Preliminary Study on Leaf Color Development and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Golden-leaf Ginkgo

[Objective]The aim of this study is to research leaf color development and photosynthetic characteristics of golden-leaf ginkgo.[Method]With one-year-old grafted seedlings of golden-leaf ginkgo as the materials,the changes of leaf color,chlorophyll content（Chl）,carotenoid（x.c）content and rate of chlorophyll and carotenoid content,as well as photosynthetic characteristics under full sunlight and overshadowing were all investigated in this study.[Result]Sprouts of golden-leaf ginkgo were pale-yellow,and changed from orange to golden in April,to light yellow-green in May,to yellow-green from June to October,to yellow in November.The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and the rates of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of yellow-leaf were significantly lower than that of green-leaf,while the rate of Chla/x.c and Chlb/x.c was obviously lower than the corresponding pigment content of green-leaf.During the leaf color development,Chla,Chlb and x.c content as well as the rate of Chla/x.c and Chlb/x.c of yellow-leaf ginkgo all increased.The saturation light intensity of ginkgo leaf under natural light was higher than that under overshadowing.Maximum net photosynthetic rate,light compensation point and dark respiration rate of yellow leaf were all significantly higher than that of green leaf.Chla/x.c,Chlb/x.c and Chla＋b/x.c of yellow-leaf ginkgo under overshadowing were higher than the corresponding pigment rate of leaf under natural light.[Conclusion]The best ornamental duration of golden-leaf ginkgo is April and May.The major reason for showing yellow leaf is that Chla/x.c and Chlb/x.c of yellow-leaf is obviously lower than that of green-leaf.During the leaf color development,the major reason for yellow-leaf turning to yellow-green is that the rate of Chla/x.c and Chlb/x.c increases.Chlb content of yellow-leaf under overshadowing is higher than that under natural light,which is an adaptive response to overshadowing.Chla/x.c,Chlb/x.c and Chla＋b/x.c of yellow-leaf under overshadowing are relatively higher,which is one of the reasons why yellow-leaf under overshadowing becomes yellow-green or green.

Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens via reshaping gut microbiota

Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS)in laying hens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,we investigated the effects of GBE on relieving FLHS with an emphasis on the modulatory role of GBE in chicken gut microbiota.Results The results showed that GBE treatment ameliorated biochemical blood indicators in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced FLHS laying hen model by decreasing the levels of TG,TC,ALT and ALP.The lipid accumulation and pathological score of liver were also relieved after GBE treatment.Moreover,GBE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of liver and serum by increasing GSH,SOD,T-AOC,GSH-PX and reducing MDA,and downregulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis(FAS,LXRα,GPAT1,PPARγand Ch REBP1)and inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,TLR4 and NF-κB)in the liver.Microbial profiling analysis revealed that GBE treatment reshaped the HFD-perturbed gut microbiota,particularly elevated the abundance of Megasphaera in the cecum.Meanwhile,targeted metabolomic analysis of SCFAs revealed that GBE treatment significantly promoted the production of total SCFAs,acetate and propionate,which were positively correlated with the GBE-enriched gut microbiota.Finally,we confirmed that the GBE-altered gut microbiota was sufficient to alleviate FLHS by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).Conclusions We provided evidence that GBE alleviated FLHS in HFD-induced laying hens through reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.Our findings shed light on mechanism underlying the anti-FLHS efficacy of GBE and lay foundations for future use of GBE as additive to prevent and control FLHS in laying hen industry.

The Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Dropping Pill Combined with Butylphthalide Capsule on Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke and Its Impact on Serum Cytokines

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills combined with butylphthalide capsules on cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its impact on serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy. Methods: This study selected 76 patients with cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at Zhuji People’s Hospital from January 2023 to January 2024. The patients were divided into two groups. The control group was treated with butylphthalide capsules, while the combination group received Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills in addition to the treatment given to the control group. The neurological function, cognitive function, activities of daily living, and levels of serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy were compared between the two groups after 1 month and 3 months of treatment. Results: The NIHSS scores, MMSE scores, ADL scores, and levels of CRP, IL-6, and Hcy in both groups showed statistically significant differences compared to before treatment (P Conclusion: The combination of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills and butylphthalide capsules has a better therapeutic effect on cognitive dysfunction in patients after ischemic stroke. It can improve the neurological function and cognitive function of patients, enhance their ability to perform daily activities, and reduce inflammatory responses.

Effects of ginkgo flavone aglycone on atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology,molecular docking,and in vitro experiments

Background:Ginkgo flavone aglycones(GA),a Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)extract,has been proven to have good biological activity in atherosclerosis(AS)treatment.Moreover,its active compounds and the corresponding mechanism for the treatment of AS remain unclear.Methods:To evaluate and identify the potential pharmacological mechanisms of GA in AS treatment,the program Cytoscape was used to generate network mappings of the GA-AS-potential target gene.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to further investigate the potential mechanism of AS and the pharmacological properties of GA.A molecular docking approach was utilized to determine the GA components that interact with Akt.In vitro experiments were carried out to identify the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GA by targeting Akt.Results:Network pharmacological research determined that the active components of GA(quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin)correlated with AS target genes such as AKT1,EGFR,SRC,ESR1,PTGS2,MMP9,KDR,GSK3B,APP,and MMP2,respectively.GO enrichment and KEGG analysis showed that PI3K-Akt signaling may play an important role in GA treatment.Molecular docking experiments indicated that quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin integrate into the binding pockets of the most potentially beneficial GA-AS target protein(Akt).Consequently,cell experiments were conducted to support the anti-atherosclerotic activity of GA on AS by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1 and its downstream signaling molecules,which regulated the proliferation of HASMCs.Conclusion:Our results detailed GA's active ingredients,potential targets,and molecular basis against AS.GA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting the proliferation of HASMCs.It also proposed a viable approach to determining the scientific foundation and therapeutic mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine extracts in disease therapy.

Effects of a Cocktail Supplement of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract on Cognitive Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment. Current treatments often involve synthetic drugs with significant side effects and potential for dependency. This study investigates the effects of a natural supplement combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract on cognitive symptoms in a 77-year-old male with PD. The participant underwent a three-month supplementation regimen, with cognitive function assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test before and after the intervention. The results indicated an improvement in cognitive scores, suggesting that the combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract may offer a promising alternative or adjunct to conventional PD treatments. This study highlights the potential of natural supplements in managing PD symptoms and calls for further research with larger sample sizes to confirm these findings. Human data was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki by the Roxbury District IRB Board (IRB Number: IRB00011767).

Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo Biloba Tincture(银杏叶酊) Combined with Conventional Medication in the Treatment of Cerebral Infarction: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional medication in the treatment of cerebral infarction by systematic evaluation.Methods:Searched the randomized controlled trials of Ginkgo biloba tincture in treating cerebral infarction.English literatures were searched from PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science,and Chinese literatures were searched from Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Wanfang Medical Database.At the same time,we searched dissertations,conference papers,and found relevant unpublished research results reports.Literature quality was evaluated using a"bias risk assessment tool"and Meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software(from the Cochrane Collaboration).A total of 29 literatures were retrieved,and finally 4 literatures meeting the standards were included.There were 455 samples involved,including 244 cases in the experimental group and 211 cases in the control group.Results:①Effectiveness analysis:The total effective rate of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine treatment was better than that of the control group[RR=1.26,95%CI(1.07,1.47),P=0.005].The hematocrit of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment was significantly better than that of conventional treatment alone(P<0.05),The neurological deficits of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine therapy was significantly improved(P<0.05).After Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional therapy,the scores of mini-mental state examination(MMSE),activity daily living scale(ADL)and MOSSF-36 quality of life scale were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).②Safety analysis:3 articles reported the safety of medication.There was no obvious change in blood routine,liver and kidney function results and no adverse reactions in the experimental group and the control group.Conclusion:The above results indicated that Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment can improve the total effective rate of patients with cerebral infarction,and it is safe and has no adverse reactions.However,the number of literatures included in this study is small,and the quality of controlled trials is not good.It is still necessary to adopt clinical controlled trials with reasonable design,outcome indicators in line with international social norms and large sample content to further improve the evidence level of clinical research.

Comparative histology,transcriptome,and metabolite profi ling unravel the browning mechanisms of calli derived from ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba L.)

Gingko biloba accumulates high levels of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical value.Ginkgo calli develop a typical browning that reduces its regenerative capacity and thus its usefulness.To elucidate the browning mechanism,histological,transcriptomic,and metabolic alterations were compared between green and browning calli derived from immature ginkgo embryos.Histological observations revealed that browning calli had a more loosely arranged cell structure and accumulated more tannins than in green calli.Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analyses showed that phenylpropanoid metabolism was specifi-cally activated in the browning calli,and 428 diff erentially expressed genes and 63 diff erentially abundant metabolites,including 12 fl avonoid compounds,were identifi ed in the browning calli compared to the green calli.Moreover,the expression of fl avonol synthase(FLS)and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase(UGT)genes involved in the fl avonoid pathway was more than tenfold higher in browning calli than in green calli,thus promoting biosynthesis of fl avonol,which serves as a substrate to form glycosylated fl avonoids.Flavonoid glycosides constituted the major coloring component of the browning calli and may act in response to multiple stress conditions to delay cell death caused by browning.Our results revealed the cellular and biochemical changes in browning callus cells that accompanied changes in expression of browning-related genes,providing a scientifi c basis for improving ginkgo tissue culturability.

银杏叶总黄酮绿色提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

采用单因素实验考察了低共熔溶剂种类、液料比、提取温度、n(氯化胆碱)∶n(尿素)、低共熔溶剂含水量、提取时间对银杏叶总黄酮提取率的影响,通过响应面法进一步优化了银杏叶总黄酮的提取工艺,并通过测定银杏叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、·OH、·O_(2)^(-)的清除能力,金属离子螯合能力及总还原能力综合评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优提取工艺为:液料比30∶1(mL∶g)、提取温度57℃、n(氯化胆碱)∶n(尿素)为1∶1.6、低共熔溶剂含水量40%、提取时间60 min,在此条件下,银杏叶总黄酮提取率为1.062%,且其抗氧化活性显著优于传统乙醇提取工艺。

银杏叶提取物联合前列地尔对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压患者的临床疗效

目的探讨银杏叶提取物联合前列地尔对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压患者的临床疗效。方法122例患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组61例,对照组给予前列地尔,观察组在对照组基础上加用银杏叶提取物,疗程3个月。检测临床疗效、肺功能指标(FVC、FEV_(1)、FEV_(1)/FVC)、血气指标(PaO_(2)、PaCO_(2))、PASP、mPAP、IL-6、ET-1、hs-CRP、NO、右心功能指标(RVEF、RVESD)、不良反应发生率变化。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组肺功能指标、PaO_(2)、RVESD升高(P<0.05),PaCO_(2)、IL-6、ET-1、hs-CRP、NO、RVEF降低(P<0.05),以观察组更明显(P<0.05)。2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物联合前列地尔可安全有效地改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺动脉高压患者肺功能和右心功能,减轻炎症反应。

全球银杏叶开发相关发明专利研究分析

目的:系统梳理全球银杏叶相关发明专利数据,挖掘专利信息,为其深入开发利用提供参考。方法:基于incoPat数据库对全球范围内银杏叶相关发明专利进行计量学统计,并从专利数量趋势、国际布局、国内布局、应用领域、专利价值及技术市场等方面展开分析。结果与结论:银杏叶相关发明专利申请整体较为活跃,申请量呈增长态势;全球专利主要分布在中韩日等国家,其中中国占据绝对优势地位;全球技术研发方向从传统的中医药、食品类,扩展到农业肥料、生物化学、日化品等广泛领域,热点主题仍以中医药和食品为主;我国银杏叶专利市场化有较大空间,应持续推进深度合作,促进科研成果产业化健康发展。

光质对银杏苗木生长及黄酮类化合物积累的影响

【目的】探究红、蓝光质对银杏苗木生长及黄酮类化合物积累的影响。【方法】以1年生银杏苗为材料,设置红光、蓝光、红蓝混光3种光质,并以白光作为对照(CK),在处理的第3、6、9、12周分别测定银杏苗的黄酮含量及单株产量、黄酮合成相关酶活性和黄酮总还原力,并在第12周测定其生长指标。【结果】光质处理下,银杏苗木的总生物量均低于CK,苗高在蓝光处理下显著提高,地径受光质影响较小。黄酮合成相关酶中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和肉桂酸4-羟化酶(C4H)的活性在混光和蓝光处理下提高,而4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)活性仅在红光处理下提高。光质极显著影响黄酮类化合物(槲皮素、山柰酚、异鼠李素、总黄酮)含量、单株黄酮产量及黄酮提取液总还原力,各处理黄酮产量及总还原力均表现为蓝光和混光强于红光和CK,即蓝光和混光有利于黄酮类化合物的积累及抗氧化能力的提高。随着光质处理时间的延长,黄酮类化合物含量的变化趋势总体表现为前期(第3~6周)高于后期(第9~12周),普遍在第6周达到最大值。【结论】混光和蓝光处理可促进银杏苗木黄酮类化合物的积累及相关酶活性,红光则相反;叶用银杏光质处理时间以6周较为适宜。

银杏叶提取物在外伤性鼓膜大穿孔中的应用效果分析

目的探讨银杏叶提取物在外伤性鼓膜大穿孔中的应用效果。方法选取2018年1月至2022年12月武汉市汉口医院收治的86例外伤性鼓膜大穿孔患者作为研究对象,按照不同治疗方法将其分为观察组(43例)和对照组(43例),观察组患者采用湿润烧伤膏棉片贴补联合银杏叶提取物注射液治疗,对照组患者单纯采用湿润烧伤膏棉片贴补治疗,对比观察两组患者鼓膜穿孔愈合率和愈合时间以及听力改善情况与药物不良反应发生情况。结果治疗14 d后,观察组患者鼓膜穿孔愈合率为9302%,与对照组患者的鼓膜穿孔愈合率9070%无明显差异(χ^(2)=0156,P=0693)。观察组患者鼓膜穿孔愈合时间为(109±26)d,与对照组患者的鼓膜穿孔愈合时间(116±29)d无明显差异(t=1179,P=0242)。治疗结束后,观察组患者听力改善总有效率为9535%,明显高于对照组患者的听力改善总有效率7674%(χ^(2)=6198,P=0013)。治疗期间,两组患者均未发生药物不良反应。结论银杏叶提取物虽不能提高外伤性鼓膜大穿孔愈合率,但可改善听力下降等症状,且不会引发明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。

银杏脱支淀粉-月桂酸复合物的结构及发酵特性

将提取的银杏淀粉用普鲁兰酶进行脱支,得到银杏脱支淀粉。而后将银杏脱支淀粉与月桂酸(lauric acid,LA)复合得到银杏脱支淀粉-月桂酸复合物(ginkgo starch-lauric acid complex,GSL)。采用扫描电子显微镜、分子对接、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X-射线衍射对GSL的结构进行表征,研究发现GSL扫描电子显微镜观察结果为不规则块状结构,且表面呈致密的层状结构;分子对接结果表明月桂酸可通过氢键和疏水作用进入右旋单螺旋淀粉的螺旋腔;短程有序性和长程有序性均有所增强,结晶度提高,内部结构更加致密。体外消化结果表明GSL的消化率降低约20%,抗酶解能力的提高可能是由于抗性淀粉含量显著升高,快速消化淀粉含量显著降低。肠道菌群的发酵处理,发现GSL的pH值明显降低,且产生的短链脂肪酸显著增加。综上,银杏脱支淀粉-月桂酸复合物的低消化和益生元特性,使其有望成为淀粉基新型营养食品的重要来源。

银杏果对花露烧酒风味的影响研究

目的通过风味分析确定花露烧酒新品中银杏果的最佳添加量。方法采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microexteaction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)和感官评价技术测定比较了不同银杏果添加量的花露烧酒的挥发性风味成分。结果共鉴定出52种挥发性风味成分,各样品中香气成分的种类和含量有明显差异;经与糯米混合发酵后,银杏果中青草风味成分如壬醛、正己醛等显著下降或未检出;采用主成分分析法得出银杏花露烧酒香气与苯乙醇、正己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、庚酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯等风味成分有关。由感官分析可知银杏果添加量为25%的花露烧酒样品C整体感官品质最佳,尤其是香气方面,产生了令人愉悦的正己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等风味成分。结论添加25%银杏果的花露烧酒的风味较好,为传统特色产品花露烧酒的创新提供了新思路,对银杏花露烧酒的风味控制提供了理论依据。

银杏叶胶囊辅助降血脂功能人体试食研究

目的观察银杏叶胶囊在推荐剂量下辅助降血脂作用的安全性和有效性。方法筛选出符合标准的高脂血症患者110人,随机分为试食组(55例)和对照组(55例)。试食组每天2次,每次1粒,服用银杏叶胶囊,对照组服用安慰剂。结果试食前后各项安全检测指标,如血压、血象、心率、排泄物、血糖浓度、肝脏和肾脏功能等平均数值均处于正常范围,试食过程中未出现过敏情况及不良反应。试食组服用银杏叶胶囊60 d后血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平低于对照组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)的水平明显降低,自身试食前后及组间对比差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);试食组临床观察的总有效率(84.9%)明显高于对照组(44.2%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论银杏叶胶囊对受试者健康无明显损害,且在试验剂量下具有辅助降血脂功效。

银杏叶提取物药理作用的生理基础及其临床应用

银杏叶提取物含有多种生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、改善血液循环、神经保护和抗炎等作用,在治疗心脑血管疾病、认知功能障碍和神经退行性疾病和炎症性疾病中被广泛应用或显示出一定的应用价值。但这些活性成分作用的分子机制,以及银杏叶提取物作为药物应用的长期效果、适宜的剂量、合适的治疗窗口期和用药的安全性,尚需进一步深入研究。

复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗轻中度血管性痴呆

目的探讨复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗轻中度血管性痴呆的临床疗效及对患者各临床检测指标的影响。方法选择2022年9月-2023年5月收治的轻中度血管性痴呆患者140例,随机分为对照与治疗组,各70例。对照组给予银杏叶提取物注射液治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上联合复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗。比较2组临床疗效结果,治疗前后认知、神经功能、精神行为症状、血液流变学、血流动力学、应激反应指标、血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)水平变化,比较2组不良反应发生情况。结果治疗组治疗6个月后临床疗效总有效率(95.71%,67/70)高于对照组(78.57%,55/70)(P<0.05)。2组治疗6个月后MMSE评分、大脑前动脉平均血流速度、中动脉平均血流速度及血清SOD、VEGF、BDNF水平高于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组高于对照组(P<0.05);2组治疗6个月后NIHSS、NPI-Q评分、全血低切黏度、全血高切黏度、血浆黏度及血清MDA、Caspase-12、CRP78、MMP-9、MMP-2水平代于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗不良反应总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗轻中度血管性痴呆患者临床疗效较好,安全性较高。

白果外种皮中银杏酚酸的中试生产调试及其稳定性试验研究

目的:探索白果外种皮中银杏酚酸的中试生产调试及其稳定性试验研究。方法:在确定白果外种皮中银杏酚酸的最佳提取参数、有机溶剂萃取纯化参数以及大孔树脂柱层析纯化参数后完成中试调试,并进行银杏酚酸的稳定性研究。结果:在确定的白果外种皮中银杏酚酸提取纯化工艺下,平均每批烘干白果外种皮投料量为20 kg,可以获得银杏酚酸2.43 kg,产率为11.98%,银杏酚酸含量为68.38%,回收率为75.76%。在参照2020版《中国药典》对提纯产品进行了银杏酚酸的稳定性试验,确定银杏酚酸的包装方式为密封避光保存,首先采用圆底封盖塑料管密封包装,再用自封袋进行二次包装,最后在最外层采用塑封袋进行包装。由于长期试验时限不足,目前初步得出该包装下银杏酚酸在6个月内含量稳定。结论:该研究将白果外种皮中银杏酚酸的回收利用生产工艺进行中试调试并对银杏酚酸的稳定性进行研究,为银杏产业中银杏酚酸的产业化实施提供参考数据。

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)伴性光合生理特征与进化生态

银杏类是一类古老的雌雄异株植物,目前仅存单科单属。由于银杏在系统发育等方面的独特地位,吸引了科学家从不同方面进行了广泛的研究。在适宜的条件下,测定了生长在野外环境下的成年银杏的雌雄个体的光合特性。研究结果表明,银杏的雌雄植株对光具有相同的表现趋势,光饱和点,光补偿点,光下呼吸速率等均没有明显差异。但是雌性银杏的净光合速率明显大于雄性银杏的净光合速率。这种差异可能与雌性个体在繁衍后代时需要投入更多的能量有关。研究也表明,在与其它的裸子植物和被子植物比较时,银杏的光合能力并没有明显的弱势,因此光合能力可能并不是银杏在第三纪分布受限的直接原因.

Identification of a Sex-Associated RAPD Marker in Ginkgo biloba

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to amplify DNA fragment, aiming at finding markers linked to the sex determination in Ginkgo biloba L. One thousand and two hundred random decamers had been screened. Of the 8 372 RAPD bands, only a 682 bp RAPD marker generated by a primer (S1478) of random decamer sequence, named S1478-682, was found to be associated with the male plants. This marker was present in all male plants and absent in all female plants. Ginkgo trees collected in both Beijing and Shenyang, China were tested using primer S1478. Positive results were obtained, suggesting S1478-682 could be utilized as a reliable RAPD marker to detect the sexuality of Ginkgo.