Wheat grain quality characteristics have experienced increasing attention as a central factor affecting wheat end-use products quality and human health.Nonetheless,in the last decades a reduction in grain quality has ...Wheat grain quality characteristics have experienced increasing attention as a central factor affecting wheat end-use products quality and human health.Nonetheless,in the last decades a reduction in grain quality has been observed.Therefore,it is central to develop efficient quality-related phenotyping tools.In this sense,one of the most relevant wheat features related to grain quality traits is grain nitrogen content,which is directly linked to grain protein content and monitorable with remote sensing approaches.Moreover,the relation between nitrogen fertilization and grain nitrogen content(protein)plays a central role in the sustainability of agriculture.Both aiming to develop efficient phenotyping tools using remote sensing instruments and to advance towards a field-level efficient and sustainable monitoring of grain nitrogen status,this paper studies the efficacy of various sensors,multispectral and visible red-greenblue(RGB),at different scales,ground and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),and phenological stages(anthesis and grain filling)to estimate grain nitrogen content.Linear models were calculated using vegetation indices at each sensing level,sensor type and phenological stage.Furthermore,this study explores the up-scalability of the best performing model to satellite level Sentinel-2 equivalent data.We found that models built at the phenological stage of anthesis with UAV-level multispectral cameras using red-edge bands outperformed grain nitrogen content estimation(R2=0.42,RMSE=0.18%)in comparison with those models built with RGB imagery at ground and aerial level,as well as with those built with widely used ground-level multispectral sensors.We also demonstrated the possibility to use UAV-built multispectral linear models at the satellite scale to determine grain nitrogen content effectively(R2=0.40,RMSE=0.29%)at actual wheat fields.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice...[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.展开更多
玉米籽粒氮含量与品质紧密相关,其遗传机制的解析对玉米品质育种具有重要意义。本研究以252份玉米自交系为关联群体,利用贝叶斯信息与连锁不平衡迭代嵌套式模型(BLINK,bayesian-informationandlinkage-disequilibrium iteratively neste...玉米籽粒氮含量与品质紧密相关,其遗传机制的解析对玉米品质育种具有重要意义。本研究以252份玉米自交系为关联群体,利用贝叶斯信息与连锁不平衡迭代嵌套式模型(BLINK,bayesian-informationandlinkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway)、固定随机循环概率模型(FarmCPU,fixed and random model circulating probability unification)、一般线性模型(GLM,general linear model)、混合线性模型(MLM,mixed linear model)、多位点混合线性模型(MLMM,multiple loci mixed model)和逐步排它性混合线性模型(SUPER,settlement of MLM under progressively exclusive relationship)等方法分别对其籽粒氮含量进行全基因组关联分析。共鉴定到13个与籽粒氮含量显著关联的SNP(P<3.64E-07)。BLINK、FarmCPU、GLM、MLM、MLMM和SUPER方法分别检测到6个、3个、7个、4个、2个和4个SNP位点。其中,S3_8879213在5种方法中均能检测到,S9_146173702在4种方法中均能检测到,S5_114774030和S7_182217338在3种方法中均能检测到,S1_10906326和S1_177528813在2种方法中均能检测到。共挖掘25个相关候选基因,其中Zm00001eb275080和Zm00001eb330700可能是影响玉米籽粒氮含量的重要候选基因。展开更多
Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting ...Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.展开更多
Four japonica rice varieties differed in cooking and eating qualities were used in a pot experiment to study the relationship between the activities of glutamine synthetase during grain filling and rice quality. The a...Four japonica rice varieties differed in cooking and eating qualities were used in a pot experiment to study the relationship between the activities of glutamine synthetase during grain filling and rice quality. The activities of glutamine synthetase gradually increased and then declined as a single peak curve in the course of grain filling. The 15th day after heading was a turning point, before which the enzymatic activities in the inferior rice varieties with high protein content were higher than those in the superior rice varietie with low protein content, and after which it was converse. The activity of glutamine synthetase in grain was correlated with the taste meter value, peak viscosity and breakdown negatively at the early stage of grain filling whereas positively at the middle and late stages. Moreover, it was correlated with the protein content of rice grain and setback positively at the early stage and negatively at the middle and late stages. The correlation degree varied with the course of grain filling. From 15 days to 20 days after heading was a critical stage, in which the direction of correlation between the activity of glutamine synthetase and taste meter value and RVA properties of rice changed.展开更多
为明确氮肥对小麦强、弱势粒粒重及淀粉品质的影响与调控,以强筋小麦烟农21和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料,研究了三个氮肥水平(120、240、360 kg N/ha,分别用N1、N2、N3表示)下小麦籽粒增重过程及直、支链淀粉含量的变化规律。结果表明,随氮...为明确氮肥对小麦强、弱势粒粒重及淀粉品质的影响与调控,以强筋小麦烟农21和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料,研究了三个氮肥水平(120、240、360 kg N/ha,分别用N1、N2、N3表示)下小麦籽粒增重过程及直、支链淀粉含量的变化规律。结果表明,随氮肥施用量的增加,强、弱势粒千粒重均降低,且灌浆后期处理间差异显著。两个品种强势粒千粒重均高于弱势粒;随氮肥施用量的增加,烟农21强、弱势粒灌浆速率均降低。两个品种强势粒灌浆速率均高于弱势粒;随氮肥使用量的增加,两品种强、弱势粒直链淀粉含量降低。支链淀粉从花后7 d开始积累,花后35 d含量达到最大值。当氮肥施用量为240 kg N/ha时,鲁麦21强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量较高,分别为48.73%和45.03%;烟农21对氮肥的反应与鲁麦21基本一致,强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量分别为57.04%和55.94%。展开更多
基金supported by the projects PID2019-106650RBC21(Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación,MICINN,Spain)and 0011-1365-2018-000213/0011-1365-2018-000150(Government of Navarre,Spain).J.S.is recipient of a FPI doctoral fellowship(Grant:PRE2020-091907)from MICINN,Spain.J.L.Asupport from ICREA Academia,Generalitat de Catalunya,Spain.S.C.K.is supported by the Ramon y Cajal RYC-2019-027818-I research fellowship from MICINN,Spain.
文摘Wheat grain quality characteristics have experienced increasing attention as a central factor affecting wheat end-use products quality and human health.Nonetheless,in the last decades a reduction in grain quality has been observed.Therefore,it is central to develop efficient quality-related phenotyping tools.In this sense,one of the most relevant wheat features related to grain quality traits is grain nitrogen content,which is directly linked to grain protein content and monitorable with remote sensing approaches.Moreover,the relation between nitrogen fertilization and grain nitrogen content(protein)plays a central role in the sustainability of agriculture.Both aiming to develop efficient phenotyping tools using remote sensing instruments and to advance towards a field-level efficient and sustainable monitoring of grain nitrogen status,this paper studies the efficacy of various sensors,multispectral and visible red-greenblue(RGB),at different scales,ground and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),and phenological stages(anthesis and grain filling)to estimate grain nitrogen content.Linear models were calculated using vegetation indices at each sensing level,sensor type and phenological stage.Furthermore,this study explores the up-scalability of the best performing model to satellite level Sentinel-2 equivalent data.We found that models built at the phenological stage of anthesis with UAV-level multispectral cameras using red-edge bands outperformed grain nitrogen content estimation(R2=0.42,RMSE=0.18%)in comparison with those models built with RGB imagery at ground and aerial level,as well as with those built with widely used ground-level multispectral sensors.We also demonstrated the possibility to use UAV-built multispectral linear models at the satellite scale to determine grain nitrogen content effectively(R2=0.40,RMSE=0.29%)at actual wheat fields.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30270777,30471013)~~
文摘[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.
文摘玉米籽粒氮含量与品质紧密相关,其遗传机制的解析对玉米品质育种具有重要意义。本研究以252份玉米自交系为关联群体,利用贝叶斯信息与连锁不平衡迭代嵌套式模型(BLINK,bayesian-informationandlinkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway)、固定随机循环概率模型(FarmCPU,fixed and random model circulating probability unification)、一般线性模型(GLM,general linear model)、混合线性模型(MLM,mixed linear model)、多位点混合线性模型(MLMM,multiple loci mixed model)和逐步排它性混合线性模型(SUPER,settlement of MLM under progressively exclusive relationship)等方法分别对其籽粒氮含量进行全基因组关联分析。共鉴定到13个与籽粒氮含量显著关联的SNP(P<3.64E-07)。BLINK、FarmCPU、GLM、MLM、MLMM和SUPER方法分别检测到6个、3个、7个、4个、2个和4个SNP位点。其中,S3_8879213在5种方法中均能检测到,S9_146173702在4种方法中均能检测到,S5_114774030和S7_182217338在3种方法中均能检测到,S1_10906326和S1_177528813在2种方法中均能检测到。共挖掘25个相关候选基因,其中Zm00001eb275080和Zm00001eb330700可能是影响玉米籽粒氮含量的重要候选基因。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300407)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03)Agricultural Technology Test Demonstration and Service Support (118003)
文摘Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.
文摘Four japonica rice varieties differed in cooking and eating qualities were used in a pot experiment to study the relationship between the activities of glutamine synthetase during grain filling and rice quality. The activities of glutamine synthetase gradually increased and then declined as a single peak curve in the course of grain filling. The 15th day after heading was a turning point, before which the enzymatic activities in the inferior rice varieties with high protein content were higher than those in the superior rice varietie with low protein content, and after which it was converse. The activity of glutamine synthetase in grain was correlated with the taste meter value, peak viscosity and breakdown negatively at the early stage of grain filling whereas positively at the middle and late stages. Moreover, it was correlated with the protein content of rice grain and setback positively at the early stage and negatively at the middle and late stages. The correlation degree varied with the course of grain filling. From 15 days to 20 days after heading was a critical stage, in which the direction of correlation between the activity of glutamine synthetase and taste meter value and RVA properties of rice changed.
文摘为明确黄土高原旱地春玉米减肥增效的科学生产模式,采用完全随机裂区试验设计,以氮肥梯度(N1:225 kg/hm^(2);N2:275 kg/hm^(2);N3:325 kg/hm^(2))为主区,在播种前、大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量的20%、40%条件下,以氮肥后移比例(传统追肥M1:拔节期40%;氮肥后移10%M2:拔节期30%+开花后10 d 10%;氮肥后移20%M3:拔节期20%+开花后10 d 20%;氮肥后移30%M4:拔节期10%+开花后10 d 30%)为副区,测定玉米不同生育阶段硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、花期和成熟期茎秆叶片氮含量变化、花后氮素转运特征和籽粒产量。结果表明:M4处理显著增加了拔节期之后玉米叶片NR活性,同一氮肥运筹模式下,中氮(N2)提高了灌浆期及灌浆期之后玉米叶片NR活性,高氮(N3)反而抑制NR活性。氮肥后移提高了花期、成熟期玉米茎秆叶片氮含量,成熟期N3处理下氮肥后移处理M2、M3、M4较传统追肥M1处理分别高10.1%、14.7%和23.5%。同一施氮水平下,氮肥后移比例越大,玉米茎秆氮素转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率越高,而N2水平下,M4处理显著增加了叶片对籽粒的贡献率。N2和N3水平下M4处理籽粒产量无显著差异,但N2处理纯利润显著高于N3处理。施氮275 kg/hm^(2)且氮肥后移30%(拔节期追肥27.5 kg/hm^(2)+开花后10 d追肥82.5 kg/hm^(2))有利于玉米增产,促进农户增收。
文摘为明确氮肥对小麦强、弱势粒粒重及淀粉品质的影响与调控,以强筋小麦烟农21和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料,研究了三个氮肥水平(120、240、360 kg N/ha,分别用N1、N2、N3表示)下小麦籽粒增重过程及直、支链淀粉含量的变化规律。结果表明,随氮肥施用量的增加,强、弱势粒千粒重均降低,且灌浆后期处理间差异显著。两个品种强势粒千粒重均高于弱势粒;随氮肥施用量的增加,烟农21强、弱势粒灌浆速率均降低。两个品种强势粒灌浆速率均高于弱势粒;随氮肥使用量的增加,两品种强、弱势粒直链淀粉含量降低。支链淀粉从花后7 d开始积累,花后35 d含量达到最大值。当氮肥施用量为240 kg N/ha时,鲁麦21强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量较高,分别为48.73%和45.03%;烟农21对氮肥的反应与鲁麦21基本一致,强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量分别为57.04%和55.94%。