小型金矿等优点,但此法空气利用率较低,造成通气量很大,通气动力成本过高。本研究提出了新型的导流式搅拌槽,通过改善通气和搅拌方式,降低通气成本和动力消耗,提...含砷难处理金矿的细菌氧化预处理法具有投资成本较低、反应易控制及适合中小型金矿等优点,但此法空气利用率较低,造成通气量很大,通气动力成本过高。本研究提出了新型的导流式搅拌槽,通过改善通气和搅拌方式,降低通气成本和动力消耗,提高浸出效率。以含砷难处理金精矿为研究对象,采用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(At.f)对其进行生物预氧化搅拌浸出实验。实验对比研究了采用普通搅拌槽和导流式搅拌槽对含砷金精矿生物浸出过程中矿浆p H值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、总铁和总砷浸出率的差异,并对导流式搅拌槽中浸渣进行XRD和SEM分析。结果发现,反应第二天开始导流式搅拌槽中Eh值迅速升高,且最大值为497 m V,脱砷率达到34.86%,浸渣硫脲法提金率为58%。展开更多
从沙田柚自交花粉管中提取与自交不亲和相关蛋白,应用免疫胶体金标记抗体技术检测沙田柚Citrus grandis var. Shatinyu Hort.自花授粉后3 d 1/2花柱中花粉管特异蛋白的定位分布。结果表明,花粉管特异蛋白在花粉管中依次定位于内质网、...从沙田柚自交花粉管中提取与自交不亲和相关蛋白,应用免疫胶体金标记抗体技术检测沙田柚Citrus grandis var. Shatinyu Hort.自花授粉后3 d 1/2花柱中花粉管特异蛋白的定位分布。结果表明,花粉管特异蛋白在花粉管中依次定位于内质网、细胞质和细胞纤维壁上。展开更多
The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane,includi...The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane,including the saltwater environment(SE)in the north,the freshwater environment(FE)in the south and the brackish water environment(BE)in the middle.The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90%of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment.Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments,which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south.In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence,three samples from different depositional environments(W18-5 for SE,H7-18 for BE,CH9 for FE)were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments.The results show that the CH4 yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature,the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC,388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC,respectively.The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures.The maximum yields of C6-14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC,140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC,the maximum yields of C14+being 852.4 mg/g TOC,652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41 mg/g TOC,respectively for W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.To summarize,the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.On this basis,through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences,this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors:higher salinity,halophilic algae,high paleo-productivity and a strongly reducing environment,which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite.According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments,the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages:kerogen cracking,oil cracking and C2-5 cracking.Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages,the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 41573035,41873049)the Mitacs project at University of Calgary。
文摘Gold-tube pyrolysis experiments were performed on two Athabasca oil sand bitumens at 300℃to 525℃with 2℃/h rate and 25℃step under 50 MPa.Pyrolysis temperature of 425℃is critical for weight loss of bulk bitumen and hydrocarbon generation and destruction.Polar compounds are the main source of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon,gas and coke fractions.Molecular compositions in pyrolyzates vary systematically with increasing pyrolysis temperatures.High molecular weight n-alkanes(C26^+) are gradually destructed during pyrolysis due to thermal cracking.Moderate molecular weight n-alkanes(C21-C25)show the highest thermal stability in designed pyrolysis temperatures.The loss of low molecular weight n-alkanes(C20^-)might be caused by volatilization during pyrolysis,which may alter commonly used molecular parameters such as∑n-C20^-/∑n-C21^+,Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18.Aromatic hydrocarbons were generated from 300 to 425℃,then condensation and dealkylation have been initiated at 425℃as evidenced by decreased summed alkylnaphthalenes to alkylphenanthrenes ratios and increased unsubstituted aromatics to substituted homologs ratios in higher temperatures.The occurrence of anthracene and benz[a]anthracene in pyrolysates indicates pyrogenic origin,while fluoranthene shows unexpected behaviors during pyrolysis.Ratios derived from them are not always reliable for pyrogenic source input diagnosis in environmental samples.
文摘准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷及其周缘累计探明石油地质储量近30×10;t,油源主要来自凹陷内的二叠系风城组碱湖相烃源岩。通过黄金管热模拟试验,并采用Kinetic软件进行计算,获得了玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组烃源岩的各类烃产率和动力学参数,建立了生烃模式,进而对该套烃源岩的生烃能力进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组碱湖相烃源岩总烃产率高达412.24 mg/(g·TOC),其中液态烃类产率随温度升高先增加而后降低,高峰温度为420~460℃,气态烃产率持续增加,总产油率高于产气率,气态烃碳同位素具油型气特征。(2)风城组碱湖相烃源岩C_(1),C_(2)—C_(5),C_(6)—C_(14),C_(14+)的生成活化能主峰值分别为268 k J/mol,255 k J/mol,251 k J/mol,247 k J/mol。(3)玛湖凹陷风城组碱湖相烃源岩的生烃模式与国内外14个不同盆地具有相似性,均为早期出现生油高峰、晚期持续生气的特征,且单位TOC的生烃能力中等偏上。
文摘含砷难处理金矿的细菌氧化预处理法具有投资成本较低、反应易控制及适合中小型金矿等优点,但此法空气利用率较低,造成通气量很大,通气动力成本过高。本研究提出了新型的导流式搅拌槽,通过改善通气和搅拌方式,降低通气成本和动力消耗,提高浸出效率。以含砷难处理金精矿为研究对象,采用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(At.f)对其进行生物预氧化搅拌浸出实验。实验对比研究了采用普通搅拌槽和导流式搅拌槽对含砷金精矿生物浸出过程中矿浆p H值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、总铁和总砷浸出率的差异,并对导流式搅拌槽中浸渣进行XRD和SEM分析。结果发现,反应第二天开始导流式搅拌槽中Eh值迅速升高,且最大值为497 m V,脱砷率达到34.86%,浸渣硫脲法提金率为58%。
基金granted by the Science Foundation of the Chinese University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant No.2462020YXZZ021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41872128)。
文摘The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane,including the saltwater environment(SE)in the north,the freshwater environment(FE)in the south and the brackish water environment(BE)in the middle.The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90%of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment.Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments,which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south.In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence,three samples from different depositional environments(W18-5 for SE,H7-18 for BE,CH9 for FE)were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments.The results show that the CH4 yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature,the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC,388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC,respectively.The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures.The maximum yields of C6-14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC,140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC,the maximum yields of C14+being 852.4 mg/g TOC,652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41 mg/g TOC,respectively for W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.To summarize,the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.On this basis,through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences,this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors:higher salinity,halophilic algae,high paleo-productivity and a strongly reducing environment,which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite.According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments,the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages:kerogen cracking,oil cracking and C2-5 cracking.Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages,the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.
