Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosys...Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosystems and human health, governments worldwide have undertaken efforts to address this issue. The global community has advanced regulatory efforts that have led to the implementation of national laws or regulations in numerous countries. These measures ban or restrict the use of primary and secondary microplastics and nanoplastics. An overview of global and European regulatory frameworks is presented to provide context for the United States (US). In the endeavor to document plastics regulation development in the US, a description of regulatory agencies and their roles in advancing policy and rules as well as future direction and areas for improvement in regulating plastics are introduced. A discussion of what emerging regulations mean to utilities and industries is also provided along with a comparison of regulatory frameworks.展开更多
Real estate plays a vital role in national economy and contributes a lot to social development. However, the rapid progress that has been made brings some problems, such as high price and high vacacy. This thesis take...Real estate plays a vital role in national economy and contributes a lot to social development. However, the rapid progress that has been made brings some problems, such as high price and high vacacy. This thesis takes Southern District of Qingdao City as an example to illustrate government regulation concerning real estate, and at the end some suggestions are provided.展开更多
By using the data collected from the years 2006 to 2012 of16 listed banks as samples,an empirical test was set up to analyze the impacts of corporate governance and government regulation towards bank stability. The re...By using the data collected from the years 2006 to 2012 of16 listed banks as samples,an empirical test was set up to analyze the impacts of corporate governance and government regulation towards bank stability. The results show that the nature and percentage of ownership of the largest shareholder,as well as the top10 shareholders, have no significant impact on bank stability.Supervision of board of directors increases bank stability, while independent directors could not play the role of supervision. Higher executive compensation increases bank stability,while shareholding of executives does not show much incentive function. Franchise value has self-regulatory effects. Capital regulation also improves bank stability. Implicit insurance covers the entire banking system.Improving corporate governance and government regulation to increase bank stability are put forward.展开更多
Regulation is currently perceived as an art and craft of governance where the regulatory processes are an outcome of interdependences between political actors,bureaucrats,business community,and the public at large.How...Regulation is currently perceived as an art and craft of governance where the regulatory processes are an outcome of interdependences between political actors,bureaucrats,business community,and the public at large.However,it is now extensively recognized that this interdependency is beyond one level of government particularly in the era of decentralization where regulatory outcomes are a result of a complex set of interacting levels.This study concedes that regulatory processes are intrinsically political endeavor.Principally,local government regulatory processes are characterized by multiple actors at different levels of governance,i.e.,the local government itself and stakeholders within its jurisdiction and the central government.In fact power dispersion has a vertical direction consisting of actors stemming from different governmental levels as a consequence of decentralization.The complexities of the relationships of multiple actors at different levels of government and across the same level of government create a number of risks that jeopardize quality local regulation that need to be managed calling for multilevel regulatory governance anchored on effective stakeholder engagement and coordination.Particularly,engagement with local government during the design of new regulations is largely poor resulting in a missed opportunity to have informed decisions that enhance quality local regulation.To augment multilevel governance,it is imperative to improve the interface between central and local government with local authorities recognized as“co-producers”of regulatory outcomes.Effective implementation of Regulatory Impact Assessment(RIA)that safeguards proper analysis of proposed and existing regulation is of paramount importance to ensure evidenced based regulations,analysis of cost implications for the local government,the capacity of LGAs in to implement as well as legitimacy of regulations.Therefore this study examines the political tradeoffs between the central and local government and among other stakeholders.展开更多
The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of C...The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China(Legislation Law) has led to two divergent views. One holds that "the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence over the regulations of provincial governments," while the other supports the exact opposite. This is a value judgment issue in legislation. To reach a solution, we need to clarify the premises based on the characteristics of the laws in question so that a basic common ground can be established for discussion. The first premise for traditional legislation is that a law should be based on experience as well as logic; the second is that the experience of authority subjects, plus the three aspects of logic should outweigh the experience of social subjects, plus the three aspects of logic. With respect to postmodern legislation, the first premise is that experience should override logic, and the second is that the experience of the authority subject should take precedence over that of social subject, with no requirements for logical consistency. Since Legislation Law fal s into the category of postmodern legislation, according to the premises, the argument that the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence enjoys wider acceptance, but the view is logically challenged in terms of conceptual consistency, system consistency and principle consistency. More studies must be conducted to facilitate the discussion.展开更多
To regulate human organ transplant, guarantee the quality and safety of the operation, protect the health of the people, the Health Ministry of China issued Regulations governing Clinical Application of Human Organ Tr...To regulate human organ transplant, guarantee the quality and safety of the operation, protect the health of the people, the Health Ministry of China issued Regulations governing Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplant on March 27, 2006, which is to be put into effect on the coming July 1. The regulations contain 5 chapters and 47 articles including general principles, registration of diagnosis and treatment, clinical management, supervision, and supplementary items.展开更多
Foreigners Included Foreign employees in China will be entitled to the same social insurance benefits as Chinese nationals when the new Social Insurance Law goes into effect on July 1, 2011,according a senior official...Foreigners Included Foreign employees in China will be entitled to the same social insurance benefits as Chinese nationals when the new Social Insurance Law goes into effect on July 1, 2011,according a senior official with the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Target groups include foreign workers employed by Chinese and overseas-fund-展开更多
On April 24, 2007 the State Council promulgated Regulations of the People＇s Republic of China on Open Governrnent Information （referred to as Regulations below）, which will become effective on May 1, 2008. As the f...On April 24, 2007 the State Council promulgated Regulations of the People＇s Republic of China on Open Governrnent Information （referred to as Regulations below）, which will become effective on May 1, 2008. As the first administrative role of the central government of China that aims to safeguard the public＇s right to know, the Regulations are of great significance in China＇s democratization and its establishment of the role of law.展开更多
Tougher bank regulations New rules setting stricter criteria for lenders’ capital adequacy,provisions,leverage, and liquidity conditions are going to take effect at the beginning of 2012,according to the China Bankin...Tougher bank regulations New rules setting stricter criteria for lenders’ capital adequacy,provisions,leverage, and liquidity conditions are going to take effect at the beginning of 2012,according to the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC). The banks are required to meet the new standards by the end of 2013 and the end of 2016 respectively.展开更多
Combating IPR Infringements China’s Ministry of Public Security launched a new round of crackdown on intellectual property right infringements starting from November 2010 to March 2011. According to Liu Jinguo,Vice M...Combating IPR Infringements China’s Ministry of Public Security launched a new round of crackdown on intellectual property right infringements starting from November 2010 to March 2011. According to Liu Jinguo,Vice Minister of Public Security,the campaign will focus on combating against infringement of copyrights,trademarks and the patents. Meanwhile,they will fight against the pro-展开更多
Tax Exempted Import tax exemption on equipment used in oil and gas drilling programs was granted by the Chinese Government in order to support the drilling industry, according to a statement released on the website of...Tax Exempted Import tax exemption on equipment used in oil and gas drilling programs was granted by the Chinese Government in order to support the drilling industry, according to a statement released on the website of the Ministry of Finance on September 1. The statement said equipment,instruments, accessories and special purpose tools that domestic companies can’t produce and are directly used in exploration展开更多
Food Package Data China’s Ministry of Health stipulates that the amount of trans fat and other dietary information should be marked on the labels of packaged food in the country’s first national nutritional standard...Food Package Data China’s Ministry of Health stipulates that the amount of trans fat and other dietary information should be marked on the labels of packaged food in the country’s first national nutritional standard for food nutrition labeling, effective January 1,2013. The new regulation means food package labels will have to detail information on nutrition,including levels of energy,protein,fat,carbohydrate and展开更多
Stricter Rules for Foreigners A stricter provincial rule governing foreigners who live and work in south China’s Guangdong Province took effective on May 1 to tackle the problem of illegal immigration.People are enco...Stricter Rules for Foreigners A stricter provincial rule governing foreigners who live and work in south China’s Guangdong Province took effective on May 1 to tackle the problem of illegal immigration.People are encouraged to report wrongdoing like illegal entry,展开更多
Resource Tax Adjusted China will implement new resource tax rates for oil and gas from November 1, 2011,according to the State Council, China’s cabinet. The sales of crude oil and natural gas nationwide will be subje...Resource Tax Adjusted China will implement new resource tax rates for oil and gas from November 1, 2011,according to the State Council, China’s cabinet. The sales of crude oil and natural gas nationwide will be subject to a tax of between 5 percent and 10 percent. It will also impose a tax of 0.4-60 yuan ($0.06-9.4) per ton on rare earth ores and 8-20 yuan($1.2-3.1) a ton on coking coal. Taxes on other types of coal remained unchanged at 0.3-5 yuan展开更多
Controlling Traffic Chaos Beijing residents now need to apply to buy a car as new regulations,effective from January 1,became part of a series of new polices to curb mounting traffic chaos.Other regulations include li...Controlling Traffic Chaos Beijing residents now need to apply to buy a car as new regulations,effective from January 1,became part of a series of new polices to curb mounting traffic chaos.Other regulations include limited automobile registration and increased parking charges.According to the regulations issued by Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport,the city will license only 240,000 new vehicles in 2011,a third of the 700,000 new autos that hit Beijing roads in 2010.Eighty-eight percent of the quota will be distributed among first-time展开更多
Flour Additives Banned Two food additives,benzoyl peroxide and calcium peroxide,are prohibited from flour production starting May 1,according to a statement issued by China’s Ministry of Health on March 1. The decisi...Flour Additives Banned Two food additives,benzoyl peroxide and calcium peroxide,are prohibited from flour production starting May 1,according to a statement issued by China’s Ministry of Health on March 1. The decision was made in response to increasing public requests for natural food and less chemical additives,the statement said.In addition,with the improvement in the country’s flour processing and wheat planting tech-展开更多
Chapter Ⅲ Nationality of Ships Article 15 A shipowner applying for the nationality of a ship shall, in addition to the Certificate of Registration of Ship’s Ownership, submit the following docu-ments according to th...Chapter Ⅲ Nationality of Ships Article 15 A shipowner applying for the nationality of a ship shall, in addition to the Certificate of Registration of Ship’s Ownership, submit the following docu-ments according to the ship’s navigation zone: 1. For ships engaged in international voyages, the valid technical documents of the ship issued by an authorized organization for survey of ships in accordance with展开更多
Chapter Ⅴ Registration of Bareboat Charter Article 25 In any of the following cases,the shipowner and the charterer shall apply for the registration of barehoat charter: a. A ship of Chinese nationality hareboat char...Chapter Ⅴ Registration of Bareboat Charter Article 25 In any of the following cases,the shipowner and the charterer shall apply for the registration of barehoat charter: a. A ship of Chinese nationality hareboat chartered to a Chinese enterprise; b. A ship of foreign nationality hareboat chartered to a Chinese enterprise; c. A ship of Chinese nationality展开更多
Introduction 2013 saw the sixth anniversary of the formulation of Regulations of the People＇s Republic of China on Disclosure of Government Information （hereinafter referred to as the Regulations） and the fifth ann...Introduction 2013 saw the sixth anniversary of the formulation of Regulations of the People＇s Republic of China on Disclosure of Government Information （hereinafter referred to as the Regulations） and the fifth anniversary of their being put into effect. As the Regulations were stipulated and put into force,展开更多
文摘Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosystems and human health, governments worldwide have undertaken efforts to address this issue. The global community has advanced regulatory efforts that have led to the implementation of national laws or regulations in numerous countries. These measures ban or restrict the use of primary and secondary microplastics and nanoplastics. An overview of global and European regulatory frameworks is presented to provide context for the United States (US). In the endeavor to document plastics regulation development in the US, a description of regulatory agencies and their roles in advancing policy and rules as well as future direction and areas for improvement in regulating plastics are introduced. A discussion of what emerging regulations mean to utilities and industries is also provided along with a comparison of regulatory frameworks.
文摘Real estate plays a vital role in national economy and contributes a lot to social development. However, the rapid progress that has been made brings some problems, such as high price and high vacacy. This thesis takes Southern District of Qingdao City as an example to illustrate government regulation concerning real estate, and at the end some suggestions are provided.
基金Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Science Youth Fund Project,China(No.12YJC630157)Shanghai University of Engineering Science,China(No.2012pg33)
文摘By using the data collected from the years 2006 to 2012 of16 listed banks as samples,an empirical test was set up to analyze the impacts of corporate governance and government regulation towards bank stability. The results show that the nature and percentage of ownership of the largest shareholder,as well as the top10 shareholders, have no significant impact on bank stability.Supervision of board of directors increases bank stability, while independent directors could not play the role of supervision. Higher executive compensation increases bank stability,while shareholding of executives does not show much incentive function. Franchise value has self-regulatory effects. Capital regulation also improves bank stability. Implicit insurance covers the entire banking system.Improving corporate governance and government regulation to increase bank stability are put forward.
文摘Regulation is currently perceived as an art and craft of governance where the regulatory processes are an outcome of interdependences between political actors,bureaucrats,business community,and the public at large.However,it is now extensively recognized that this interdependency is beyond one level of government particularly in the era of decentralization where regulatory outcomes are a result of a complex set of interacting levels.This study concedes that regulatory processes are intrinsically political endeavor.Principally,local government regulatory processes are characterized by multiple actors at different levels of governance,i.e.,the local government itself and stakeholders within its jurisdiction and the central government.In fact power dispersion has a vertical direction consisting of actors stemming from different governmental levels as a consequence of decentralization.The complexities of the relationships of multiple actors at different levels of government and across the same level of government create a number of risks that jeopardize quality local regulation that need to be managed calling for multilevel regulatory governance anchored on effective stakeholder engagement and coordination.Particularly,engagement with local government during the design of new regulations is largely poor resulting in a missed opportunity to have informed decisions that enhance quality local regulation.To augment multilevel governance,it is imperative to improve the interface between central and local government with local authorities recognized as“co-producers”of regulatory outcomes.Effective implementation of Regulatory Impact Assessment(RIA)that safeguards proper analysis of proposed and existing regulation is of paramount importance to ensure evidenced based regulations,analysis of cost implications for the local government,the capacity of LGAs in to implement as well as legitimacy of regulations.Therefore this study examines the political tradeoffs between the central and local government and among other stakeholders.
基金part of the results(presented in stages)of"Research on the Legislative System of Cities with Subordinate Districts"(16XFX004)-a program of National Social Sciences Fund in Western China"Empirical Research on Local Legislation"(16XW16)-a research focus of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences under a key program launched by the Publicity Department of the CPC Sichuan Provincial Committee
文摘The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China(Legislation Law) has led to two divergent views. One holds that "the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence over the regulations of provincial governments," while the other supports the exact opposite. This is a value judgment issue in legislation. To reach a solution, we need to clarify the premises based on the characteristics of the laws in question so that a basic common ground can be established for discussion. The first premise for traditional legislation is that a law should be based on experience as well as logic; the second is that the experience of authority subjects, plus the three aspects of logic should outweigh the experience of social subjects, plus the three aspects of logic. With respect to postmodern legislation, the first premise is that experience should override logic, and the second is that the experience of the authority subject should take precedence over that of social subject, with no requirements for logical consistency. Since Legislation Law fal s into the category of postmodern legislation, according to the premises, the argument that the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence enjoys wider acceptance, but the view is logically challenged in terms of conceptual consistency, system consistency and principle consistency. More studies must be conducted to facilitate the discussion.
文摘To regulate human organ transplant, guarantee the quality and safety of the operation, protect the health of the people, the Health Ministry of China issued Regulations governing Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplant on March 27, 2006, which is to be put into effect on the coming July 1. The regulations contain 5 chapters and 47 articles including general principles, registration of diagnosis and treatment, clinical management, supervision, and supplementary items.
文摘Foreigners Included Foreign employees in China will be entitled to the same social insurance benefits as Chinese nationals when the new Social Insurance Law goes into effect on July 1, 2011,according a senior official with the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Target groups include foreign workers employed by Chinese and overseas-fund-
文摘On April 24, 2007 the State Council promulgated Regulations of the People＇s Republic of China on Open Governrnent Information （referred to as Regulations below）, which will become effective on May 1, 2008. As the first administrative role of the central government of China that aims to safeguard the public＇s right to know, the Regulations are of great significance in China＇s democratization and its establishment of the role of law.
文摘Tougher bank regulations New rules setting stricter criteria for lenders’ capital adequacy,provisions,leverage, and liquidity conditions are going to take effect at the beginning of 2012,according to the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC). The banks are required to meet the new standards by the end of 2013 and the end of 2016 respectively.
文摘Combating IPR Infringements China’s Ministry of Public Security launched a new round of crackdown on intellectual property right infringements starting from November 2010 to March 2011. According to Liu Jinguo,Vice Minister of Public Security,the campaign will focus on combating against infringement of copyrights,trademarks and the patents. Meanwhile,they will fight against the pro-
文摘Tax Exempted Import tax exemption on equipment used in oil and gas drilling programs was granted by the Chinese Government in order to support the drilling industry, according to a statement released on the website of the Ministry of Finance on September 1. The statement said equipment,instruments, accessories and special purpose tools that domestic companies can’t produce and are directly used in exploration
文摘Food Package Data China’s Ministry of Health stipulates that the amount of trans fat and other dietary information should be marked on the labels of packaged food in the country’s first national nutritional standard for food nutrition labeling, effective January 1,2013. The new regulation means food package labels will have to detail information on nutrition,including levels of energy,protein,fat,carbohydrate and
文摘Stricter Rules for Foreigners A stricter provincial rule governing foreigners who live and work in south China’s Guangdong Province took effective on May 1 to tackle the problem of illegal immigration.People are encouraged to report wrongdoing like illegal entry,
文摘Resource Tax Adjusted China will implement new resource tax rates for oil and gas from November 1, 2011,according to the State Council, China’s cabinet. The sales of crude oil and natural gas nationwide will be subject to a tax of between 5 percent and 10 percent. It will also impose a tax of 0.4-60 yuan ($0.06-9.4) per ton on rare earth ores and 8-20 yuan($1.2-3.1) a ton on coking coal. Taxes on other types of coal remained unchanged at 0.3-5 yuan
文摘Controlling Traffic Chaos Beijing residents now need to apply to buy a car as new regulations,effective from January 1,became part of a series of new polices to curb mounting traffic chaos.Other regulations include limited automobile registration and increased parking charges.According to the regulations issued by Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport,the city will license only 240,000 new vehicles in 2011,a third of the 700,000 new autos that hit Beijing roads in 2010.Eighty-eight percent of the quota will be distributed among first-time
文摘Flour Additives Banned Two food additives,benzoyl peroxide and calcium peroxide,are prohibited from flour production starting May 1,according to a statement issued by China’s Ministry of Health on March 1. The decision was made in response to increasing public requests for natural food and less chemical additives,the statement said.In addition,with the improvement in the country’s flour processing and wheat planting tech-
文摘Chapter Ⅲ Nationality of Ships Article 15 A shipowner applying for the nationality of a ship shall, in addition to the Certificate of Registration of Ship’s Ownership, submit the following docu-ments according to the ship’s navigation zone: 1. For ships engaged in international voyages, the valid technical documents of the ship issued by an authorized organization for survey of ships in accordance with
文摘Chapter Ⅴ Registration of Bareboat Charter Article 25 In any of the following cases,the shipowner and the charterer shall apply for the registration of barehoat charter: a. A ship of Chinese nationality hareboat chartered to a Chinese enterprise; b. A ship of foreign nationality hareboat chartered to a Chinese enterprise; c. A ship of Chinese nationality
文摘Introduction 2013 saw the sixth anniversary of the formulation of Regulations of the People＇s Republic of China on Disclosure of Government Information （hereinafter referred to as the Regulations） and the fifth anniversary of their being put into effect. As the Regulations were stipulated and put into force,
