Interpretation of the Concept of the Right to Internet Access from the Perspective of International Law

The advent of the internet era breeds a new concept, namely, the right to internet access. Many countries and international organizations, as well as individuals, are advocating or have already embodied it as a basic human right, thus enhancing the issues of whether it should be incorporated into the macro system of international human rights. By analyzing the facts, this article points out that the international concept of the right to internet access should be distinguished from its domestic concept, for there are no legal sources about the right to internet access for guidance as with some treaties in the current international law, despite its close relationship with some existing rights such as the freedom of speech, press and assembly, or the right of equality, or the right to development. And there is still a long time before the legal value and related responsibilities as well as the boundaries about the right to internet access becomes a consensus in the international society. Even though there is quite a possibility, this right hasn’t been embodied as part of international human rights, and thus hasn’t made a legal concept in international human right law.

Governing the gold rush into emerging markets: a case study of Indonesia’s regulatory responses to the expansion of Chinese-backed online P2P lending

Peer-to-peer(P2P)lending has the potential to boost financial inclusion in emerging markets.This paper contributes to the literature on fintech governance in emerging Asian markets.It examines the case of the Indonesian government’s approach in regulating the P2P lending sector using both primary interviews and secondary firmlevel data.Driven by regulation tightening in China and regulatory gaps in Indonesia,Chinese investments became the largest in this sector contributing,however,to growing risks from illegal business practices.The Indonesian government responded by creating new regulations and institutions,mitigating risks without stifling the potential for financial inclusion.We conclude a proactive approach towards monitoring and regulating emerging high-tech industries should be sought by strengthening links with industry and civil society,and through international cooperation for policy and knowledge sharing.

Does internet use improve the public evaluation of government environmental governance (GEG) in China? An analysis using the Chinese Social Survey, 2013−2017

Based on three datasets of the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)2013,2015,and 2017 and the National Statistical Yearbook,this study examined whether and in what ways using the Internet may or may not affect the public evaluation of government environmental governance(GEG).There are three main findings.First,Internet use has a negative influence on the public evaluation of GEG.Second,there has been an urban-rural difference in terms of Internet use;especially for the rural resident,increasing their use of the Internet significantly lowered their evaluation of GEG.Third,Internet use affects GEG mainly through political trust,whilst it tends to enhance people’s perception of environmental problems;however,it has little influence on their evaluation of GEG.This finding implies that public evaluation of GEG should be viewed as an important inter-subjective dimension of GEG;especially in the Internet era,it has become increasingly necessary for the government to not only continuously improve the quality of governance by dealing with actual/practical environmental issues,but also enhance its ability to react to the public opinions online effectively and appropriately.

The Three Pillars of Sustainability Framework: Approaches for Laws and Governance

The three pillars of sustainability framework is a multidisciplinary implementation and solutions oriented approach that recognizes most successful and scalable sustainability solutions require the presence of, and are driven by, all three pillars simultaneously: 1) technology and innovation;2) laws and governance;and 3) economics and financial incentives. The three pillars framework is strategic because it often reveals or describes specific and feasible changes that advance sustainability solutions within markets and institutional settings. The section on technology discusses the crucial role that technology plays in creating new ways for doing more in our rapidly urbanizing communities by using less resources and energy inputs. The section on economics discusses problems with current conceptions of economic welfare that measure growth (flow) rather than the asset base (wealth), and explores possibilities for integrated and multidisciplinary analysis for coupled economic and social systems. The section on laws and governance considers the role of legal frameworks related to incentives, regulatory baselines, and in public policy formation, including influences and feedback effects from social norms, changing culture, and sustainability education. Technological development and engaging economic markets are at the center of our best and most rapidly deployable sustainability solutions. In that context, a specific focus is given throughout the discussion sections to the key role of laws and governance in supporting relevant, effective, and sustainable technological and economic development, as well as to highlight the crucial (often final) steps the law plays in successfully implementing new sustainability projects. As the discussions and examples (taken from Asia, the US, and Europe) demonstrate, the three pillars framework is flexible and useful in a number of contexts, as a solutions template, as an integrated planning approach, as a decision making guide, and for determining project priorities.

The Study on the Hierarchy of Internet Router-Level Topology

Being a huge system, Internet topology structure is very complex. It can’t be treated as a plane simply, and its hierarchy must be analyzed. We used the k-core decomposition to disentangle the hierarchical structure of Internet Router-level topology. By analyzing the router-lever Internet topology measuring data from CAIDA (The Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis) ,we studied the characteristics of the nodes in the inner hierarchy and outer hierarchy respectively. The frequency-degree power law of the nodes which core-ness is lower and the regionally distribution of the nodes which coreness is higher were concluded. At last, the topology of every hierarchy was described by giving their figures. These descriptions can provide a valuable reference for modeling on the Internet topology.

Eight Key Words about Internet in the Government Work Report

In the government work report for Two Sessions 2019, key words about E-commerce and internet were mentioned lots of times. This included terms such as Internet+, cross-border E-commerce,industrial internet, digital economy,sharing economy, online and offline consumption, Internet+education and soon.Keywords No.1:Internet+Work Report:1. Internet+was advanced across the board and new technologies and models were used to transform traditional industries. 2. We will speed up efforts to pursue Internet+in all industries and sectors.

Order of Precedence Between Local Laws of Cities with Subordinate Districts and Regulations of Provincial Governments Clarifying Premises for Discussion Based on the Characteristics of Laws

The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China(Legislation Law) has led to two divergent views. One holds that "the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence over the regulations of provincial governments," while the other supports the exact opposite. This is a value judgment issue in legislation. To reach a solution, we need to clarify the premises based on the characteristics of the laws in question so that a basic common ground can be established for discussion. The first premise for traditional legislation is that a law should be based on experience as well as logic; the second is that the experience of authority subjects, plus the three aspects of logic should outweigh the experience of social subjects, plus the three aspects of logic. With respect to postmodern legislation, the first premise is that experience should override logic, and the second is that the experience of the authority subject should take precedence over that of social subject, with no requirements for logical consistency. Since Legislation Law fal s into the category of postmodern legislation, according to the premises, the argument that the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence enjoys wider acceptance, but the view is logically challenged in terms of conceptual consistency, system consistency and principle consistency. More studies must be conducted to facilitate the discussion.

Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

On the Duty of the Government to Safeguard the Right to Water

The right to water is an emerging sort of human rights aiming to protect the right to water indispensable for the survival and development of individuals. From the perspective of International Human Rights Law, the paper analyzes the standards stipulating the international obligations to safeguard the right to water, inspects the state quo of the protection of the right to water in China and demonstrates the lawful suggestions to safeguard the right to water.

Degree and connectivity of the Internet's scale-free topology

This paper theoretically and empirically studies the degree and connectivity of the Internet＇s scale-free topology at an autonomous system （AS） level. The basic features of scale-free networks influence the normalization constant of degree distribution p（k）. It develops a new mathematic model for describing the power-law relationships of Internet topology. From this model we theoretically obtain formulas to calculate the average degree, the ratios of the kmin-degree （minimum degree） nodes and the kmax-degree （maximum degree） nodes, and the fraction of the degrees （or links） in the hands of the richer （top best-connected） nodes. It finds that the average degree is larger for a smaller power-law exponent A and a larger minimum or maximum degree. The ratio of the kmin-degree nodes is larger for larger λ and smaller kmin or kmax. The ratio of the kmax-degree ones is larger for smaller λ and kmax or larger kmin. The richer nodes hold most of the total degrees of Internet AS-level topology. In addition, it is revealed that the increased rate of the average degree or the ratio of the kmin-degree nodes has power-law decay with the increase of kmin. The ratio of the kmax-degree nodes has a power-law decay with the increase of kmax, and the fraction of the degrees in the hands of the richer 27% nodes is about 73% （the 73/27 rule＇）. Finally, empirically calculations are made, based on the empirical data extracted from the Border Gateway Protocol, of the average degree, ratio and fraction using this method and other methods, and find that this method is rigorous and effective for Internet AS-level topology.

The principle of the Internet evolving and a conjecture on the optimal structure of the Internet

In this paper we will give the statistical characteristics and general principles of an optimal structure of the Internet, which is a scale-free network. Since the purpose of the Internet is to allow fast and easy communication, the average path length is used to measure the performance of the network, and the number of edges of the network is used as a metric of its; cost. Based on this, the goal of this Internet optimization problem is to obtain the highest performance with the lowest cost. A multi goal optimization problem is proposed to model this problem. By using two empirical formulas of （k） and （l）, we are able to find the statistical characteristics of the optimal structure. There is a critical power law exponent ac for the Internet with power law degree distribution, at which the Internet can obtain a relatively good performance with a low cost. We find that this ac is approximately 2.1.

Research on the Evolution of Global Internet Network Interconnection Relationship in 21 Years

The global Internet is composed of tens of thousands of autonomous system networks that are interconnected through a border gateway protocol. The analysis of changes in the interconnected relationships of the global Internet network is essential for studying the evolutionary trend of the global Internet. In addition, this analysis can also contribute toward the research on China's Internet development gaps. This article draws on the global Internet network status map for 21 years, starting from 1998 to 2019, based on inter-domain routing data sets of international third parties and China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. Moreover, the article also conducts a big data analysis on the relationship between global Internet network changes. The research results show that the global Internet network interconnection has increased, by nearly 60 times in the past 21 years. Peer-to-peer interconnection has gradually surpassed transit interconnection as the main mode of global interconnection. Furthermore, large Internet companies are playing an increasingly important role in global interconnection. Simultaneously, the results indicate the gradual movement of China's Internet base toward the global core and the continuous improvements of the global network's status.

Internet Marketing Law Frameworks in Serbia

The term internet marketing in the business and organization of campaigns in Serbia is at the beginning of its development.This paper gives an overview of the current state of this branch of marketing with a special emphasis on IT law.Analyzing marketing communication and application in modern information systems,the paper gives answers about the impact of the same on internet marketing.On the other hand,considering the current state of the development of the information society in Serbia,as well as the legal aspects in which internet marketing is currently underway,will try to explain the current state of this branch of marketing in Serbia.

影响政府互联网服务能力关键因素研究——基于TOE框架

政府互联网服务能力建设是释放“放管服”改革效能,提升政府公共服务能力的关键一环。本文以政府互联网服务能力影响因素为切入点,以277个地级市为研究样本,引入TOE框架,从整体上把握我国地方政府的互联网服务能力的发展现状及关键影响因素,以期为政府互联网服务能力构建一个全新的一般性解释框架。同时,也为“互联网+政务服务”的后续建设提供符合实际的经验借鉴及政策建议。

New Law Governs TCM

AN elderly lady recently caused a major uproar across China. Liu Hongbin, a self-proclaimed traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） expert, was regularly seen on various television advertisements for medicine products. On Tibet TV. she claimed to have inherited knowledge of traditional medicine practiced by the Miao ethnic minority group, professing to be an expert in curing coughs and asthma,