Effect of subsoil tillage depth on nutrient accumulation, root distribution, and grain yield in spring maize

A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments.

Yield of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and Nutrient Uptake in Grain and Straw as Influenced by Some Macro (S &Mg) and Micro (B &Zn) Nutrients

A wheat variety BARI Gom 26 was cultivated with an objective of evaluating the effects of macro/secondary nutrients as S and Mg, and micro nutrients as B and Zn on yield, yield contributing traits and nutrient uptake status by the crop. The field experiment was con-ducted in the “North Eastern Barind Tract Soils” at Kushadaha, Nawabganj, Dinajpur, Bangladesh from November, 2014 to March, 2015. The surface soil was clay in texture, having pH 5.61, organic matter 1.58%, total N 0.10%, available P 7.03 ppm, exchangeable K 0.11 meq/100g, available S 2.57 ppm, exchangeable Mg 0.55 meq/100g, available Zn 1.30 ppm, available B 0.08 ppm. The experiment was designed with five treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were T1: NPK (control), T2: NPK + S, T3: NPK + S + Mg, T4: NPK + S + Mg + Zn and T5: NPK + S + Mg + Zn + B. All plots of wheat received 100 kg N/ha, 30 kg P/ha and 70 kg K/ha as basal dose. The secondary and micro nutrients doses were 15 kg S/ha, 6 kg Mg/ha, 2.5 kg Zn/ha and 1.5 kg B/ha. Results revealed that the plant height, tillers/hill, 1000-grain weight, yield of grain and straw, uptake of some specific nutrients in grain and straw were signifi-cantly influenced by all the treatments, though these treatments did not show any identical effect on spike length, content of P and Mg in wheat. Significantly highest amount of 1000-grain weight, yield of grain and straw weight of wheat were obtained in applying T2 treatment that employed the addition of S with recommended dose of NPK. Significant positive effects were also observed for the rest parameters in receiving the treatments composed of secondary and micronutrients (T3, T4, and T5). The highest concentration of nutrient uptake N, P, K and S in grain and straw of wheat were also obtained due to the application of T2 treatment. In the case of Mg, the maximum uptake was recorded in T4 where Mg was added as a component of this treatment. In contrast, the highest content of Zn and B were extracted in receiving the treatment T5 both for grain and straw. However, results suggested that T2 treatment comprising recommended dose of NPK with S might be economic and suitable as for better production of 1000-grain weight, yield of grain and straw, uptake of N, P, K and S in grain and straw of wheat cultivated in the North Eastern Barind Tract Soils of Bangladesh under winter condition. The treatment T5 would also be recommended in the context of addition of micronutrients.

Using vibrational infrared biomolecular spectroscopy to detect heat-induced changes of molecular structure in relation to nutrient availability of prairie whole oat grains on a molecular basis

Background： To our knowledge, there is little study on the interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure changes induced by different processing methods in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat processing methods on interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure in terms of functional groups that are related to protein and starch inherent structure of oat grains with two continued years and three replication of each year.Method： The oat grains were kept as raw（control） or heated in an air-draft oven（dry roasting： DO） at 120 °C for 60 min and under microwave irradiation（MIO） for 6 min. The molecular structure features were revealed by vibrational infrared molecular spectroscopy.Results： The results showed that rumen degradability of dry matter, protein and starch was significantly lower（P 〈0.05） for MIO compared to control and DO treatments. A higher protein α-helix to β-sheet and a lower amide I to starch area ratio were observed for MIO compared to DO and/or raw treatment. A negative correlation（-0.99, P 〈 0.01）was observed between α-helix or amide I to starch area ratio and dry matter. A positive correlation（0.99, P 〈 0.01） was found between protein β-sheet and crude protein.Conclusion： The results reveal that oat grains are more sensitive to microwave irradiation than dry heating in terms of protein and starch molecular profile and nutrient availability in ruminants.

Effect of Phosphorus Rates and Varieties on Grain Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Phosphorus Efficiency of Tef [<i>Eragrostis tef</i>(Zucc.) Trotter]

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the major cereal crop in Ethiopia. Increasing tef yield requires improving soil phosphorus (P) supply and identifying P efficient varieties. An experiment was conducted at Wenago, Ethiopia, from May to August, 2011, during the main cropping season, to investigate the role of P supply in relation to grain yield, nutrient uptake (N, P, Ca and K) and P efficiency, and to investigate varietal differences for these parameters using four P rates (0, 3, 6 and 9 g/m2 P2O5) as main plots and three tef varieties (DZ-Cr-37, DZ-Cr-82, and DZ-Cr-255) as subplots in split-plot design with three replications. For respective 0, 3, 6 and 9 g/m2 P2O5, grain yield was 84, 203, 215 and 218 g/m2, total biomass 586, 897, 971 and 1016 g/m2, and harvest index 0.14, 0.23, 0.22 and 0.22. For respective variety DZ-Cr-37, DZ-Cr-82, and DZ-Cr-255, grain yield was 194, 182 and 163 g/m2, total biomass 810, 922 and 871 g/m2, and harvest index 0.24, 0.19 and 0.18. Total plant nutrients (g/m2) for respective 0, 3, 6 and 9 g/m2 P2O5 were N 3.92, 7.95, 9.49 and 10.80, P 0.57, 1.20, 1.49 and 1.66, calcium 0.16, 0.27, 0.38 and 0.45, and K 4.45, 7.96, 9.70 and 10.50. For respective 3, 6 and 9 g/m2 P2O5, P physiological efficiency (PE) was 224, 153 and 127, apparent recovery (AR) 0.49, 0.36 and 0.28, and agronomic efficiency (AE) 92, 50 and 35. For respective variety DZ-Cr-37, DZ-Cr-82 and DZ-Cr-255, PE was 248, 130 and 126, AR 0.28, 0.44 and 0.41, and AE 68, 57 and 51. The present experiment suggests that excess P supply beyond 3 g/m2 could result in low grain yield increase and low P recovery requiring soil P assessment prior to fertilizer application. Moreover, variety DZ-Cr-37 may be incorporated in the future breeding programs for P efficiency in tef.

Certain Grain Food Patterns Are Associated with Improved 2015 Dietary Guidelines Shortfall Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Lower Body Weight in US Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2010

Objective: The goal of this study was to identify commonly consumed grain food patterns in US adults (≥19 years old;N = 14,384) and compare nutrient intakes, with focus on 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines’ shortfall nutrients, diet quality, and health parameters of those consuming various grain food patterns to those not consuming grains. Methods: This study conducted secondary analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2010. Cluster analysis was used and identified 8 grain patterns: 1) no consumption of main grain groups, 2) crackers and salty snacks, 3) yeast breads and rolls, 4) cakes, cookies, and pies, 5) cereals, 6) pasta, cooked cereals and rice, 7) quick breads, and 8) mixed grains. Results: Adults consuming “cereals”, “pasta, cooked cereals and rice”, and “mixed grains” had a better diet quality compared to no grains. Consuming many, but not all, of the grain food patterns resulted in less saturated fat and lower added sugars. Adults consuming “cereals”, “pasta, cooked cereals and rice” and “quick breads” had greater dietary fiber intake vs. no grains group. Calcium intake was increased in the cereals group, while magnesium intake was greater in adults consuming “cereals” and “pasta, cooked cereals and rice” vs. no grains. Vitamin D (D2 + D3) intake was higher in adults consuming “cereals”, “pasta, cooked cereals and rice”, and “mixed grains” vs. no grain group. Adults consuming “pasta, cooked cereals and rice” had lower body weights (79.1 ± 0.7 vs. 82.5 ± 1.2 kg;P = 0.009) and waist circumference (95.2 ± 0.6 vs. 98.2 ± 1.0 cm;P = 0.004) in comparison to those consuming no grains. Conclusions: Certain grain food patterns are associated with greater 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines’ shortfall nutrients, better diet quality and lower body weights in adults. Additionally, certain grain food patterns are associated with lower intake of nutrients to limit, including saturated fat and added sugars.

饲粮发酵啤酒糟水平对闽东山羊生长性能、消化代谢、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮发酵啤酒糟水平对闽东山羊生长性能、消化代谢、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为发酵啤酒糟在舍饲闽东山羊的科学利用提供参考。选择体重[(20.89±1.21)kg]相近的8月龄闽东山羊公羊24只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组饲粮中发酵啤酒糟水平分别为0、12%、24%和36%,各组饲粮营养水平一致。预试期10 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的干物质采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组和试验Ⅰ组的总能表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。对照组的进食氮显著低于试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。3)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃pH显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。4)在门水平上,试验Ⅱ组的瘤胃厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著高于对照组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。在属水平上,试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)相对丰度显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的瘤胃肠单胞菌属(Intestinimonas)相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加发酵啤酒糟可提高闽东山羊的干物质采食量和ADF表观消化率,在一定程度上提升瘤胃纤维素降解微生物的相对丰度,改善瘤胃发酵环境,且对闽东山羊的生长和机体代谢无负面影响。从本试验结果来看,饲粮发酵啤酒糟水平在12%~24%时饲喂效果最佳。

Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate cadmium(Cd) uptake by different rice cultivars that produce white or dark grains. Four cultivars with white grains(hereafter, white rice) and five cultivars with dark colors (hereafter dark rice) were selected for this experiment. Three levels of soil Cd concentrations, background(0), 5 and 10 mg/kg, were used. After harvest, plant biomass, tissue concentrations of Cd, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn were analyzed. The results showed that Cd concentrations are significantly different between different genotypes, but when comparing the Cd concentrations for the two groups, no significant difference was found. For other divalent cations, Ca concentrations in dark rice were higher than those in white ones(P<0.001 for shoots, P=0.037 for roots); Fe concentrations in dark rice were also higher than those in white ones(P=0.001 either in shoot or root); Zn concentrations in shoot of dark rice were higher than those in white ones, but no significant difference in roots. The total molar concentrations of divalent cations in dark rice were also significantly higher than in white rice. The potential benefit of higher Ca and Fe concentrations in dark rice and similar Cd concentrations in both groups is also discussed in this paper.

新兴林粮——黄精产业发展战略研究

当前,全球粮食安全形势复杂严峻,与饮食相关的慢性疾病普遍存在,“以健康为中心”“营养多元”“食物即药物”等观点成为普遍共识;利用农业生物多样性来探寻高产且有营养的新一代作物成为国际潮流,黄精具有明显的特色和优势。本文从充分发挥黄精潜能的角度出发,系统总结了黄精食药用历史、黄精林粮营养与功效的物质基础、黄精资源分布与粮食生产潜力。现有研究发现,黄精不含淀粉,富含结构复杂、易降解、有能量的果聚糖等营养功效物质,能够服务生命健康;适合林下栽培或与玉米套种,不占良田、不争林地,产能潜力极大,可用于保障粮食安全;适合广大农户种植和加工,经济效益良好,有利于实现共同富裕。为解决黄精林粮产业存在的基础科学研究薄弱、应用技术支撑不足、文化传承与政策支持滞后等问题,需加强黄精基础科学研究、强化黄精全产业链应用技术研究,同时将黄精生产列入木本粮油政策资金保障体系,将黄精应用纳入医疗保健与人口健康规划,将黄精产业列为乡村振兴和共同富裕的重要举措,构建完备的黄精全产业链创新应用体系。

秸秆还田及不同比例控失尿素对华北平原小麦产量及潮土性质影响

为探讨不同控失尿素比例和秸秆还田对华北平原小麦产量及潮土化学性质的影响,本研究以华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,以秸秆还田为主区,控失尿素比例为副区。秸秆还田模式设秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆不还田(S0)2种;控失尿素比例设不施肥(CK)以及控失尿素占总施氮量比例为0、40%、70%和100%(LCU0、LCU40、LCU70、LCU100)5个处理。在作物收割后进行产量测定,并采集0~20 cm耕层土壤进行常规土壤养分含量测定。结果表明:与S0处理相比,S1处理显著提高土壤有机质和速效钾含量。控失尿素显著提高土壤硝态氮含量,其他土壤养分含量无显著变化。秸秆不还田条件下,施用化肥显著降低了土壤pH值。控失尿素比例为70%时土壤养分含量最高。秸秆还田对小麦产量及吸氮量无显著影响,控失尿素对小麦产量及吸氮量增加具有极显著影响。在所有处理中,S1-LCU40处理的籽粒和秸秆产量最高,籽粒产量达7009.26 kg·hm^(-2),秸秆产量达11361.38 kg·hm^(-2)。秸秆还田对土壤氮素依存率具有显著影响,不同比例控失尿素对氮素收获指数具有显著影响,对氮肥表观利用率、土壤氮素依存率具有极显著影响。控失尿素比例为40%或70%时氮素吸收利用指标较优。综上,在华北平原潮土区,秸秆还田与40%控失尿素比例配施可以显著提升土壤供氮能力,提高小麦产量和氮素吸收与利用指标,是较为适宜的管理措施,但其机理及长期效应还需进一步研究。

Nutrient Response Functions of Sorghum for Miesso District Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

This study was executed to offer the basis for optimized profit from fertilizer use for sorghum yield and to determine robust crop nutrient response function and economic rate for the production of sorghum at Miesso Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Trails were conducted at six experimental sites, sorghum yield response to N and P fertilizers application and economically optimum rates of nitrogen (EONR) and phosphorus (EOPR) were evaluated on a vertisols within the semi-arid Miesso districts west Hararge zone of Oromia region. The nutrient rates in 2014 cropping season four levels of Nitrogen (N) alone, these levels with 20 kg·ha−1 Phosphorus (P) and without N, 69 kg·ha−1 N with three levels of P treatments including the zero control were evaluated. In 2015, cropping season similar rates of N alone, the same rate N with 20 kg·ha−1 P, 92 kg·ha−1 N with three rates of P including the zero control were evaluated. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications in factorial design. Nutrient responses of sorghum were determined using asymptotic quadratic plateau functions. The significantly highest nitrogen rate was 46 kg·ha−1 alone in 2014 season, which gave grain yield of 2.56 Mg·ha−1 with a maximum yield advantage of 43%. P rates in both seasons and combined (sites + seasons) were not significantly influenced sorghum yield. Nitrogen agronomic and partial factor productivity peaked at 23 kg N ha−1 but declined with increasing N rate. The EONR combined (sites + seasons) were 37, 45, 52 and 60 kg·ha−1 and for the profit to cost ratio (PCR) were 2.43, 3.65, 4.86 and 5.79 at difference cost to grain price ratios (CP) = 3.6, 2.3, 1.6 and 1.2 respectively at Miesso Ethiopia. Nitrogen application had economically profitable than P. The study concluded that the application of N at 37 or 60 kg N ha−1 to sorghum production could be economically profitable for those economically constrained farmers or economically not constrained farmers. Validation should be farther conducted on farmers’ fields for refining the results obtained.

施氮量对川东南冬水田稻鱼共作系统下杂交稻产量和土壤养分的影响

【目的】利用川东南冬水田区连续多年稻鱼共作系统,研究施氮(N)量对免耕栽培杂交稻产量形成和土壤养分的影响,为制定稻鱼共作系统下免耕栽培杂交稻长期、合理的氮肥管理策略提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2022年在川东南冬水田区开展了5年大田定位试验,供试杂交稻品种为蓉优1015和内6优103,耕作方式为免耕。设置N 0、45、90、135 kg/hm^(2)4个施氮水平,分别记作N_(0)、N_(45)、N_(90)、N_(135)。在水稻收获期,调查杂交稻产量及产量构成因素,分析0—20 cm土层土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾含量,以及有机质含量和pH,通过回归分析,研究施氮量与水稻产量和土壤养分因子含量变化之间的关系。【结果】稻鱼共作系统下,年份、施氮量对杂交稻产量及产量构成的影响达极显著水平。5年间,杂交稻产量与施氮量均呈极显著正相关(r=0.9070^(**)~0.9720^(**)),与低氮量处理N_(45)相比,N_(90)和N_(135)处理杂交稻产量分别增加了6.37%~26.53%、9.11%~25.11%,单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数也显著增加。而N_(90)处理杂交稻产量与N_(135)处理相当或更高。逐步回归分析结果表明,杂交稻产量构成(单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重)与产量的偏相关系数达显著或极显著水平(t=2.20*~9.17^(**))。通径分析结果表明,杂交稻单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数对产量的直接贡献(分别为0.8754和0.4987)和总贡献(分别为0.6364和0.3598)较大,表明单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数是影响产量的主要因素。在N_(0)、N_(45)处理下,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随稻鱼共作年限的增加而下降,而在N_(90)、N_(135)处理下随稻鱼共作年限的增加而增加。土壤全氮、碱解氮含量随施氮量增加而提高,而全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量则随施氮量增加而下降。杂交稻产量与土壤养分含量呈极显著正相关,可见提高磷素、钾素供给能力是稻鱼共作系统杂交稻高产的重要基础。【结论】川东南冬水田区稻鱼共作系统下,年施氮90 kg/hm^(2)可以提高杂交水稻的单位面积有效穗数和每穗粒数,进而维持甚至提高水稻产量。连续施用中、高量氮肥还可以提升土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且随稻鱼共作年限延长呈增加趋势;土壤pH值则随稻鱼共作年限延长呈下降趋势。

Nutrient Management in Fragrant Rice: A Review

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal food grain crop and is consumed by the majority of the world’s human population. Among all cultivars, fragrant/aromatic rice is preferred by the better part of the human population because of its aroma, taste and cooking quality. But most of the fragrant rice varieties are low yielding and easily sensitive to the surrounding environmental condition. Among different agronomic performances, proper nutrient management can improve the yield of fragrant rice not only by giving the required amount of nutrients but also by maintaining the health of the soil and the quality of the produce. In most cases, traditional agricultural practices degraded soil health and increased environmental pollution which leads to inferior grain quality. On the other hand, excessive application of chemical fertilizers reduced the nutrient status of the soil and badly affected the soil productivity and environmental stability. Therefore, a suitable approach of nutrient management is required to keep the production of fragrant rice to a notable amount and increase the nutrient use efficiency of soil. Application of manures and fertilizers in an appropriate dose which is the main object of nutrient management is required for its utmost importance in the growth and development of the crop that finally results in better yield and grain quality. Therefore, nutrient management is an important aspect in aromatic rice production to attain sustainable grain yield and high economic return with better quality of produce.

褪黑素对两种穗型冬小麦小花发育成粒及营养供应的影响

【目的】明确外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)对两种穗型冬小麦小花发育成粒及营养供应的调控效应,为小麦大田生产通过施用外源调节剂促粒增产提供技术参考。【方法】以多穗型品种‘豫麦49-198’(V1)和大穗型品种‘周麦22’(V2)为试验材料,在大田条件下,小麦小花退化高峰前(小麦拔节后20 d左右)进行叶面喷施100μmol·L^(-1)MT和清水对照(CK)处理,研究MT对两种穗型冬小麦小花发育成粒、营养物质供应及产量形成的影响。【结果】大田条件下喷施MT可以有效提高两种穗型冬小麦不同穗位可孕小花数,且弱势位小花促进效果更好;可以提高两种穗型冬小麦的小花存活率和结实率,增幅分别为4.13%和5.35%(V1)、6.01%和6.19%(V2),对V2的调控效应更好。通径分析表明,顶展叶净光合速率、穗器官可溶性糖对可孕小花数影响最大,旗叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)活性和穗部干物质积累量次之,而喷施MT可以有效提高两种穗型冬小麦喷施处理后0~15 d的顶展叶叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量、净光合速率、SPS酶活性以及茎、叶、穗器官可溶性糖和干物质积累量,为两种穗型冬小麦小花分化和发育提供了充足的营养物质供应。喷施MT显著提高了两种穗型冬小麦的产量和穗粒数,与各自CK相比,两种穗型冬小麦平均增产531.59 kg·hm^(-2)(V1)和744.57 kg·hm^(-2)(V2),增幅分别为6.35%(V1)和8.63%(V2),平均增粒2.07粒(V1)和2.64粒(V2),增幅分别为5.65%(V1)和6.71%(V2);对穗数和千粒质量的调控效应未达显著水平。【结论】大田条件下于小麦小花退化高峰前喷施MT,可以有效提高两种穗型冬小麦的顶展叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和SPS酶活性,以增强小麦顶展叶光合生产能力,有利于植株茎、叶、穗各器官可溶性糖和干物质积累,为小花发育成粒提供充足的营养物质,进而实现促花增粒增产,且其对大穗型品种V2的调控效果优于多穗型品种V1。

甘肃省主要农作物秸秆养分资源估算

基于统计数据,分析了甘肃省2011—2020年的主要农作物产量和氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))、钾(K_(2)O)肥料的用量,并根据草谷比估算出甘肃省秸秆年产量,进而计算出秸秆中的总养分含量,为甘肃省化肥减量提供理论依据。结果表明,甘肃省的农作物中产量最大的是蔬菜,其中2016年产量最高,为1951.48万t,占到了农作物总产量的一半;其次是玉米,2020年产量最高,为616.83万t,占到了农作物总产量的25%。2011—2020年甘肃省的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的施用量分别为30.93万t、14.93万t和7.83万t。农作物秸秆年总产量为1 948.17万t,其中含有N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O等养分总量分别为19.88万t、5.57万t、30.79万t。当这些秸秆完全还田后可使氮肥减量64.27%,磷肥减量37.31%,钾肥达到零施用。

赛罕乌拉林草交错区典型生态系统土壤理化性质对比

为分析退耕林地、自然草地、农田3种植被管理方式对土壤理化性质的影响,识别不同植被修复模式下土壤理化性质的差异,本研究以内蒙古赛罕乌拉林草交错区自然草地、退耕林地、农田3种典型植被类型为研究对象,通过对比分析3种植被类型下0 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm深度土壤容重、含水量、粒径比等物理属性以及全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾养分元素含量,结合元素含量之间的相关性分析,结果发现:1)农田土壤存在明显的犁底层,犁底层之下养分元素含量迅速下降;2)草地土壤pH值低、有机碳含量高,农田pH值最高、有机碳含量低,退耕林地浅层土壤有机碳含量少,其土壤理化性质呈现出居于农田与自然草地之间的特征;3)农田土壤除速效磷、全钾等指标高于自然草地外,其他养分含量均低于自然草地。本研究表明,自然草地、退耕林地和农田是在相同土壤母质基础上,因经营管理方式差异而产生的土壤理化性质差异,草地的有机质含量最高、农田最低,土壤有机碳含量对于其他养分元素含量具有关键作用。因此,林草交错区生态系统固碳功能对于防风固沙等其他生态功能发挥具有决定作用,退耕还草有利于土壤养分元素的恢复,退耕还林工程还应注重林冠下方草本灌木生物量及物种多样性的恢复。

青稞养分吸收特征研究

在2008—2023年拉萨市测土配方施肥“3414”田间肥效试验数据基础上,分析了青稞产量、施肥量与收获指数的关系,评价了青稞籽粒养分含量与吸收量、养分内在效率与吨粮养分吸收等青稞养分吸收特征,为更加准确地优化青稞肥料用量,提高肥料利用效率,积极推进化肥减量增效行动,提升耕地质量、提高青稞产量提供了科学的数据支撑。

红缨子高粱秸秆微贮饲料的研究

通过对红缨子高粱秸秆铡短(2~3 cm)、揉搓、添加菌剂和酱香型酒糟制作微贮饲料,厌氧贮存7个月,检测含水率、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和木质素(ADL)的含量,分析不同秸秆微贮处理对饲料营养价值的影响。结果表明,各组微贮饲料含水率差异不显著(P>0.05);但CP、粗灰分(ASH)、EE、NDF、ADF、ADL、Ca、TP和钙磷比含量组间差异极显著(P<0.01);第10组适口性最优,第11、9、12、7、6组次之,第1~5组适口性相近。相对于铡短处理组,在铡短后经过揉搓、添加菌剂和酱香型酒糟处理组的CP、EE、ADL和钙磷比等均有明显变化,其中“铡短+揉搓+菌剂+20%~30%酒糟”作为肉牛饲料效果最好。

秸秆还田条件下氮磷钾养分管理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

本研究旨在探究秸秆还田及氮磷钾养分管理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响。以‘济麦22’为实验品种,试验设置3个处理:T_(1)氮磷钾养分管理优化处理、T_(2)传统处理(CK)、T_(3)秸秆还田养分替代处理,研究了不同试验处理对冬小麦干物质积累与转运、籽粒灌浆相关参数、籽粒产量以及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与对照相比较,T_(1)处理显著提高了花后干物质在籽粒中的分配量及对籽粒的贡献率,分别提高43.46%和20.88%;提高了籽粒最大灌浆速率G_(max)与平均灌浆速率G_(mean),增幅分别为17.62%、3.09%;提高了穗粒数、千粒重以及籽粒产量,分别为5.72%、4.51%、12.15%。建议在与本试验自然环境及生产条件相似的地区,采用氮磷钾养分管理优化处理是可兼顾产量及经济效益的有效途径。

土壤硒含量显著影响黑小麦与普通小麦的硒吸收

为了解黑小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)与普通小麦养分含量和硒吸收差异特征,通过成熟期田间取样,研究了富硒土壤(马三村,土壤硒质量分数平均值0.874 mg·kg^(-1))和缺硒土壤(韩村,土壤硒质量分数平均值0.205 mg·kg^(-1))对小麦不同器官组织养分及硒含量的影响特征。结果表明,富硒土壤上种植的小麦籽粒样品平均硒质量分数为0.205mg·kg^(-1),变幅为0.138～0.241mg·kg^(-1),95%小麦籽粒达到富硒标准,其中黑小麦籽粒硒质量分数平均为0.239 mg·kg^(-1),全部达到富硒标准。缺硒土壤上种植的小麦籽粒平均硒质量分数为0.040 mg·kg^(-1),变幅为0.030～0.057 mg·kg^(-1),均未达到富硒标准。小麦籽粒富硒程度与土壤硒含量的相关系数为0.954,当土壤硒质量分数达到0.810 mg·kg^(-1)时,小麦籽粒才能达到富硒标准。在硒水平相当的土壤上,黑小麦比普通小麦对硒的积累量大,富硒程度较高。马三村和韩村黑小麦籽粒硒含量平均分别比普通小麦高38.9%和34.2%。此外,黑小麦籽粒中氮和磷元素含量较普通小麦高,但富硒和缺硒土壤对相同品种籽粒N、P、K含量影响不大。因此,黑小麦富含丰富的营养物质,可作为富硒食品源。该研究可为富硒小麦品种与土壤硒含量间的相关关系研究提供理论依据。

小麦籽粒不同部位的矿质元素组成与其含量差异

采用X-射线能谱仪测定非糯与糯性等品种小麦籽粒不同部位的矿质元素组成(H和He元素除外)和含量的结果表明:小麦籽粒中除含有大量C、O外,皮层富含K、P、se,其次是Cl、Si、S、Mg和Ca等;糊粉层富含P、K和Mg,其次是Si、Se、S、Ca、Cl和Fe等;胚乳层中相应的矿质元素含量比皮层和糊粉层低。不同品种籽粒各部位的矿质元素含量存在遗传性差异。据此认为籽粒磨成粉时应减少糊粉层的损失,以提高面粉的矿质价值。