Impact of Industrialization on Grain Consumption and Countermeasures

This paper analyzes the impact of industrialization on grain consumption from growth of residents' income and change of diet structure,expansion of size of population,and development of new biomass energy industry.The economic growth in the course of industrialization promotes growth of residents' income,changes residents' diet structure;industrialization leads to rural urbanization and rise of urban residents;industrial development brings about grain demand of biomass energy.All of these greatly increase demand of grain consumption.On the basis of these situations,it presents following countermeasures to guarantee grain consumption demand in the course of industrialization:heighten awareness to fully realize the significance of rapid development of industrialization to grain security;control population growth and improve grain conversion ratio;strengthen grain-saving construction and advocate moderate consumption;develop non-grain biomass energy in many channels to guarantee grain security.

Spatial-Temporal Changes in Grain Production, Consumption and Driving Mechanism in China

The spatial-temporal patterns of grain production and consumption have an important influence on the effective national grain supply on condition of tight balance in the total grain amount in China. In this paper, we analyze the spatial-temporal pattems of grain production, consumption and the driving mechanism for their evolution processes in China. The results indicate that both gravity centers of grain production and consumption in China moved toward the northern and eastern regions, almost in the same direction. The coordination of grain production and consumption increased slightly from 1995 to 2007 but decreased from 2000 to 2007. There is a spatial difference between the major districts of output increase and the strong growth potential in grain consumption, which indicates an increasing difficulty in improving the regional coordination of grain production and consumption. The movement of the gravity center of grain production is significantly correlated with regional differences in grain production policy, different economic development models, and spatial disparity of land and water resource use. For grain consumption, the main driving factors include rapid urbanization, the upgrade of food consumption structure, and distribution of food industries.

Root carbon consumption and grain yield of spring wheat in response to phosphorus supply under two water regimes

In semiarid areas, cereal crops often alocate more biomass to root at the expense of aboveground yield. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate carbon consumption of roots and its impact on grain yield of spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as affected by water and phosphorus （P） supply. A factorial design was used with six treatments namely two water regimes （at 80–75% and 50–45% ifeld capacity （FC）） and three P supply rates （P1=0, P2=44 and P3=109 μg P g–1 soil）. At shooting and lfowering stages, root respiration and carbon consumption increased with the elevate of P supply rates, regardless of water conditions, which achieved the minimum and maximum at P1 under 50–45% FC and P3 under 80–75% FC, respectively. However, total aboveground biomass and grain yield were higher at P2 under 80–75% FC; and decreased with high P application （P3）. The results indicated that rational or low P supply （80–75% of ifeld water capacity and 44 mg P kg–1 soil） should be recommended to improve grain yield by decreasing root carbon consumption in semiarid areas.

Effect of Irrigation System, Tillage System, and Seeding Rates on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>L.) Growth, Grain Yield and Its Water Consumption and Efficiency

A field trial was conducted at a private farm in AL-Hashimiya district Babylon Governorate—the republic of Iraq during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. This study was conducted using two irrigation methods, sprinkler and surface irrigation, for each of them had three Tillage methods (zero-tillage, medium-tillage, deep-tillage) and each tillage system had four seeding rate of wheat yield (120, 180, 240, 300) kg∙ha-1. Results indicated that the consumptive water use was 557.5 and 535.9 mm for surface irrigation and 460.9 and 442.6 mm for sprinkler irrigation in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. Sprinkler irrigation significantly increased the flag leaf area with no significant effect on plant height. However, the minimum tillage and seeding rate (240 kg∙ha-1) significantly increased the plant height and flag leaf area in both growing seasons. For the grain yield, the sprinkler irrigation, minimum tillage, and seeding rate (240 kg∙ha-1) also increased the plant height and flag leaf area by 13%, 10, % 11%, 11%, 12%, and 14% in both growing seasons, respectively, through an increased number of spikes/m2, the number of grain spike-1, and 1000-grain weight in both growing seasons, respectively. Interestingly the grain yield was increased by 33% and 32% in both growing seasons under the effects of these three factors altogether, respectively. It can be concluded that these factors act synergistically, resulting in a significant improvement in the wheat grain-yield of, less consumptive water use, and high water use efficiency.

Computer vision-based method for monitoring grain quantity change in warehouses

Regularly checking the quantity of stored grain in warehouses is essential for the grain safety of a country.However,current manual inspection ways fail to get real-time measurement results and require spending a lot of manpower and resources.In this paper,we proposed a computer vision-based method to automatically monitor the change in grain quantity of a granary.The proposed method was motivated from the observation that warehouse managers can use a camera to remotely monitor the grain security of a granary,which determines whether grain quantity is reduced by checking the distance between the grain surface and the grain loading line at the outlet of a granary.To this end,images were first captured by a camera,and a two-level spatial constraints-based SVM classifier was learned to detect the grain surface and the grain loading line of the images.During the test phase,the detected result of a test image obtained by SVM was further refined by Grab Cut with higher order potentials to get the more accurate segmentation result.Finally,the area between the grain surface and the grain loading line was calculated,and then compared with the previous measured one to determine whether the grain surface had dropped.The experiment results validate the effectiveness of the two-level spatial constraints SVM and the strategy for monitoring the change in grain quantity.

Grain Protection Potential of Decaleside II, a New Plant-Derived Natural Insecticide

Decaleside II is the novel trisaccharide isolated from the edible roots of Decalepis hamiltonii that belong to a new class of natural insecticides. In the present study we have investigated grain protection potential and persistence activity of Decaleside II against stored-product pests such as Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum and Callosobruchus chinensis. Decaleside II usually increased parental mortality and reduced F1 progeny in residual toxicity bioassays. At 7 days of the storage period of treated grains and pulses, the mortality was 100% of all four stored product insects. Both wheat and green gram treated with Decaleside II were totally free from infestation for the longer period of storage up to 210 d. Decaleside II being a natural trisaccharide, does not pose any toxic hazard from the treated grain and the lack of toxicity is attributed to the 1, 4 α linkage of the sugars which are easily hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes such as glucosidases. Therefore, the insect selectivity and mammalian safety of Decaleside II make them highly suitable for use as novel grain protectants of natural origin.

Analysis of the System of Direct Subsidy for Grain Production in China

This paper introduces the status quo of the system structure of direct subsidy for grain production in China,and analyses the function and essence of direct subsidy for grain production in China as follows:the function of direct subsidy for grain production in China is to protect and promote the development of food industry,ensure food supply and national food security,protect grain growers' interests,and maintain the dominant position of national food trade;the essence of direct subsidy for grain production is the compensation for grain producers' reasonable interests,the compensation for positive externality of grain production,and social costs of adjusting equilibrium between food supply and demand.We discuss the problems existing in the system of direct subsidy for grain production in China and put forward corresponding countermeasures as follows:first,adhere to improving synergetic system of direct subsidy for grain production;second,adjust the direct subsidy method of grain production;third,establish long-term mechanism of subsidy for grain production;fourth,promote the information-based service level of the system of direct subsidy for grain production.

Analysis of Theoretical Basis of Direct Subsidies for Grain Production

Financial distribution to compensate grain production reflects governmental macro-control on grain production and supply. With the reference of agricultural basic theory,agricultural multi-function theory,economic externality theory,public finance and other theories,this article points out that direct subsidies for grain production is reasonable and necessary with six main theoretical basis,namely fundamentality,multi-function,positive externality of grain production,particularity of grain supply and demand,grain safety being closely linked with national security and basic function of service-oriented government.

中国粮食体系韧性:水平测度及动态演进

分析粮食体系韧性理论内涵的基础上,从风险抵抗能力、适应调整能力和创新转型能力三个维度构建粮食体系韧性综合评价指标体系,基于2011—2021年中国31个省份数据,采用熵值法、Moran’s I指数、Kernel核密度、空间Markov链、Dagum基尼系数等方法对中国粮食体系韧性进行测度与评价。研究发现:中国粮食体系韧性提升明显,但整体水平较低,粮食主销区粮食体系韧性较高;中国粮食体系韧性分维度指数值从高到低依次是风险抵抗能力、创新转型能力和适应调整能力。中国粮食体系韧性具有显著的空间正相关性,多数省份位于高—高集聚区和低—低集聚区,空间集聚程度逐渐降低。中国粮食体系韧性水平在波动中上升,具有一定的梯度效应,但极化效应较弱;相邻地区空间滞后水平的提升能够增加本地区向上转移的概率。中国粮食体系韧性的区域差异明显但存在一定的收敛趋势,组间差异及超变密度是粮食体系韧性发展不平衡不充分的主要原因。

劳动力转移影响粮食生产韧性的理论机制与实证检验

在测度粮食生产韧性的基础上,利用2008—2021年中国省际面板数据,选择固定效应模型与中介效应模型,实证检验了农业劳动力非农转移对粮食生产韧性的影响及其可能机制。研究结果表明,农业劳动力非农转移能显著提升粮食生产韧性。机制验证发现,农业劳动力非农转移主要通过推动农地适度规模经营来提高粮食生产韧性。异质性分析发现,在粮食主产区和地形起伏较小的北方地区,农业劳动力非农转移对粮食生产韧性的提升作用更为显著。据此,应鼓励农业劳动力非农转移,建立并完善农地流转市场交易体系,推动农地适度规模经营和农户种粮收益上升,以有效提升粮食增产、提质与增效的内源动力和韧性水平。

稻谷对铅富集特性的品种差异及其安全风险

以漳州当地15个水稻主栽品种为试材,采用添加铅源的盆栽试验及大田试验,考察稻谷对铅富集特性的品种差异及评价其质量安全风险。结果表明,在弱酸性(5.5<pH≤6.5)水田土壤中,盆栽试验土壤铅全量分别为22.4、103.5和204.8 mg/kg时,15个品种稻谷铅含量变幅分别为0.016~0.061、0.061~0.198和0.157~0.606 mg/kg;大田试验土壤铅全量分别为23.4、23.5、26.4 mg/kg时,15个品种稻谷铅含量变幅为0.016~0.056、0.014~0.056和0.024~0.069 mg/kg;同一品种稻谷铅含量与土壤铅全量呈正相关性直线关系(P<0.01)。不同品种稻谷对铅的富集能力有显著差异(P<0.05),盆栽试验和大田试验的富集系数分别为0.059%~0.296%和0.060%~0.261%;聚类分析得出有4个品种为高富集、6个品种为中富集、5个品种为低富集。依据GB2762—2017规定的稻谷中铅含量限量标准(0.2 mg/kg),低富集、中富集和高富集水稻品种,弱酸性水田土壤(5.5<pH≤6.5)铅全量风险临界值分别为204.1~274.7、113.5~180.0和82.7~107.1 mg/kg。漳州市15个水稻品种在土壤铅全量≥风险临界值的水田上种植,稻谷铅含量存在质量安全高风险(>0.2 mg/kg)。

新质生产力赋能粮食质量安全治理能力建设的实施路径

新质生产力是以科技创新为核心要素,以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的质变为基本内涵,以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志。新质生产力是现代粮食产业发展的新动能,引领着粮食科技创新与粮食企业高质量发展的方向,也是推动粮食质量安全治理能力建设的内在要求和重要着力点。本文从培育和发展新质生产力的内涵理解,科创组织模式和能力建设,提出强化新质生产力的核心要素——数字治理和技能提升行动,以深度融合各创新主体,形成粮食质量管控关键核心技术攻关的强大合力,并为加快形成新质生产力提供体制机制保障,持续厚植新质生产力发展的强劲动能,推动实现新质生产力赋能粮食质量安全保障体系的高质量发展。

基于骨架序列多算法的粮仓作业人员异常行为视频识别

粮仓是保障粮食储藏安全的重要设施。粮仓为封闭大空间,仓内光照昏暗、空气流通差,熏蒸、气调等作业增加了人员安全隐患,通过仓内安防视频对作业人员的异常行为进行识别与分析,是作业人员安全操作的一项重要技术保障。提出了一种基于骨架序列多算法的粮仓内作业人员异常行为的视频识别算法。首先,利用YOLOv3tiny模型对人体进行快速检测,结合Sort对多目标进行运动轨迹跟踪,通过AlphaPose模型提取人体骨架坐标序列及权重信息;进而,根据人体骨架自然连接节点构成的实际空间图(RSG)和虚拟人体的重心与头、手、脚互连构建的虚拟空间图(VSG),基于人体动力学重心与手脚互动的平衡性,提取仓内作业人员异常行为的空间特征和串联时间卷积(TC)的时空特征;最后,提出了虚实结合的时空图卷积网络(VR-STGCN)仓内作业人员的异常行为视频识别算法。同时自建了混合数据集,并将VR-STGCN与SSD、PCANet、Two-StreamCNN、STGCN等四种算法进行了对比实验与分析。结果表明:VR-STGCN各项指标均优于其他四种算法;VR-STGCN能够在光线不足、多目标、远距离等复杂环境下准确地识别出仓内人员的跌倒、爬行、躺平等异常行为,识别准确率达到97.7%,处理速度为18.67 fps,能够实时分析作业人员异常行为。研究成果为复杂环境下粮仓作业人员的安全保障提供了一种全新高效的技术。

绿肥还田量与小麦复种绿肥水分利用效率的相关性

【目的】针对绿洲灌区因连作导致小麦水分利用效率偏低问题,开展麦后复种绿肥水分利用特征研究,以期为构建基于绿肥还田的小麦水分高效利用技术体系提供理论依据。【方法】依托2018年开始的定位试验,以小麦复种绿肥为研究对象,设置3个绿肥还田量(G_(1):15 000 kg/hm^(2),G_(2):30 000 kg/hm^(2),G_(3):45 000 kg/hm^(2))和不复种绿肥小麦(对照,G_0),于2019~2021年运用能量学方法研究了不同处理的产量和水分利用特征。【结果】与对照相比,小麦复种绿肥显著增大了总耗水量,G_(1)、G_(2)和G_(3)处理复种系统总耗水量分别较G_0增加了42.1%、38.0%和41.1%;小麦耗水量在G_(2)处理中最小,较G_0降低了3.9%;绿肥耗水量表现为G_(2)和G_(3)较低,分别较G_(1)降低了5.9%和5.8%。绿肥还田显著提高了小麦产量,且还田量为G_(2)时增产效果最好,G_(1)、G_(2)、G_(3)与G_0相比,小麦籽粒产量分别提高了4.9%、22.2%、14.2%,生物产量分别提高了3.1%、10.9%、5.6%;绿肥生物产量G_(2)较G_(1)、G_(3)分别高13.5%、6.4%。小麦复种绿肥系统生物热能产在G_(2)处理时最大,分别较G_0、G_(1)和G_(3)提高49.1%、9.3%和5.4%。绿肥还田显著提高了小麦水分利用效率且G_(2)处理的水分利用效率最高,G_(1)、G_(2)和G_(3)分别较G_0提高7.7%、27.4%和15.5%。复种体系单位耗水生物热能产显著高于单作且在G_(2)处理表现最优,G_(1)、G_(2)和G_(3)分别较G_0分别高8.4%、22.0%和13.5%。【结论】在绿洲灌区,麦后复种绿肥还田是保证小麦高产和水分高效利用的种植模式,还田量为30 000 kg/hm^(2)时效果最佳。

地下膜调控润灌对冬小麦土壤水分及生长的影响

【目的】探索地下膜调控润灌下冬小麦适宜灌溉制度。【方法】针对地下膜调控润灌,设定300 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W1)、450 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W2)和600 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W3)3种灌水定额,采取连续灌溉(S1)、间歇灌溉(S2)和传统畦灌(CK)3种灌水模式,通过灌水定额与灌水模式田间小区组合试验,研究土壤水分分布和冬小麦的生长性状、耗水规律、产量构成和水分利用效率。【结果】①W3S1处理和W3S2处理较CK灌溉水更集中分布于作物根系层,下渗量减少,提高了株高、籽粒产量和水分利用效率(WUE);②地下膜调控润灌下,随着灌水定额的增加,20~60 cm土层土壤含水率增加;S2处理较S1处理可降低灌溉水向80~100 cm土层下渗;③冬小麦各生育阶段株高、叶面积指数(LAI)和全生育期耗水量均和灌水定额呈正相关;灌水模式对株高和LAI的影响不显著,但可显著提高全生育期耗水量;④随着灌水定额增加,S2处理较S1处理分别增产6.52%、13.11%和3.46%,籽粒产量和WUE呈现先增加后减少的趋势。【结论】相较于CK,地下膜调控润灌可实现节约灌溉用水并提高产量,综合考虑灌后土壤水分分布、作物生长性状、耗水规律、产量和WUE,W2S2处理是最优的灌溉制度,可以在获得更高籽粒产量的同时,提高WUE。

基于多目标优化的平房仓节能设计方法:以河南地区为例

为了权衡低温粮仓设计阶段能耗和成本之间的矛盾,基于Rhino-Grasshopper参数化设计工具,构建了平房仓多目标优化设计平台。优化过程包括四个流程:参数化建模、优化变量参数设定、优化目标函数设定及优化和多目标决策。以河南地区某平房仓为例进行平台应用,得到了平房仓多目标优化设计的最优解集。结果表明,优化后粮仓的制冷能耗和成本均优于基准建筑。与改造后的平房仓相比,能耗最优解、均衡解和成本最优解设计方案的制冷能耗分别降低了70%、63.33%和38.67%,全生命周期成本分别降低了32.92%、49.43%和53.29%。

立筒仓新入仓玉米安全通风储粮技术试验

新入仓玉米由于产储地域气候差异、烘干技术水平参差不齐、运输过程外温急剧变化以及粮食的吸湿和解析作用等原因,造成入库时水分梯度过大,整仓水分不均匀,这对粮食的安全储存极为不利。基于以上原因,为了进一步降低保管难度、保证粮食品质,改变传统的通风风网布置模式和通风方式,通过布设“地槽+地上笼+竹笼”的通风系统,采用“压入式+吸出式”的通风方式,快速、高效均衡粮食水分,减小粮食水分梯度,使整仓粮食水分接近均匀,有效确保了储粮安全。

收储粮食质量安全风险预警平台创建

基于北京市储备粮各承储企业对粮食中真菌毒素及重金属的快速检测的数据,采用浏览器/服务器(B/S)架构,终端浏览器(WEB),通过加密算法,利用快检设备的无线传输功能对数据进行采集和传输,实现了监测数据的实时迁移;利用点到多点网络通信(P2MP),多设备在线/离线采集的数据通过文件上传系统及关系型数据库抽取工具,实现多源数据同步整合;使用关系型数据库(MySQL)、列式存储数据库(HBase)和分布式文件系统(HDFS)、分布式全文搜索(ElasticSearch)和分布式内存数据库(Redis)实现云储存;使用Storm进行实时计算,Streaming进行流运算,Spark进行内存运算,MapReduce进行批量运算,实现监测数据快速处理;使用人工智能技术及MLlib/Mahout进行数据挖掘建模,形成北京粮源地产区时空序列模型和粮食购销企业信用评价模型,从而实现北京地区粮食质量安全的动态预警和数据可视化表达,提供预警判据,便于管理部门实时掌控、实时响应和粮食质量安全追溯,促进粮食流通和收储领域参与方的良性竞争和诚信体系的建立,为政府决策提供科学依据。

我国饲料粮供需结构变动的影响因素分析

加强饲料粮供给是稳定饲料粮市场供需、推动畜牧业高质量发展的重要抓手。文章基于2006年1月—2022年12月饲料粮供需结构月度数据样本,采用VAR模型对我国饲料粮供需结构展开实证分析。结果发现,玉米供给量对饲料粮供需结构变动的影响最明显,城乡居民畜产品消费量次之,稻谷供给量最低。从供给视角分析,饲料粮供需结构变动的主要影响因素包括玉米供给量、豆粕供给量、高粱供给量、小麦供给量。从需求视角分析,城乡居民畜产品消费量是影响饲料粮供需结构变动的主要因素。从突发事件视角分析,自然灾害风险指数并非是饲料粮供需结构变动的格兰杰原因。在忽略其他因素影响情况下,自然灾害风险指数对7周后饲料粮供需结构变动影响贡献率为23.62%。研究表明,饲料粮供需结构变动主要受到玉米供给量、城乡居民畜产品消费量、豆粕供给量、高粱供给量、小麦供给量、自然灾害风险等因素影响。

大食物观视域下全谷物食品消费实现路径研究

在大食物观视域下,全谷物食品消费对节粮减损和国民营养健康具有积极意义,是未来食品领域的重要发展方向之一,但当前我国全谷物食品消费量远低于推荐水平。本文分析了北美、欧洲、亚洲和非洲地区的主要国家全谷物食品消费的总量、结构以及政策环境,并从产品、消费者、市场与政策四个维度分析了影响全谷物食品消费的主要因素。综上,应着力培养居民的全谷物消费意识、创新全谷物食品的加工技术,通过政策支持发展营养导向型农业,以此打通全谷物食品消费的实现路径,促进全谷物食品产业发展。