OsDA1 positively regulates grain width in rice

The size and shape of rice grains influence their yield and commercial value.We investigated the role of OsDA1,a rice homolog of the Arabidopsis DA1 gene,in regulating grain size and shape.OsDA1 was highly expressed in young spikelets and glumes.Its overexpression led to enlarged seeds with increased width and decreased length/width ratio(LWR)and knocking out OsDA1 reduced grain width and increased grain length and LWR.A R310K point mutation in the DA1-like domain is a potential target for breeding for increased grain width and length.OsDA1 interacted with TCP gene-family proteins to regulate grain size and shape.Our findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grain size regulation and provide useful information for improving grain yield.

我国乡村老龄化现状及其对粮食生产的影响与应对

根据2020年最新人口普查数据,我国乡村老龄化率为17.72%,先于城市步入中度老龄化社会。我国乡村老龄化整体呈现出老年抚养比增速快、低龄老人务农比例高等特征,与国际主要发达国家相比我国乡村老龄人口就业占比相对较高。分区域看,粮食主产区乡村老龄化增幅更多、老年抚养比更重、老龄就业比重更高;全国乡村老年抚养比28.13%,但粮食主产省份达31.28%。通过定性梳理乡村老龄化对农户参与粮食种植及其粮食生产行为效率等的影响,提出积极应对乡村老龄化、保障粮食安全的思路与对策建议。

小晶粒高硅铝比NaY分子筛低温合成研究

采用自制的偏铝酸钠为合成导向剂,在低温下水热晶化合成出了小晶粒高硅铝比的NaY分子筛。考察了合成导向剂的陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化碱度、晶化温度和晶化时间对产品的影响,得到了制备NaY分子筛最佳的工艺条件,并进行了放大制备。在此条件下,NaY分子筛结晶度(峰面积)≥90%,结晶度(峰高)≥85%,硅铝比≥5.5,晶粒尺寸均在(100~200)nm,不仅优于工业标样的指标要求,且易于放大。

红石岩堰塞坝新堆积体动三轴试验研究

牛栏江上的红石岩堰塞坝新堆积体以石灰岩和白云岩为主,级配和密度离散性较大。同时,已有研究结果表明,红石岩新堆积体具有黏性粗粒土性质,静力参数具有明显的离散性,需开展其岩土料的动力参数研究,以为将其利用改建为水利枢纽提供基础材料数据。采用GDS动三轴仪,对红石岩新堆积体进行了动剪切模量比与阻尼比试验,研究新堆积体动应力应变特性及其影响因素。试验结果表明:随着剪应变的不断增大,新堆积体动剪切模量比不断减小,阻尼比随之增大。新堆积体动力特性受围压影响较为明显,最大动剪切模量随着围压的增大而增大。在相同剪应变条件下,随着围压、干密度、粗颗粒含量的增大,动剪切模量比逐渐增大,阻尼比逐渐减小。另一方面,新堆积体细粒含量较多,颗粒岩性复杂,风化程度差异明显,导致其动力特性具有一定的离散性,与人工筑坝堆石料存在明显差异。

压延率对无氧铜板高温退火的组织及性能影响

高导热AMB陶瓷基板的覆铜厚板性能直接影响基板的电性能和力学性能。通过对无氧铜原料板的加工、微观组织调整以及陶瓷与铜板的活性焊料复合,达到AMB陶瓷覆铜基板最优的组织状态和电学与力学性能。首先对无氧铜板原料进行450℃和650℃再结晶退火0.5 h处理,得到两种原始的铜板组织。其次,对原始铜板进行压延率为15%、30%、45%、60%、75%的压延和800℃/1 h的退火处理,研究了退火铜板的微观组织及力学性能和电学性能。结果表明:当压延率在15%~75%时,随着压延率增加,晶粒逐渐被拉长变成扁平状,再变成纤维状;硬度随着压延率增加逐渐增大,铜板的延伸率逐渐减小,抗拉强度在压延率为15%~60%时逐渐增大,压延率达到75%时出现了小幅度降低。当在800℃退火1 h后,铜板表面晶粒尺寸随着压延率的增加逐渐减小,晶粒分布更加均匀,其大小稳定在400~800μm之间。铜板在压延率为15%~60%时的抗拉强度基本保持不变;当压延率到达75%时,抗拉强度出现小幅度降低。铜板硬度随着压延率增加基本保持不变。当压延率从15%变为75%时,铜板的电阻率有小幅度上升。

序贯载荷下考虑泊松比的药柱结构完整性分析

为研究序贯载荷下固体推进剂泊松比变化对药柱结构的影响规律,基于线黏弹性本构方程,选取了固体火箭发动机的固化降温、立式贮存和低温点火三种典型载荷,分别进行单一载荷和序贯载荷下考虑泊松比取值变化的药柱结构完整性分析。结果表明:与单一载荷相比,序贯载荷下药柱的结构响应较为显著;序贯载荷下药柱泊松比不变时,随着工况1~6组的泊松比不断增大,固化降温和立式贮存的药柱应变也随之增大,低温点火时药柱应变随之减小,泊松比为0.497 0可满足安全性要求;序贯载荷下药柱泊松比改变时,泊松比取值较大(0.499 5、0.499 6)对固化降温和立式贮存的药柱应变影响较小,而对低温点火的药柱应变影响较大,固化降温和立式贮存时取泊松比均为0.495 0、低温点火时取0.499 5可满足安全性要求;分别计算了单一载荷和序贯载荷下随泊松比取值变化的药柱结构安全系数,前者均满足结构完整性要求,后者部分满足结构完整性要求,表明序贯载荷下得到的安全系数比较保守。

甘肃省主要农作物秸秆养分资源估算

基于统计数据,分析了甘肃省2011—2020年的主要农作物产量和氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))、钾(K_(2)O)肥料的用量,并根据草谷比估算出甘肃省秸秆年产量,进而计算出秸秆中的总养分含量,为甘肃省化肥减量提供理论依据。结果表明,甘肃省的农作物中产量最大的是蔬菜,其中2016年产量最高,为1951.48万t,占到了农作物总产量的一半;其次是玉米,2020年产量最高,为616.83万t,占到了农作物总产量的25%。2011—2020年甘肃省的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的施用量分别为30.93万t、14.93万t和7.83万t。农作物秸秆年总产量为1 948.17万t,其中含有N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O等养分总量分别为19.88万t、5.57万t、30.79万t。当这些秸秆完全还田后可使氮肥减量64.27%,磷肥减量37.31%,钾肥达到零施用。

5H-2谷物烘干机干燥箱多孔角状盒的设计与试验

为改善5H-2谷物烘干机的干燥性能,将原有角状盒改造为多孔角状盒。通过Fluent对多孔角状盒的干燥段气流场进行仿真分析,对比空载条件下干燥箱内部温度场变化情况,结果表明,装有多孔角状盒的干燥箱内部温度场较原有角状盒的分布更趋均匀。选择早稻‘中早35’稻谷,在5H-2谷物烘干机上安装多孔角状盒开展烘干试验,设置热风干燥温度为65℃,风速为8 m/s,干燥缓苏比为1∶2,结果装有多孔角状盒的烘干机干燥速率为0.798%/h~1.002%/h,烘干后爆腰增率为7.4%~10.2%,相比原有角状盒谷物烘干机,其干燥速率提高了12.1%~21.2%,爆腰增率降低了1.9%~5.1%。

42CrMoA奥氏体晶粒长大行为研究

利用箱式电阻炉以及金相显微镜,试验研究不同Al含量以及热处理工艺对42CrMoA晶粒度长大行为的影响,确定不同Al含量、奥氏体化温度及对应保温时间下该钢种晶粒度长大行为的规律。结果表明:42CrMoA晶粒度长大行为与铝氮比和温度有直接关系,晶粒度临界长大温度随着铝氮比的降低而降低。当铝含量低于0.021时,随着Al/N值的降低,晶粒度临界长大温度与异常长大温度均降低,当铝含量高于0.021时,晶粒度异常长大临界开始升高。且当其他化学成分基本一致时,不同Al含量与奥氏体温度对应的晶粒度尺寸存在一定线性关系。

Monitoring Protein and Starch Accumulation in Wheat Grains with Leaf SPAD and Canopy Spectral Reflectance

The research was conducted to determine the relationships of protein and starch accumulation dynamics in grains of wheat to post-heading leaf SPAD values and canopy spectral reflectance. The results showed that leaf nitrogen accumulation was exponentially related to leaf SPAD values and linearly related to canopy spectral reflectance, and that there was negative linear relationship between leaf nitrogen accumulation and grain protein accumulation, but positive linear relationship between post-heading leaf nitrogen transloca-tion and grain protein accumulation at maturity. In addition, leaf SPAD values were parabolically related with and ratio indices R(l 500,610)and R(l 220,560)were exponentially related with protein and starch accumulation in grains. These results indicate that leaf SPAD values and canopy spectral reflectance should be good indicators of quality formation dynamics in wheat grains.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy processed by high ratio extrusion

The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy processed by high ratio extrusion (HRE) were investigated. General extrusion with extrusion ratio of 7 and high ratio extrusion with extrusion ratio 100 were contrastively conducted at 250,300 and 350℃. The results show that HRE process may be applied successfully to AZ31 Mg alloy at temperatures of 250, 300 and 350℃and this leads to obvious grain refinement during HRE process. The strength of HRE process is improved obviously compared with that of general extrusion. The grain refining mechanism of HRE process was also discussed. The current results imply that the simple high ratio extrusion method might be a feasible and effective processing means for refining the microstructure and improving the mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy.

Inversion and Prediction of Consolidation Settlement Characteristics of the Fluvial Sediments Based on Void Ratio Variation in the Northern Modern Yellow River Subaqueous Delta, China

The modern Yellow River delta is formed near the estuary of the Yellow River with the characteristics of short formation time, efficient sedimentation rate and loose structure which make sediments prone to be compacted and consolidate under the geostatic stress and overburden stress. It is one of the key areas with land subsidence disasters in China, bringing a series of safety hazards to production and living. Based on the data of massive surface cores and ten drill holes ranging from 12 to 40 m obtained from the northern modern Yellow River subaqueous delta, the inversion method suitable for the calculation of consolidation settlement characteristics of the modern Yellow River subaqueous delta is discussed, and the consolidation settlement characteristics of the delta sediments are inversed and predicted in this paper. The actual void ratio of the delta sediments at the depth from 3 to 15 m shows a significant power function relationship with the depth, while the void ratio of the sediments below 15 m changes little with depth. The pre-consolidation settlement(from deposition to sampling) of the delta sediments is between 0.91 and 1.96 m, while the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 9.6 and 14.0 cm m^(-1). The post-consolidation settlement(from sampling to stable) of the subaqueous delta sediments is between 0.65 and 1.56 m in the later stage, and the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 7.6 and 13.1 cm m^(-1) under the overburden stress. The delta sediments with a buried depth of 3 to 7 m contribute the most to the possible consolidation settlement in the later stage.

Effect of Extrusion Ratio on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy

In order to examine the effect of extrusion ratio on the microstructure and mechanical behavior in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy, the Al-6.3 Cu-0.48 Mg-0.4 Ag alloy was subjected to extruding with different extrusion ratios of 17, 30 and 67. The results indicate that the grains are refined and the strength is improved effectively with increasing extrusion ratio. However, further investigation shows that the extrusion ratio of 30 is more effective than the lower extrusion ratio（17） and the higher extrusion ratio（67） to refine the grains in the T6-temper alloy. Moreover, the sample with an extrusion ratio of 30 obtains more precipitates and superior mechanical properties after T6 treatment. This study supports the idea that there exists a critical extrusion ratio for grain refinement and improvement of mechanical properties for the T6-temper alloy. Recrystallization and precipitation during T6 treatment were introduced to explain the effects of extrusion ratio on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys.

激光熔覆316L涂层晶粒生长取向与形貌对其耐蚀性能的影响

目的表征316L激光熔覆层的晶粒取向、形貌与其耐蚀性之间的关系,阐明晶粒形态对316L熔覆层耐蚀性能的影响原理。方法在Q235钢板上激光熔覆制备搭接率为20%、35%、50%的316L不锈钢熔覆层,获得具有不同取向与含量柱状晶的熔覆层。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站对熔覆层的显微组织、元素分布、物相组成及耐蚀性能进行表征。结果熔覆层的晶粒形态和耐蚀性能受到搭接率影响。熔覆层因搭接发生部分重熔和回火,产生了横向柱状晶,随着搭接率从20%增大至50%,横向柱状晶含量从25%提升到41%。搭接率不影响熔覆层物相组成,熔覆层主要物相均为γ相。横向柱状晶含量在38%和41%时的熔覆层自腐蚀电流密度较25%含量的熔覆层下降1个数量级,分别为3.73、1.34μA·cm^(-2),熔覆层耐蚀性能随横向柱状晶含量的增加而提升。结论熔覆层物相与搭接率无关,但搭接率会导致熔覆层晶粒生长取向与形貌发生变化:随着搭接率的增大,晶粒由等轴晶转变为横向柱状晶。横向柱状晶降低了腐蚀性介质的传输效率,导致熔覆层耐蚀性大幅度提升。

骨架孔隙比对粗粒土强度变形特性的影响研究

粗粒土强度变形特性与初始级配和制样干密度密切相关。为研究不同级配和密度组合的粗粒料强度变形特性,提出了一种计算简便、易于推广的粗粒土骨架孔隙比计算方法。开展的室内试验结果表明,该计算方法所得的骨架孔隙比与粗粒土力学特性之间存在较为明显的单调性变化规律。当试样尺寸一致时,随着骨架孔隙比减小,破坏剪应力增大,破坏摩擦角增大,黏聚力减小;平均初始切线弹性模量增大,平均初始切线泊松比减小。整体而言,骨架孔隙比越小,粗粒土强度、刚度越大。基于该结论,笔者提出了一种等骨架孔隙比粗粒土缩尺方法。

低坡变截面架空层对流对粮食平房仓屋面隔热性能的影响

设置架空层能有效减少粮食平房仓屋面的辐射得热。与普通架空层相比,变截面架空层通过气流加速,可有效改善粮仓“闷顶”问题。为了研究变截面架空层几何和运行参数对传热性能的影响,基于粮食平房仓实际尺寸,建立了具有等截面架空层、变截面架空层和未加架空层屋面的3种粮食平房仓缩尺模型(1∶28),对恒定通风量条件下3种架空层设置模式的屋面隔热性能进行了对比试验研究。结果表明:等截面模式下,最优工况可将粮堆表层温度控制在25℃以内,外界升温后粮堆表层升高1.75℃;变截面模式下(渐缩比0.500)可将粮堆表层温度控制在24℃以内,外界升温后粮堆表层升温仅0.50℃。基于试验数据利用FLUENT软件进行数值建模,进一步研究了体现变截面架空层气流通道收缩性的渐缩比对表征对流的无量纲努谢尔特数Nu和瑞利数Ra的影响,数值计算结果表明在采用变截面架空层时,局部隔热性能在渐缩比为0.500时最佳,研究结果可为粮食平房仓屋面隔热改造提供理论依据和设计参考。

Characterization of Alluvial Gold Bearing Sediments of Betare Oya District-East Cameroon, Implication for Gold Exploration and Recovery

Field studies (location Au pits, sampling of different layers of sedimentary sequences filling the pits, panning of sediments), litho-stratigraphic investigations, grain size analysis and outlining of depositional conditions revealed a characteristic fining upward sequence in all the sections of 08 Au-pits within the Betare Oya basin. A typical profile is 2.5 to 4.5 m thick and is composed of a 30 to 50 cm organic topsoil layer, underlain by a 1.5 m thick reddish brownish gold free saprolite, which is underlain by 1.5 m sandy section. From litho-stratigraphic investigations and grain size analysis results a quartz dominated gravelly 1.4 m thick layer consisting in boulders (275 mm), cobbles (2-−0.0148x2 + 1.2187x + 2.0344, R2 = 0.6929 (sandy layer);2) y = 0.0617x2 + 1.0849x + 0.8097, R2 = 0.8694 (gravelly layer);and y > R2 is satisfied in both cases. This implies that Au recovery from these layers could be effective through gravity separation using sieves mounted on classifiers of 7 cm (sandy layer) and 10 cm (gravelly layer) diameter.

Modeling for critical state line of granular soil with evolution of grain size distribution due to particle breakage

Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.

粗粒料静止侧压力系数及其变形特性试验

土体的静止侧压力系数K_0是其重要的力学参数之一,合理地确定土体的K_0系数对土工结构应力变形的准确计算有重要的理论意义与实用价值。然而,准确测量土体的K_0系数并不容易,对粗颗粒土则更加困难。目前,能研究粗颗粒土K_0的试验仪器极少,对K_0系数的研究成果相应地也很少,而关于粗颗粒土在不同初始孔隙比下K_0系数的变化规律的研究几乎空白。为研究粗颗粒土的静止侧压力系数在不同初始孔隙比下的变化规律,研制了一种新型K_0试验仪。该仪器既能用于测定粗颗粒土的K_0系数,也可用于一般黏土或砂土K_0的测定,且可用于高应力条件下。对某级配粗粒料进行了不同初始孔隙比状态下的K_0压缩试验。试验粗颗粒土的母岩为似斑花岗岩,颗粒粒径范围<20 mm。试样高度为8 cm,直径为10 cm,初始孔隙比为0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6,试验最大竖向压力为3.7 MPa。结果表明:当对试验粗粒料在K_0状态下加载时,侧向应力与竖向应力之间呈现较好的线性关系,K_0为常数。初始孔隙比为0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6时,K_0的范围为0.30~0.45,孔隙比对K_0系数的影响显著;粗粒料的静止侧压力系数随着初始孔隙比的增加而增加,且两者之间近似呈直线关系;不同初始孔隙比条件下,试样的体积应变与平均正应力(或竖向应力)之间可用幂函数拟合;提出能够反映不同初始孔隙比的粗粒料K_0条件下的应力应变关系经验公式。

红曲糟固态制曲对米曲霉3.042产孢子及产酶特性影响

[目的]研究米曲霉3.042红曲糟固态制曲产孢子及产酶特性,为米曲霉固态发酵红曲糟制备调味液提供理论支持。[方法]以红曲糟为主要原料,以米曲霉3.042为发酵剂,以酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶酶活力及蛋白质酶解率、氨氮转化率等为指标,研究红曲糟、麸皮与水做培养基料配比、发酵时间等因素对米曲霉生长及产酶效果的影响。[结果]成曲培养料适宜质量配比为红曲糟∶麸皮∶水为1∶0.8∶1.4,在此条件下培养72 h,成曲的孢子量、酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和谷氨酰胺酶分别可达9.93、1 160.94 U·g^(-1)、1 157.47 U·g^(-1)、1 788.40U·g^(-1)和10.49 U·g^(-1)。利用该成曲发酵得到的调味液中氨基酸态氮、酶解率和氨氮转化率分别为8.2 g·L(-1)、63.40%和37.08%,利用红曲糟麸皮做培养基料,利用3.042发酵得到的调味液鲜味较高,色泽红褐有光泽,具备酱香浓郁、滋味醇厚的特征,具有典型的酱油风味。[结论]红曲糟适合做米曲霉固态制曲的培养基料的主要原料,其适宜的质量比为红曲糟∶麸皮∶水为1∶0.8∶1.4。