Research status and application of artificial intelligence large models in the oil and gas industry

This article elucidates the concept of large model technology,summarizes the research status of large model technology both domestically and internationally,provides an overview of the application status of large models in vertical industries,outlines the challenges and issues confronted in applying large models in the oil and gas sector,and offers prospects for the application of large models in the oil and gas industry.The existing large models can be briefly divided into three categories:large language models,visual large models,and multimodal large models.The application of large models in the oil and gas industry is still in its infancy.Based on open-source large language models,some oil and gas enterprises have released large language model products using methods like fine-tuning and retrieval augmented generation.Scholars have attempted to develop scenario-specific models for oil and gas operations by using visual/multimodal foundation models.A few researchers have constructed pre-trained foundation models for seismic data processing and interpretation,as well as core analysis.The application of large models in the oil and gas industry faces challenges such as current data quantity and quality being difficult to support the training of large models,high research and development costs,and poor algorithm autonomy and control.The application of large models should be guided by the needs of oil and gas business,taking the application of large models as an opportunity to improve data lifecycle management,enhance data governance capabilities,promote the construction of computing power,strengthen the construction of“artificial intelligence+energy”composite teams,and boost the autonomy and control of large model technology.

Promoting High-quality Development of Grain and Oil in Ethnic Areas of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the Perspective of Agricultural Power

Accelerating the construction of agricultural power,further promoting the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt,and better supporting and serving Chinese-style modernization are the key issues at present.This paper first introduces the Yangtze River Economic Belt and its ethnic areas,and studies the characteristics of the grain and oil industry in the ethnic autonomous areas of the economic belt,as well as the current situation of various types of intellectual property resources,such as industrial cultural heritage,scientific and tech-nological innovation,and brand marking intellectual property.Besides,it analyzes the main problems in the high-quality development of grain and oil in the Yangtze River Economic Belt ethnic areas.Finally,it comes up with recommendations,including protecting the intellectual prop-erty rights of cultural heritage in the field of grain and oil,leading the inheritance and development of excellent traditional Chinese culture,use scientific and technological innovation intellectual property rights to promote the innovation-driven development strategy of the grain and oil in-dustry,and providing counterpart assistance to ethnic autonomous areas in the Yangtze River Economic Belt to further promote the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Geological characteristics of shale rock system and shale oil exploration breakthrough in a lacustrine basin:A case study from the Paleogene 1st sub-member of Kong 2 Member in Cangdong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

A deep understanding of the basic geologic characteristics of the fine-grained shale layers in the Paleogene 1 st sub-member of Kong 2 Member(Ek_2~1) in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, is achieved through observation of 140 m continuous cores and systematic analysis of over 1 000 core samples from two wells. Basic geological conditions for shale oil accumulation are proposed based on the unconventional geological theory of oil and gas. The shale rock system mainly developed interbedded formation of felsic shale, calcareous and dolomitic shale and carbonates; high quality hydrocarbon source rock formed in the stable and closed environment is the material base for shale oil enrichment; intergranular pores in analcite, intercrystalline pores in dolomite and interlayer micro-fractures make tight carbonate, calcareous and dolomitic shale and felsic shale effective reservoirs, with brittle mineral content of more than 70%; high abundance laminated shale rock in the lower section of Ek_2~1 is rich in shale oil, with a total thickness of 70 m, burial depth between 2 800 to 4 200 m, an average oil saturation of 50%, a sweet spot area of 260 km^2 and predicted resources of over 5×10~8 t. Therefore, this area is a key replacement domain for oil exploration in the Kongdian Formation of the Cangdong sag. At present, the KN9 vertical well has a daily oil production of 29.6 t after fracturing with a 2 mm choke. A breakthrough of continental shale oil exploration in a lacustrine basin is expected to be achieved by volume fracturing in horizontal wells.

Re-recognition of “unconventional” in unconventional oil and gas

Taking the Wufeng–Longmaxi shale gas in the Sichuan Basin as a typical example,based on the new progress in exploration and development,this study re-examines the"unconventional"of unconventional oil and gas from two aspects:oil and gas formation and accumulation mechanisms,and main features of oil and gas layers.The oil and gas of continuous accumulation and distribution from integrated source and reservoir is unconventional oil and gas,and the study focusing on shale oil and gas in comparison with conventional oil and gas has made progress in five aspects:(1)Unconventional oil and gas have source-reservoir-in-one and in-situ accumulation;according to the theory of continuous oil and gas accumulation,the accumulation power of oil and gas is overpressure and diffusion;for conventional oil and gas,the source and reservoir are different formations,the trapping accumulation is its theoretical foundation,and the accumulation power is characterized by buoyancy and capillary force.(2)The unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are mainly formed in the low-energy oxygen-anaerobic environment,dominantly semi-deep to deep shelf facies and the semi-deep to deep lake facies,simple in lithology,rich in organic matter and clay minerals;conventional oil and gas mainly occur in coarse-grained sedimentary rocks formed in high-energy waters with complex lithology.(3)The unconventional oil and gas reservoirs have mainly nano-scale pores,of which organic matter pores take a considerable proportion;conventional oil and gas reservoirs mainly have micron-millimeter pores and no organic matter pores.(4)Unconventional shale oil and gas reservoirs have oil and gas in uniform distribution,high oil and gas saturation,low or no water content,and no obvious oil and gas water boundary;conventional oil and gas reservoirs have oil and gas of complex properties,moderate oil and gas saturation,slightly higher water content,and obvious oil,gas and water boundaries.(5)Organic-rich shale is the main target of unconventional oil and gas exploration;the sedimentary environment controls high organic matter abundance zone and organic matter content controls oil and gas abundance;positive structure and high porosity control the yields of shale wells;bedding and fracture development are important factors deciding high yield.

Identification of Sudanese Sesame Oil Quality Using a 680 nm Semiconductor Laser Spectrometer and Other Techniques

This study investigates the optical properties of sesame oil from traditional and industrial sources using a custom-designed semiconductor laser spectrometer, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Six samples were collected from traditional presses and factories in Khartoum State and White Nile State. The spectrometer, constructed with a 680 nm semiconductor laser and various resistor values, measured the absorbance of sesame oil samples. UV-Vis spectroscopy identified absorbance peaks at 670 nm and 417 nm, corresponding to chlorophyll a and b. FTIR analysis showed nearly identical spectra among the samples, indicating similar chemical compositions. Laser spectrometer analysis revealed specific absorbance values for each sample. The results highlight the feasibility of using a 680 nm semiconductor laser for analyzing sesame oil, providing a cost-effective alternative to other wavelengths. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating traditional methods with modern spectroscopic techniques for the quality assessment of sesame oil.

Opportunities and Challenges of Robotics and Automation in Offshore Oil &Gas Industry

The oil and gas industry will continue to boom in the coming few decades. Obtaining oil and gas from conventional and non-conventional resources will become more and more challenging. This intensifying need will impose very considerable demands on work force, financial and technology capabilities. Since the future supplies of oil and gas are to expand, advanced technology will become increasingly necessary to obtain access to more challenging conventional and non-conventional resources. Therefore oil and gas technologies will be very costly to operate in the coming future due to hostile, hard-to-reach environments. The offshore oil industry will become a complicated myriad of advanced equipment, structures, and work force. Our objectives are to identify potential applications and research directions of robotics and automation in the oil & gas field and explore the obstacles and challenges of robotic and automation applications to this area. This study performs the necessary survey and investigation about the work conditions of robotics and automation equipment in the oil and gas industry, especially offshore oil rigs. The oil & gas industry processes are first investigated. The personals and tasks are then explored. Furthermore, this paper reviews the current robotic automation technology. The challenges and requirements are identified for robotics and automation equipment in the oil and gas industry. The requirements of robotics and automation in the oil & gas industry are presented. Future research opportunities are discussed from a technical perspective.

Production and achievements of Sesamum indicum industry in the world:Past and current state

Sesame production is important in agriculture,food industry,and the crop diversity due to its rich nutritional profile and health benefits.Despite its significant value,sesame is still an orphan crop that has received little scientific attention,resulting in low yield compared to other major oilseed crops.This review offers a comprehensive overview of the present state of production,knowledge,and research advancements concerning Sesamum indicum on a global scale.The FAOSTAT database was extensively used to examine the global trends from 1961 to 2021.In the past 60 years,global sesame production has substantially increased,with Asia and Africa being the primary producers.The integration of omics technologies and biotechnological interventions has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic basis of sesame,enhanced productivity,invigorated stress resilience,and improved seed quality.High-throughput sequencing methods such as RNA-seq,RAD-seq,SLAF-seq,and GBS technology are used in various studies,linkage mapping,and identification of trait-associated markers.Fine linkage maps,and multi-omics studies such as genomics,proteomics,transcriptomics,and metabolomics have been employed in sesame research for gene and QTL mapping.Proteins and metabolic pathways related to oil content,yield,and stress tolerance were reported.Genes and QTLs related to yield and its components,drought,salt,and osmotic stress tolerance were discovered.Candidate genes associated with capsule shattering and seed shattering were recently revealed.For more achievement in sesame,it is important to enhance sesame production efficiency through mechanization,advanced agricultural practices,and knowledge dissemination to farmers.MAS and multi-omics integration should be particularly reinforced.The advancements in sesame production present a significant and promising opportunity for farmers,governments,and stakeholders in the agricultural sector.

Current Situations and Suggestions for Development of Oil Peony Industry in Hubei Province

Based on the investigation on the production of oil peony( Paeooia suffruticosa Andr.) in the main producing areas in Hubei Province,the current situations and problems faced by oil peony industry were analyzed.The oil peony industry is in the adjustment period after years of development in Hubei Province,and the following suggestions were proposed for its further development.First,make full use of the ornamental value of peony and carry out the theme eco-tourism of peony.Second,make full use of the advantages of local resources and develop resource evaluation and utilization.Third,promote the intensive processing of oil peony and extend the industrial chain of products.

Current Status of the Oil Refining Industry in China and Prospects for Cooperative Development

The oil refining industry in China supports the needs of national economic development and has gone through industrial upgrading at all stages, as represented by the upgrades in the quality of refined oil products.Currently, it has acquired strong technical and engineering strength and delivered good results in scale, information technology and environmental friendliness. However, compared with the world's leading oil refining powers, the oil refining industry in China still lags behind in terms of overall competitiveness. There is an urgent need to enhance its competitiveness and adjust its product structure, plant structure and capacity structure to both launch a new round of industrial upgrading and coordinate with the associated industries. Great potential exists for China to cooperate with the countries along the Belt and Road initiative in various fields such as petroleum resources, product markets and technical equipment. Together, multi-dimensional cooperation bonded by resources, markets, technologies and capital/funds can be carried out, and cooperation between the upstream and downstream industries throughout the industry chain can be facilitated. There is much to expect from the prospects for cooperative development.

Automated Autonomous Vehicles: Prospects and Impacts on Society

All automobile manufacturing companies, Google and Microsoft have announced recently their production of the Fully Automated Autonomous Vehicles (FAAVs), otherwise known as driverless cars. A few FAAVs would be available in the market as early as in 2018, but mostly in 2020’s. When FAAVs will be available to and become affordable by the average consumers, the implications to the society would be far reaching. The purpose of the paper is to examine the prospect of the popularity of FAAVs and their socio-economic implications to the future society of the World. The paper examines potential impacts on selected sectors of the society including changes in demand for automobiles, its impact on the use of oil, on the environment, and on urban land uses, to list a few.

Environmental Policies and Strategies in Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry: Gains, Challenges and Prospects

The paper reviews environmental policies and strategies in the Nigerian oil and gas industry sector, assessing its efficiency, challenges and prospects. Essentially, the study established that the Environmental Policies and Strategies of Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry have impacted positively on the Nigerian environment over the years, especially in the area of awareness creation for all stake-holders. In terms of challenges, inefficiency of the regulators due to inadequacy of logistics, poor environmental data base, duplication and overlaps of regulators functions are some of the challenges identified. The prospect of environmental policies and strategies in Nigeria is generally considered to be bright, considering the fact that the industry is still evolving. Relevant recommendations were made on how to achieve improvements.

Spatial Organization of Innovation in the Oil Equipment Manufacturing Industry: Case of Dongying, China

As innovation and technological change have become increasingly important for the competitiveness and sustainable growth of firms,cooperative innovation is now crucial for traditional industries in the context of globalization.This paper proposes a framework for analyzing the spatial pattern of cooperative innovation for traditional industries in developing countries.Based on in-depth interviews with 35 firms in the oil equipment manufacturing industry in Dongying City,China,this study argues that different firms in the innovation pyramid have various innovation activity preferences and spatial patterns.Firms with high innovation abilities tend to cooperate with various partners that are geographically dispersed and continuously expanding,while firms with inferior abilities usually cooperate with nearby fixed partners.Due to the differences in innovation environment and actor locations,firms tend to make different choices regarding innovation types and models,which highlight the importance of personnel training and basic scientific research at the global scale and practical product research and development at the national scale.Additionally,talent flow is the most important way to realize relationships for firm innovation activity.

How to Adjust XPCC's Planting Structure of Grain,Cotton,Oil and Sugar?

XPCC has long shouldered the mission of exploitation of virgin land in border area,but the special geographic distribution leads to regional segmentation and administrative division in the planting structure of grain,cotton,oil and sugar for XPCC. Since 1980,XPCC's total planting area of grain,cotton,oil and sugar has increased steadily year by year. The yield levels show a unimodal trend; the total yield of cotton has been showing a geometric growth trend; the total yield of oil crops and sugar beet shows a fluctuating growth trend,but the total yield of grain crops shows a bimodal growth trend. XPCC's grain crops are mainly in the farms of Division 4 in Ili Valley and Division 6 in Changji;cotton production in South and North Xinjiang is basically the same,and the yield in South Xinjiang is slightly higher than in North Xinjiang,but cotton can not be planted in most farms of Division 9 and Division 10; oil crops are grown mainly in cold regions; sugar beet is mainly in the farms of Division 2,Division 4,Division 7 and Division 9. Some factors are limiting XPCC's farming development such as unreasonable agricultural structure,quite different regional production levels and great grain crop yield fluctuations. Therefore,it is recommended to optimize regional distribution,increase efforts to promote new technologies,and strengthen brand building to help XPCC to give play to the agricultural resource advantages.

Minimizing the Environmental Risk from Oil Tanker Grounding Accidents in the High North

To address the high environmental risk related to the increased oil tanker traffic in the High North, the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) manages one of its vessel traffic service (VTS) centers in the town of Vardø, Norway. The fleet of tugboats, controlled by the VTS center operators, patrols the coastline to hook-up with any potential drifting oil tanker in the region of interest, before it runs ashore. Presently, the tugboats are controlled manually, which is not only challenging but less effective. In this paper, we develop two alternative binary integer programming models that give better tugboat policies in less computational time compared to previous work. Promising results with historical data illustrate great potential for optimal environmental risk reduction along the northern coast of

Status and Development Countermeasures of Moderate-scale Management of Grain and Oil in Nanchong City

This paper introduces the development status of moderate-scale management of grain and oil in Nanchong,analyzes the existing problems in production and management,puts forward some suggestions in terms of fund,science and technology and industrial structure,and lists some cases for reference,so as to provide a direction for the operation of grain and oil in Nanchong.

Synergism of essential oils with lipid based nanocarriers: emerging trends in preservation of grains and related food products

Grains are one of the major food staples in the world.The cereal grains are easily susceptible to damage by moisture content,flour beetles and food pathogens during storage,harvesting and post harvesting.Food preservative techniques namely drying,freezing,and dehydration,acquire little advantages.However,they cause few undesirable alterations in the organoleptic and nutritional properties of the preserved food items.Therefore,there is a continuous search for new preservation techniques in food industries,to satisfy the customer demands on the addition of natural food preservatives,devoid of pathogenic contaminants and without changes in organoleptic properties.Essential oils(EOs)have been predicted as“natural food additives”in the preservative process.The synergistic potential of EOs with various nanocarriers plays an emerging role in the food industry.Therefore,the present review has focused on the lipid based nanocarriers,and the methods used for the functionalization or encapsulation of EOs and applications in the preservation of food items such as cooked rice,rice flour,grains,sliced breads have also been discussed.The present review ascertains the antimicrobial significance of active EOs loaded lipid nanocarriers in the form of nano emulsions,solid lipid nanoparticles and liposomes for preserving grains and flours.

Review on the challenges and strategies in oil and gas industry's transition towards carbon neutrality in China

In light of carbon-neutral pledge, the oil and gas industry has been facing several critical new challenges in China. The current status and new challenges in terms of market mechanism reform, supply-consumption balance and key technology innovation in China's oil and gas industry are reviewed in the present study, and new strategies and roadmaps are proposed to cope with the challenges. The study found that (i) the oil and gas market faces challenges such as incomplete pricing mechanisms, unclear subject rights, and the lack of recognition and trading of carbon assets. (ii) the trade-off between short-term supply security and long-term low-carbon supply is the most critical issue. (iii) in addition to typical challenges such as immature technology and lack of funding support, the unclear multiple technology coupling development mode also poses problems for the low-carbon transformation of the oil and gas industry. To address these new challenges, comprehensive strategies and roadmaps for China's oil and gas industry towards carbon neutrality are proposed and discussed in the aspects of participating in market transactions, restructuring production and consumption, deploying key technology innovations, and planning enterprise strategies. The present study is expected to provide a blueprint for the future development of China's oil and gas industry towards carbon neutrality.

The Rice Processing Industry in Nepal: Constraints and Opportunities

A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling industry and to identify enablers and barriers to its growth in Nepal. Coarse rice varieties dominate Nepal’s rice processing industry, with a 42% share by total weight, followed by medium rice (34%) and fine varieties (less than 7%). Polished white rice (Arwa) was the dominant rice type in Nepal in the survey, followed by parboiled and steamed rice. The price and profit margins increased from coarse to fine rice varieties and from Arwa to parboiled and steamed rice. The cost of milling also followed a similar trend. The rice milling industry in Nepal largely influences the adoption or non-adoption of any specific type of rice variety by dictating specific brands in the market and this has important implications for rice research and development. The rice processing industry of Nepal was unable to compete with the Indian rice milling industry because of: 1) low profit margins due to the high cost of rice production and procurement, 2) a lack of economies of scale, 3) a lack of milling technologies for long and extra-long and steamed rice in the country and a lack of investment to modernize rice milling technology, and 4) unavailability of paddy throughout the year locally. Millers were willing to upgrade their rice milling technology to include high throughput parboiling, steamed rice as well as long and extra-long grain rice. This will be a strategic decision in counteracting the ever-increasing rice imports in Nepal. We believe that the findings of the study will be vital for formulating an appropriate rice research, development and rice processing strategy for Nepal to achieve food and nutritional security and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Intellectual Property Protection,Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Woody Edible Oilseeds in Hubei Province

Only by developing woody edible oilseeds industry can we ensure the safety of the important industrial chain and supply chain of vegetable edible oil in China.There are 13 kinds of woody edible oil plants in Hubei,including Camellia oleifera Abel(oil tea),Juglans regia L.(walnut),Olea europaea L.(olive)and Paeonia suffruticosa(oil peony).This paper studies the main industries of woody edible oilseeds in Hubei Province and their intellectual property resources,and analyzes the main problems in their intellectual property protection,inheritance,innovation and development.Finally,it proposes some strategies,including carrying forward the traditional knowledge related to woody edible oilseeds,innovating the"agricultural chip",creating key counties of national woody edible oil seeds,and developing industrial clusters with national advantages and characteristics.

Risk Matrix as a Tool for Risk Analysis in Underwater Operations in the Oil and Gas Industry

The study is a cross-sectional design assessment of the likelihood, frequency and severity of hazards associated with underwater operations in the Niger Delta. Five oil and gas companies were used for this study selected by a purposive method given that they had the highest number of workers involved in underwater operations. A sample size of 418 was computed to which the questionnaires were administered with response rate of 95.93%. Data analyses were carried out to cover descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Pearsonal correlation coefficients. The 4 by 4 risk assessment matrix for the likelihood and consequences showed that 8 out of 20 underwater hazards were categorized as having very high risk according to their risk ratings. The eight hazards categorized based on their risk IDs were H01, H03, H04, H08, H10, H11, H12, and H15. The 4 by 4 risk matrix for frequency and consequences revealed that two hazards (Piracy & bandit attack/kidnapping (H01) and Other main vessels/heavy object dropping or falling load/collision (H08)) were identified to be of very high risk.