Theoretical simulation of the effect of deformation on local gravity in a density gradient zone

We modeled the effect of the deformation of a Density Gradient Zone （DGZ） on a local gravity field using a cubical model and introduced a new method to simulate a complex DGZ （CDGZ）. Then, we analyzed the features of the model for the influence of the deformation of the DGZ on the local gravity field. We concluded that land-based gravity is not sensitive to the thickness of the DGZ and that the magnitude of the contribution of the DGZ is one order less than that of the volume strain with the same displacement.

Low-temperature mineralization domain associated with the parallel positions between geochemical steep zones and geophysical gradient zones

THE parallel strike of geochemical steep zones and geophysical gradient zones represent geochemicalboundaries with tectonic hiding and almost no magmatism, but there existed great variation of lithosphereor crustal thickness. Tectonically, these areas were located in the foreland basins of craton margin. Thesegeochemical boundaries were usually associated with the low-temperature mineralization and petroleumgeneration. The Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic evidence indicated that there still existed strong crustal-mantle interaction through fluid activation along deep-seated faults at the craton margin. Fig. 1 is the 207Pb/204 Pb-208Pb/204 Pb diagram, which shows the evident crust-mantle mixing for crude oil, chloroform bitumen-A,

Near-surface Geothermal Gradient Observation and Geothermal Analyses in the Xianshuihe Fault Zone,Eastern Tibetan Plateau

The Xianshuihe fault（XSHF） zone, characterized by intense tectonic activity, is located at the southwest boundary of the Bayan Har block, where several major earthquakes have occurred, including the 2008 Wenchuan and the 2013 Lushan earthquakes. This study analysed underground temperature sequence data for four years at seven measuring points at different depths（maximum depth： 18.9 m） in the southeastern section of the XSHF zone. High-frequency atmospheric noise was removed from the temperature sequences to obtain relatively stable temperature fields and heat fluxes near the measurement points. Our measurements show that the surrounding bedrock at（the seven stations distributed in the fault zone） had heat flux values range from-41.0 to 206 m W/m^2, with a median value of 54.3 m W/m^2. The results indicate a low heat flux in the northern section of DaofuKangting and a relatively high heat flux in the southern section of Kangting, which is consistent with the temperature distributions of the hot springs near the fault. Furthermore, our results suggest that the heat transfer in this field results primarily from stable underground heat conduction. In addition, the underground hydrothermal activity is also an obvious factor controlling the geothermal gradient.

考虑智能网联车辆影响的八车道高速公路施工区可变限速控制方法

为提升车联网环境下高速公路施工区交通运行效率及安全水平,提出了一种基于强化学习的可变限速控制方法.选取智能驾驶模型和真车试验模型,分别对传统人工车辆和智能网联车辆的跟驰行为进行建模,构建了以瓶颈下游路段交通流量为效率指标、瓶颈路段速度标准差为安全指标的复合奖励值,利用深度确定性策略梯度算法,分车道动态求解最佳限速值.仿真结果表明,所提可变限速控制方法在不同智能网联车辆渗漏率条件下均能有效提升交通流运行效率和安全水平,且在智能网联车辆渗漏率较低时,提升效果更加显著.当智能网联车辆渗漏率为1.0时,瓶颈下游路段交通流量提升10.1%,瓶颈路段速度标准差均值下降68.9%;当智能网联车辆渗漏率为0时,瓶颈下游路段交通流量提升20.7%,瓶颈路段速度标准差均值下降78.1%.智能网联车辆的引入能够提升至多52.0%的瓶颈下游路段交通流量.

Relation of Isotope Geochemical Steep Zones with Geophysical Fields and Tectonics in the Junction Area of the Cathaysian,Yangtze and Indochina Plates

Through lead isotope geochemical mapping in the Yunnan-Guizhou area geochemical steep zones (GSZ) have been established, which clearly reveal the junction relationship of the Cathaysian, Yangtze and Indo-China plates. GSZ are closey related to gravity Moho gradient zones and lithospheric thickness. The GSZ between the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates is consistent with the Shizong-Mile tectonic belt, where island are basalts are well developed. The Yangtze-Indo-China GSZ is parallel to the Jingdong-Mojiang volcanic belt in rift-island are environments. The evidence of geology, geophysics and geochemistry all indicates that Cathaysia was subducted towards the Yangtze plate and that the Yangtze plate was underthrust beneath the Indo-China, which took place from the Early Carboniferous to the Early Triassic.

云南红河流域土地利用变化的地形梯度效应及其功能分区

明确土地利用情况及其地形梯度分布格局,并进行功能分区,是云南红河流域土地资源可持续利用和土地利用规划优化调整的基础.基于RS和GIS技术,使用地形分布指数、地形位指数方法系统分析了2000、2010年和2020年云南红河流域土地利用变化在高程、坡度和地形位梯度上的时空分异特征,并基于分析结果开展了云南红河流域土地利用功能区划分.结果表明:(1)林地(56.46%)和耕地(29.34%)是云南红河流域主要的土地利用类型,其次是草地(6.93%)和灌木地(6.17%),而湿地、水体和人造地表所占面积比例均不到1%.2000—2020年云南红河流域耕地和人造地表面积扩张明显,而林地持续减少,存在林地被侵占的现象;(2)云南红河流域土地利用类型分布呈现明显的地形梯度特征.耕地、人造地表受到高地形位开发难度的限制,优势位处于中低地形位的河谷、山腰区域,湿地、水体高度汇集在低地形位,草地、灌木地在中低地形位较为集中,林地则广泛分布于中高地形位;(3)基于土地利用地形分异规律,将云南红河流域划分为4个土地利用功能区,即河谷集约发展区、陡坡综合治理区、高山潜在开发区和山顶生态调控区.

基于DDPG的高速飞行器预测校正制导律设计

针对高速飞行器在再入滑翔过程中的多约束、强时变问题,本文结合深度确定性策略梯度算法(Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, DDPG)的在线自主决策优势,根据威胁区信息,实时生成规避策略来进行动态禁飞区规避航迹规划。进一步为增强高速飞行器对环境不确定因素的抗干扰能力,在规避轨迹基础上选取航路特征点集合,采用预测校正在线制导方式,根据飞行任务需求和终端约束,实时校正高速飞行器飞行状态,最终实现高速飞行器精确制导。同时,为验证方法的有效性,开展了相应的数值仿真分析。结果表明,本文方法能够有效规避禁飞区,增强了对不确定因素的适应性,具有一定的工程应用价值。

A Preliminary Study of the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone in the South China Sea

Based on the analysis of sea-bottom temperature and geothermal gradient, andby means of the phase boundary curve of gas hydrate and the sea-bottom temperature versus waterdepth curve in the South China Sea, this paper studies the temperature and pressure conditions forgas hydrate to keep stable. In a marine environment, methane hydrate keeps stable at water depthsgreater than 550 min the South China Sea. Further, the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zonein the South China Sea was calculated by using the phase boundary curve and temperature-depthequations. The result shows that gas hydrate have a better perspective in the southeast of theDongsha Islands. the northeast of the Xisha Islands and the north of the Nansha Islands for thickerstability zones.

Topographic Characteristics for the Geomorphologic Zones in the Northwestern Edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Based on geomorphologic and digital elevation model(DEM) data, the topographic characteristics of the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are analyzed. Five representative peaks are first determined according to the topographic profile maps for the ridge and piedmont lines, and then the topographic gradient characteristics are analyzed according to the representative topographic profile acquisition method.Based on the geomorphologic database data, the regions between the ridge and the piedmont lines are divided into four geomorphologic zones; and the topographic characteristics are finally analyzed for the different geomorphologic zones regions using the DEM data. The research results show that from the piedmont to the ridge, there exist four geomorphologic zones: arid, fluvial, periglacial and glacial. The arid has the lowest elevation, topographic gradient, relief and slope characteristics. The fluvial has lower elevation and the highest topographic gradient, but with lower relief and slope characteristics. With higher elevation, the periglcial has lower topographic gradient, but the highest relief and slope characteristics. The glacial has the highest elevation with higher topographic gradient, relief and slope characteristics.

Discussion on Characteristics of Crustal Deformation along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea Seismotectonic Zone

The Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea fault zone located in the northern part of the North China region is a seismotectonic zone controlling the present-day strong earthquake activities. Under the effect of regional principal compressive stress with the direction of NEE-SWW, a series of NE-trending active tectonic zones have developed, which form a group of conjugated shear fracturing systems and control the occurrence of the present-day strong earthquakes. The feature of crustal deformation around this fault zone is studied in the paper. The long-term crustal deformation pattern from GPS measurements exhibits a relatively complete left-lateral strike-slip movement along the active fault zone. However, studies on crustal deformation by stages indicate that a series of NE-trending large-scale anomalous gradient zones have appeared along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea fault zone before moderately strong earthquakes. They are represented respectively by the activities of the Tangshan-Hejian, the Sanhe-Laishui and the Yanhuai-Shanxi seismotectonic zones. This may indicate the occurrence of med-term precursors to moderately strong earthquakes along Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea zone. The results in the paper show that the crustal deformation pattern before strong earthquake reveals the information of strain status in the deep seismogenic zone, while the chaotic pattern after the occurrence of strong earthquake represents the adjustment of the covering strata.

三亚M_(S)4.2地震前后海南岛重力场变化及其小波多尺度分解

利用海南岛流动重力测网2016~2022年共13期复测资料,分析研究区域差分重力场和累积重力场动态变化,并着重分析2019-08-20海南三亚M_(S)4.2地震前后海南岛西南地区重力场时空变化。结果表明,三亚M_(S)4.2地震震中附近地区在震前2 a和3 a出现重力场累积变化梯度带,梯度带的异常范围约60 km,重力场变化最大约为60μGal;三亚M_(S)4.2地震之后,震中附近地区重力场继续上升,至2020年下半年才开始协同下降,在下降过程中,发生以2021-08-08乐东MS3.2地震为最大地震的震群事件。对2016-09~2019-08海南岛累积重力场动态变化小波多尺度分解表明,海南岛西南地区重力场变化在3阶、4阶和5阶小波细节图中均出现异常。

抽拉速率对定向凝固DZ4125合金温度场及晶粒竞争生长的影响

为探究定向凝固DZ4125柱晶高温合金中温度场分布情况,并研究不同抽拉速率对温度梯度及糊状区变化的影响规律,利用ProCAST软件对抽拉速率分别为3、5、7 mm/min的定向凝固过程进行模拟。结果表明:当试棒位于保温区时,等温线呈外侧低内侧高的倾斜分布,当试棒位于冷却区时,等温线呈外侧高内侧低的倾斜分布;随着抽拉速率的增加,温度梯度逐渐减小;糊状区形状取决于抽拉速率和距水冷盘的距离,当抽拉速率为5 mm/min时,凝固前沿水平状保持的时间最长;在此基础上,对定向凝固试棒进行精铸实验,并研究3mm/min和7 mm/min下试棒液相线形状与晶粒结构之间的关系,发现液相线呈凹形和凸形时,晶粒分别向试棒中心和表面方向生长,水平的液相线能促进晶粒沿试棒轴线方向生长。

近松散层采掘抗渗透破坏评价方法Ⅰ:临界水力坡度

抗渗透破坏评价是近松散含水层煤层开采溃水溃砂防控的重要基础工作,但至今尚未形成规范性方法和标准。松散层和风化带抗渗透破坏评价的关键是确定水力坡度和临界水力坡度。首先综述了流土和内部侵蚀发生的临界水力坡度确定方法,指出近松散层煤层采掘诱发溃水溃砂临界水力坡度与传统的临界水力坡度的不同特点。针对集中通道获得考虑临空面出口尺寸和岩土层物理力学性质的松散砂层、黏土层和基岩风化带的抗渗透破坏临界水力坡度的计算公式,采用试验结果验证,溃水溃砂临界水力坡度公式的适用性。通过单因素和多因素参数对临界水力坡度的敏感性分析结果表明,裂隙宽度是影响临界水力坡度大小的最重要因素,也表明在实际工程中通过控制采掘诱发的覆岩破坏是减少溃水溃砂灾害的关键措施。煤系风化带的临界水力坡度与其中黏土成分的含量、施加荷载大小有密切的关系,当黏土在风化岩石中占比(质量分数)为5%~40%时,其变化范围为2.9~67.2,给出了用高斯函数的拟合估算关系式和考虑上覆荷载的估算公式。研究结果将为近松散层开采溃水溃砂评价临界水力坡度计算提供参考。

基于不同样带的干旱区城市景观格局时空演变特征——以张掖市为例

景观格局的变化影响着区域生态安全及可持续发展,研究干旱区城市景观格局时空变化特征,对干旱区景观格局优化具有一定的指导意义。基于1987、1995、2000、2006、2011和2016年6期土地利用数据,利用景观格局指数计算方法,研究张掖市景观格局的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)2016年张掖市景观类型主要为未利用地,最大斑块指数和斑块聚集度最高,草地和耕地次之,草地的斑块个数和密度最大。(2)张掖市景观格局呈现明显的地域分异特征,圈层梯度带上揭示了绿洲-荒漠用地变化,研究期内第1梯度带内破碎度先上升后下降,城市在2006—2016年扩张较快,其余梯度带破碎度逐年升高;空间演变上,居住地在圈层上的变化呈“L”型,未利用地呈“N”型,张掖市从中心城区到外围区域依次为绿洲城市区、绿洲农业区和自然景观区。(3)水平样带揭示了山地-绿洲-荒漠的用地变化,将张掖市分为4类区域,分别为绿洲城市区、绿洲农业区、荒漠区、山地区;西北-东南样带上景观破碎度年变化不规律,在空间上经过居民点波动变化;东北-西南样带研究期内景观水平指数经过居民点波动变化,其余范围内年变化较稳定,中心城区景观异质性较强。(4)人类围绕河流进行各种生产生活活动,将河流样带分为上中下三段,样带上段和下段景观指数年变化基本保持稳定,以未利用地为主,上段存在部分林地、草地;中段景观指数在空间上波动变化,景观类型以未利用地和耕地为主。

An alternative interpretation for the map expression of "abrupt" changes in lateral stratigraphic level near transverse zones in fold-thrust belts

The map expression of ＂abrupt＂ changes in lateral stratigraphic level of a thrust fault has been traditionally interpreted to be a result of the presence of （1） a lateral （or oblique） thrust-ramp, or （2） a frontal ramp with displacement gradient, and/or （3） a combination of these geometries. These geometries have been used to interpret the structures near transverse zones in fold-thrust belts （FTB）. This contribution outlines an alternative explanation that can result in the same map pattern by lateral variations in stratigraphy along the strike of a low angle thrust fault. We describe the natural example of the Leamington transverse zone, which marks the southern margin of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Oquirrh basin with genetically related lateral stratigraphic variations in the North American Sevier FTB. Thus, the observed map pattern at this zone is closely related to lateral stratigraphic variations along the strike of a horizontal fault. Even though the present-day erosional level shows the map pattern that could be interpreted as a lateral ramp, the observed structures along the Leamington zone most likely share the effects of the presence of a lateral （or oblique） ramp, lateral stratigraphic variations along the fault trace, and the displacement gradient.

新疆典型城-郊-乡梯度带土壤微量元素空间分布与来源

从新疆某地典型城-郊-乡梯度带采集了77个表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,基于GIS技术与多元统计分析方法,研究各梯度带表层土壤中Hg、As、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等10种微量元素的空间分布特征与主要来源。结果表明:Hg元素在城区、郊区和乡村表层土壤中的平均含量均超出研究区土壤背景值,As元素在城区和郊区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,Zn和Pb元素在城区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,其余元素在3个梯度带表层土壤中的平均含量均低于相应的背景值。研究区表层土壤中,V、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等7种元素的空间分布格局基本相似,均呈现沿城市化梯度带分布的地带性格局;As、Cu和Hg等3种元素的空间分布呈现岛状格局。来源分析结果表明,各梯度带表层土壤中的微量元素的来源各不相同。

富水断层带隧道变形力学机制及双梯度注浆NPR补偿对策

云南他白依隧道位于青藏高原东麓,穿越多条断层构造带,其围岩软弱破碎,遇水强度骤降。原设计方案下围岩存在米级大变形,出现了拱架扭曲、仰拱隆起和突泥涌水等灾害。针对富水断层带隧道围岩破碎难题,首先通过矿物成分分析、点荷载试验及地应力测试,分析了富水断层带隧道变形力学机制及其转化,通过未注浆、常规注浆及双梯度注浆的围岩承载力试验,确定采用双梯度注浆工艺进行NPR锚索锚固;然后,通过数值模拟及现场试验,得出了最佳锚索数目;最后,通过现场应用,基于监测数据验证了双梯度注浆及高预紧力长短NPR锚索支护体系的可靠性。研究结果可为类似富水断层带隧道的大变形灾害控制提供参考。

豫北平原地热资源分区及其开发利用研究

豫北平原地处华北盆地边缘,具有较高的地热流和地温梯度,巨厚的新生界沉积及其覆盖下的下古生界奥陶系、寒武系形成良好的地下水热储层。分析了研究区地温梯度、地温分布、地温异常以及不同深度地温分布,基于此,将研究区划分为8个地热分区:太行拱断束地热分区、汤阴断陷地热分区、内黄凸起地热分区、东明断陷地热分区、济源凹陷地热分区、武陟凸起地热分区、中牟凹陷地热分区、菏泽凸起(河南部分)地热分区。将研究区地热资源开采适宜性划分为最适宜、适宜、差的、不适宜四个等级,针对地热水不同梯级,根据温度、水质确定其不同的开发利用方向,进行综合开发利用。研究为合理开发利用地热资源提供依据。

基于二次振荡波过程的交流电网相继速动判据

针对现有的交流电网相继速动保护判据的可靠性能受限于运行工况与系统参数,以及其无法耐受较高过渡电阻的难题,该文首先研究了本级线路盲区故障与下级线路故障时由对端断路器开断产生的二次振荡波过程的差异性,并基于行波模量网络分析了特定故障工况下的特殊波过程;然后,提出了基于数学形态学梯度算法的振荡波头极性辨识判据以及特殊故障工况下的辅助判据,以形成全新的相继速动保护判据;最后,基于PSCAD仿真平台验证了所提保护判据的有效性、灵敏性与可靠性,其适用于三相/单相跳闸方式、适应于所有故障类型、不受系统运行工况与系统参数影响,同时耐受过渡电阻能力高达300Ω。

海拔梯度对伏牛山北坡槲栎功能性状的影响

为了探明海拔梯度对南北过渡带槲栎(Quercus aliena)功能性状的影响,以河南伏牛山区为研究区域,于2019年7月份在研究区内沿每个海拔梯度(1000、1200、1400、1600、1800、2000 m)分别随机设置3个20 m×20 m的调查样方,采集槲栎叶片、根系等样品;通过钼锑抗比色法、凯氏定氮法等方法测定槲栎叶片、根系功能性状等11个指标,分析其在海拔1000~2000 m的变化。结果表明:(1)槲栎叶干物质质量分数与木材密度均随海拔升高而降低,而比叶面积、比根长、胸径树高比均随海拔升高而升高;(2)槲栎叶片氮、磷质量分数与根磷质量分数均随海拔的升高而升高,而根氮质量分数随海拔升高而降低;(3)槲栎根磷质量分数、木材密度、比根长、根氮质量分数与土壤养分质量分数相关性较弱或不相关,而叶干物质质量分数、叶片氮、磷养分质量分数与各土层氮、磷养分质量分数相关性较强;(4)槲栎根磷质量分数与木材密度间存在显著负相关,与胸径树高比、叶片氮质量分数、比根长、叶片磷质量分数之间存在显著正相关。海拔梯度对槲栎功能性状的影响显著,根磷质量分数能够在一定程度上,间接反映槲栎功能性状在南北过渡带随海拔升高的适应特征。通过揭示不同海拔梯度对槲栎功能性状的影响,明确槲栎在南北过渡带随海拔变化的适应特征,为探明南北过渡带植被对环境和气候的适应机制提供重要的参考。