Creating Inclusive Global Value Chains under the BRI from the Perspective of Public Goods Supply and Demand

Supply and demand of public goods provide a brand-new theoretical framework for research on the creation of inclusive global value chains(GVCs)under the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).The supply of international public goods is an important positive variable for creating global value chains under the BRI,in which China and other developing countries involved,as well as their small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs),are microscopic entities.When the BRI’s supply of instrumental,institutional,and conceptual international public goods is in equilibrium with the demand of GVC entities for public goods,the BRI creates necessary conditions for the extension of GVCs.GVCs created under the BRI are of great value in promoting inclusiveness,fair income distribution,balanced regional development,and the restructuring of international economic governance.Under the current GVC system,some developed countries have been wary about the BRI and even developed misgivings and biases.Nevertheless,developed countries may play an active role in bridging gaps in the BRI’s development and complement their respective strengths with developing countries for win-win cooperation.

The Problems and Countermeasures of Four Community Pharmacies on Drug Quality Management in Kangping County

Objective To study the drug quality management of four community pharmacies and provide countermeasures and suggestions for improving the drug management level in Kangping County.Methods Literature research and investigation research were adopted in this paper to analyze the current situation and problems of drug management in four community pharmacies in a town of Kangping County.Results and Conclusion The problems of four community pharmacies in a town of Kangping County are low level of drug quality management,insufficient quality and capability of the practitioners and physician’s illegal act such as some licensed pharmacists paid from the linked pharmacies.There are also problems in facilities and equipment,drug display and storage,and document management,which reflects the lack of local drug supervision.Based on the above problems,some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to strengthen the drug quality management of four community pharmacies in Kangping County.

Statistical Analysis of Defective Items of Pharmaceutical Wholesale Enterprises

Objective To provide some references and suggestions for promoting the healthy development of pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises,improving the scientific supervision level of the drug regulatory department and ensuring the quality of drugs in the circulation.Methods Retrieving the items on the official websites of the national and provincial drug regulatory departments from 2017 to 2019 that didn’t meet the requirements of the 2016 edition of the Good Supplying Practice in pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises under various inspections,the defective items were summarized and analyzed,and further study of the changes of defective items was conducted.Results and Conclusion 908 pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises had definite defective items,and 218 items violated the Guidelines for On-site Inspection of the Good Supplying Practice,with a cumulative frequency of 3874 defects.Defective items with high-frequency mainly occurred in storage and maintenance,facilities and equipment,personnel and training,general rules and sales.The average defect frequency in each pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises increased year by year,but the proportion of serious defective items decreased significantly.It is recommended that based on improving drug quality,pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises should strengthen personnel training to enhance their awareness of quality responsibility.Besides,the drug regulatory department should increase inspection and crackdown on illegal business operations and the deception of pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises.