Strength criterion for crystalline rocks considering grain size effect and tensile-compressive strength ratio

The macroscopic mechanical properties of rocks are significantly influenced by their microstructure.As a material bonded by mineral grains,the grain morphology of crystalline rock is the primary factor influencing the strength.However,most strength criteria neglect the strength variations caused by different grain characteristics in rocks.Furthermore,the traditional linear criteria tend to overestimate tensile strength and exhibit apex singularity.To address these shortcomings,a piecewise strength criterion that considers the grain size effect has been proposed.A part of an ellipse was employed to construct the envelope of the tensive-shear region on the meridian plane,to accurately reproduce the low tensile-compressive strength ratio.Based on the analysis of experimental data,both linear and exponential modification functions that account for grain size effects were integrated into the proposed criterion.The corresponding finite element algorithm has been implemented.The accuracy and applicability of the proposed criterion were validated by comparing with the experimental data.

Grain size effect on cyclic deformation behavior and springback prediction of Ni-based superalloy foil

In order to clarify the influence of grain size on cyclic deformation response of superalloy sheets and springback behavior,cyclic loading-unloading and shearing tests were performed on the superalloy foils with 0.2 mm in thickness and diverse grain sizes.The results show that,the decline ratio of elastic modulus is weakened with increasing grain size,and the Bauschinger effect becomes evident with decreasing grain size.Meanwhile,U-bending test results determine that the springback is diminished with increasing grain size.The Chaboche,Anisotropic Nonlinear Kinematic(ANK)and Yoshida-Uemori(Y-U)models were utilized to fit the shear stress-strain curves of specimens.It is found that Y-U model is sufficient of predicting the springback.However,the prediction accuracy is degraded with increasing grain size.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of brazing joint for ultra-thin-walled Inconel 718 considering grain size effect and brazing temperature

The systematic investigation of the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution process of ultra-thin-walled Inconel 718 capillary brazing joints is of great significance because of the exceptionally high demands on its application.To achieve this objective,this study investigates the impact of three distinct brazing temperatures and five typical grain sizes on the brazed joints’mechanical properties and microstructure evolution process.Microstructural evolution analysis was conducted based on Electron Back Scatter Diffraction(EBSD),Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),X-Ray Diffraction(XRD),High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HRTEM),and Focused Ion Beam(FIB).Besides,the mechanical properties and fracture behavior were studied based on the uniaxial tension tests and in-situ tension tests.The findings reveal that the brazing joint’s strength is higher for the fine-grain capillary than the coarse-grain one,primarily due to the formation of a dense branch structure composed of G-phase in the brazing seam.The effects of grain size,such as pinning and splitting,are amplified at higher brazing temperatures.Additionally,micro-cracks initiate around brittle intermetallic compounds and propagate through the eutectic zone,leading to a cleavage fracture mode.The fracture stress of fine-grain specimens is higher than that of coarse-grain due to the complex micro-crack path.Therefore,this study contributes significantly to the literature by highlighting the crucial impact of grain size on the brazing properties of ultra-thin-walled Inconel 718 structures.

Microscopic origin and relevant grain size effect of discontinuous grain growth in BaTiO_(3)-based ferroelectric ceramics

Barium titanate[BaTiO_(3)(BT)]-based ceramics are typical ferroelectric materials.Here,the discontinuous grain growth(DGG)and relevant grain size effect are deeply studied.An obvious DGG phenomenon is observed in a paradigmatic Zr^(4+)-doped BT-based ceramic,with grains growing from∼2.2–6.6 to∼121.8–198.4μm discontinuously near 1320℃.It is found that fine grains can get together and grow into large ones with liquid phase surrounding them above eutectic temperature.Then the grain boundary density(D g)is quantitatively studied and shows a first-order reciprocal relationship with grain size,and the grain size effect is dependent on D g.Fine grains lead to high D g,and then cause fine domains and pseudocubic-like phase structure because of the interrupted long-range ferroelectric orders by grain boundary.High D g also causes the diffusion phase transition and low Curie dielectric peak due to the distribution of phase transition temperature induced by internal stress.Local domain switching experiments reveal that the polarization orientation is more difficult near the grain boundary,implying that the grain boundary inhibition dominates the process of polarization orientation in fine-grain ceramics,which leads to low polarization but a high coercive field.However,large-grain ceramics exhibit easy domain switching and high&similar ferroelectricity.This work reveals that the grain boundary effect dominates the grain size effect in fine-grain ceramics,and expands current knowledge on DGG and grain size effect in polycrystalline materials.

Dependence of Effective Anisotropy on Grain Size in Nanocrystalline Nd_2Fe_(14)B Hard Magnetic Material

Taking nanocrystalline Nd_2Fe_(14)B as a typical sample, based on Herzer′s random anisotropy theory and the cubic grain model, the partial exchange-coupling interaction model was established and the dependence of effective anisotropy constant K_(eff) on grain size was investigated. Calculation results reveal that the exchange-coupling interaction enhances and the effective anisotropy of material K_(eff) decreases with the reduction of grain size. The variation of K_(eff) is basically the same as that of coercivity. The decrease of effective anisotropy is the main reason of the reduction of coercivity for nanocrystalline Nd_2Fe_(14)B permanent magnetic material.

Effect of Effective Grain Size and Grain Boundary of Large Misorientation on Upper Shelf Energy in Pipeline Steels

X65, X70, and X80 belong to high grade pipeline steels. Toughness is one of the most important properties of pipeline steels when the pipeline transports the gas or oil, and the means to control toughness is very important for exploring even higher grade pipeline steels. We established the relationship between toughness and crystallographic parameters of high grade pipeline steels by studying the crystallographic parameters of X65, X70, and X80 using EBSD and analyzing Charpy CVN of X65, X70 and X80. The results show that the effective grain size, the frequency distribution of grain boundary misorientation and the ratio of high angle grain boundary to small angle grain boundary are important parameters. The finer the effective grain size, and the higher the frequency distribution of grain boundaries （〉 50~）, the more excellent toughness of high grade pipeline steels will be.

INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE AND ORDERING DEGREE OF PARENT PHASE ON SME IN A CuZnAl ALLOY CONTAINING BORON

The influence of grain size and ordering degree of the parent phase on the shape memory re- covery in a Cu-25.62Zn-3.97Al-0.0018B(wt-%)memory alloy is investigated.A mathematical relationship is set up between the recovery ratio and ordering degree,probabili- ty of atoms at their ordered sites,grain size,the thickness of the grain boundary affected re- gions,the stress during deformation,as well as the critical shear stress.Shape memory effect reaches a maximum with varying grain size and increases linearly with increasing ordering parameter,which agrees well with experimental results.

Strengthening-softening transition and maximum strength in Schwarz nanocrystals

Recently,a Schwarz crystal structure with curved grain boundaries(GBs)constrained by twin-boundary(TB)networks was discovered in nanocrystalline Cu through experiments and atomistic simulations.Nanocrystalline Cu with nanosized Schwarz crystals exhibited high strength and excellent thermal stability.However,the grainsize effect and associated deformation mechanisms of Schwarz nanocrystals remain unknown.Here,we performed large-scale atomistic simulations to investigate the deformation behaviors and grain-size effect of nanocrystalline Cu with Schwarz crystals.Our simulations showed that similar to regular nanocrystals,Schwarz nanocrystals exhibit a strengthening-softening transition with decreasing grain size.The critical grain size in Schwarz nanocrystals is smaller than that in regular nanocrystals,leading to a maximum strength higher than that of regular nanocrystals.Our simulations revealed that the softening in Schwarz nanocrystals mainly originates from TB migration(or detwinning)and annihilation of GBs,rather than GB-mediated processes(including GB migration,sliding and diffusion)dominating the softening in regular nanocrystals.Quantitative analyses of simulation data further showed that compared with those in regular nanocrystals,the GB-mediated processes in Schwarz nanocrystals are suppressed,which is related to the low volume fraction of amorphous-like GBs and constraints of TB networks.The smaller critical grain size arises from the suppression of GB-mediated processes.

回火时间对BS960E钢快速加热淬火后组织与性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、能谱仪和X射线衍射等研究了回火时间对BS960E钢快速加热淬火后组织与性能的影响。结果表明:BS960E钢淬火后组织为板条状马氏体,其原始奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸为5.69μm,位错密度为4.02281×10^(15)cm^(-2)。随着回火时间的延长,马氏体板条结构逐渐分解;回火2 min时仍存在部分板条组织,有效晶粒尺寸(马氏体板条块)为2.47μm,位错密度急剧下降至9.48079×10^(14)cm^(-2);回火15和30 min时马氏体板条开始粗化,小角度晶界密度占比降低,此时有效晶粒尺寸分别为2.57和2.59μm,位错密度分别为7.80957×10^(14)和6.75406×10^(14)cm^(-2);回火60 min时,马氏体板条块合并明显,大角度晶界密度及占比下降,有效晶粒尺寸粗化达到2.99μm,位错密度降低至5.19655×10^(14)cm^(-2)。碳化物的析出位置可分为原始奥氏体晶界析出、马氏体板条块界析出和晶内析出3类。随着回火时间的延长,BS960E钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度逐渐减小,伸长率增加。回火时间达到60 min时由于析出的碳化物粗大导致伸长率降低。综合考虑BS960E钢经过快速加热淬火后,回火时间在2 min时综合力学性能最佳。

晶粒尺寸对竹节晶铜箔微轧制变形行为影响的模拟

高性能铜箔已经广泛应用于新能源、微电子等领域,为降低其制备成本和调控组织性能,对拉拔−压缩−剪切复合成形条件下的竹节晶铜箔轧制微观变形行为进行研究。建立微观尺度的晶体塑性有限元模型,分析竹节晶微轧制变形的晶粒尺寸效应。该微观模型将每个离散单元只是作为晶粒的组成部分,同时在积分点上采用单晶体本构模型建立本构方程。结果表明:微观层次复合轧制竹节晶铜箔的变形特征表现为高度的异向性和局部化;竹节晶铜箔轧制力变化符合类似Hall-Petch关系,即轧制力随晶粒尺寸的减小而增大;随着晶粒尺寸减小,复合轧制竹节晶铜箔的滑移均匀性和晶界滑移协调能力均增强;动态剪切带和变形带随着晶粒尺寸的减小向晶界偏移。为保证轧制竹节晶铜箔变形的稳定性和进一步减薄,晶粒尺寸小于100μm为宜。

Effects of microrolling parameters on the microstructure and deformation behavior of pure copper

Microrolling experiments and uniaxial tensile tests of pure copper under different annealing conditions were carried out in this paper. The effects of grain size and reduction on non-uniform deformation, edge cracking, and microstructure were studied. The experimen- tal results showed that the side deformation became more non-uniform, resulting in substantial edge bulge, and the uneven spread increased with increasing grain size and reduction level. When the reduction level reached 80% and the grain size was 65 μm, slight edge cracks occurred. When the grain size was 200 μm, the edge cracks became wider and deeper. No edge cracks occurred when the grain size was 200 μm and the reduction level was less than 60%; edge cracks occurred when the reduction level was increased to 80%. As the reduction level increased, the grains were gradually elongated and appeared as a sheet-like structure along the rolling direction; a fine lamellar structure was obtained when the grain size was 20 lam and the reduction level was less than 60%.

表面活性剂对金属铜微切削过程中微沟槽显微形貌影响机制的研究

本研究对微沟槽横截面微观组织进行了观察,阐明了表面活性剂对纯铜微切削加工表面的机理影响。研究结果表明:添加表面活性剂后,切削力和推力明显降低,并发现具有物理化学效应的微沟槽表面粗糙度为12nm,没有物理化学效应的微沟槽表面粗糙度为17nm。受物理化学效应影响的样品的微沟槽区内的平均晶粒尺寸为67.9μm,而无物理化学效应影响的样品平均晶粒尺寸为48.3μm,此外,还发现无物理化学效应影响微沟槽附近晶粒尺寸大于远离微沟槽表面的晶粒尺寸。通过电子背散射衍射显微镜观察,受物理化学效应影响的横截面表面晶粒呈各向异性,而无物理化学效应影响的横截面表面晶粒取向主要为{101}方向。通过对几何必要位错计算和分析,推断出在微切削过程中,具有物理化学效应的样品中残余应力和温度较高,可以为再结晶提供足够的驱动能量。

Effect of Two Phase Mixtures on the Selection of the Discharge Path

This paper investigates the development,the breakdown process,and the discharge path selection of the lightning discharges in two-phase mixtures(TPMs).13 kinds of solid-gas mixtures and 3 kinds of liquid-gas mixtures are employed to study effect of two phase mixtures on the selection of the discharge path under lightning impulses.Grain size effects are shown upon these experimental results.When the diameter of solid or liquid grains is less than about 10 μm,the discharge path does not select TPM but air.And the discharge path selects TPM when the diameter is greater than about 100 μm.And when the diameter is between about 10 μm and 100 μm,the discharge path selects TPM under negative lightning impulses,but it has a greater selection of air than TPMs under positive lightning impulses.Volume fraction and permittivity of solid/liquid can also influence the selection of the discharge path.

Effects of Excess Barium on the Structure and Electrical Properties of(Ba,Ca)TiO_3 Piezoelectric Ceramics with High Mechanical Quality Factors

Manganese-doped Ba（0.925）Ca（0.075）TiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics（abbreviated as BCT）with high mechanical quality factor were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method.The effects of excess Ba on the crystal structure,microstructure,and electrical properties of the ceramics were systematically investigated.X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra revealed that Ca^2＋ions were pushed from Ba sites to Ti sites of BCT when 1.5 mol%extra Ba^2＋ions were added after sintering.The grain size of the ceramics was decreased by adding extra Ba^2＋ions.The mechanical quality factor and resistivity of the ceramics decreased dramatically when the excess Ba was more than 1.5 mol%.High piezoelectric coefficients（d（33）=150-190 pC/N）and high mechanical quality factors（Qm=1 000-1 200）were obtained in the ceramics when the excess of Ba was between 0.5 mol%and 1 mol%.These results indicated that the properties of BCT ceramics could be tailored by adjusting the content of Ba.

Thickness-related synchronous increase in strength and ductility of ultrafine-grained pure aluminum sheets

To explore the specimen size effect of mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained(UFG)materials with different structures,UFG Al sheets processed by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)were selected as target materials and the dependency of tensile behavior on sheet thickness(t)was systematically investigated.The strength and ductility of ECAPed UFG Al sheets were improved synchronously as t increased from 0.2 to 0.7 mm,and then no apparent change occurred when t reached to 0.7 and 1.0 mm.The corresponding microstructure evolved from dislocation networks in equiaxed grains into the walls and subgrains and finally into the dominated cells in elongated grains or subgrains.Meanwhile,dense shear lines(SLs)and shear bands(SBs)were clearly observed and microvoids and cracks were initiated along SBs with the increase of t.These observations indicated that the plastic deformation of UFG Al sheets was jointly controlled by shear banding,dislocation sliding,and grain-boundary sliding.Furthermore,the propagation of SBs became difficult as t increased.Finally,the obtained results were discussed and compared with those of annealed UFG Al and UFG Cu.

CYCLIC HARDENING BEHAVIOR OF POLYCRYSTALS WITH PENETRABLE GRAIN BOUNDARIES:TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISCRETE DISLOCATION DYNAMICS SIMULATION

A two-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics （DDD） technology by Giessen and Needleman （1995）, which has been extended by integrating a dislocation-grain boundary interaction model, is used to computationally analyze the micro-cyclic plastic response of polycrystals containing micron-sized grains, with special attentions to significant influence of dislocationpenetrable grain boundaries （GBs） on the micro-plastic cyclic responses of polycrystals and underlying dislocation mechanism. Toward this end, a typical polycrystalline rectangular specimen under simple tension-compression loading is considered. Results show that, with the increase of cycle accumulative strain, continual dislocation accumulation and enhanced dislocation-dislocation interactions induce the cyclic hardening behavior; however, when a dynamic balance among dislocation nucleation, penetration through GB and dislocation annihilation is approximately established, cyclic stress gradually tends to saturate. In addition, other factors, including the grain size, cyclic strain amplitude and its history, also have considerable influences on the cyclic hardening and saturation.

Effects of grain size on phase transition behavior of nanocrystalline shape memory alloys

We report recent advances in the experimental and theoretical study of grain size(GS)effects on the thermal and mechanical properties of nanostructured NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloy(SMA).It is shown that when GS<60 nm,the superelastic stress-strain hysteresis loop area(H)of the polycrystal decreases rapidly with GS and tends to vanish as GS approaches 10 nanometers.At the same time,the temperature dependence of the transition stress also decreases with GS and eventually approaches zero,leading to a wide superelastic temperature window and breakdown of the Clausius-Claperyon relationship.Rate dependence of the stress-strain responses is significantly reduced and the cyclic stability of the material is improved by the nanocrystallization.It is proposed that the emergence of such significant changes in the behavior of the material with GS reduction originate from the large increase in the area-to-volume ratios of the nanometer-thick interfaces(grain boundary and Austenite-Martensite(A-M)interface)in the polycrystal.In particular,with GS reduction,interfacial energy terms will gradually become dominant over the bulk energy of the crystallite,eventually bring fundamental changes in the phase transition responses of the material.Modelling strategy leading to the establishment of quantitative relationships among GS,grain boundary,A-M interfaces and the macroscopic responses of the material are outlined.

Effect of grain size on the mechanical properties of Mg foams

The grain size of Mg foams was innovatively refined without alteration of pore structure and relative density by subjecting multi-axial forging(MAF)process to Ti-Mg composite,an intermediary product of the fabrication process of Mg foams where the spherical Ti particles were utilized as the replication material.The feasibility of the MAF process and the grain size effect on the mechanical properties of Mg foams were discussed.The results showed that,with the appropriate strain of 0.24 applied in the MAF process,Ti-Mg composites returned to original physical appearance without generating microcracks.And complete recrystallization was achieved after heat treatment,with the grain size of the MAFprocessed Mg foams two to three orders of magnitude smaller than that of as-cast foam.The mechanical properties of Mg foams were enhanced extensively after grain refinement with the yield strength and the plastic collapse strength increased by 147%and 50.7%,respectively.A revised model integrated by the Hall-Petch law and Gibson-Ashby model was proposed,which gave a good estimation of the yield strength and the plastic collapse strength of Mg foams from the compressive behavior of the corresponding parent material,though a knockdown factor of 0.45 was introduced for the yield strength.

河床表层冻融作用下推移质输移特征研究

高纬度河流系统常会经历季节性冻结与融化。为揭示冻融作用对床面推移质运动的影响,本研究以未经历冻融过程的常规室温(20℃)推移质输沙实验结果为基准,保证实验条件不变,开展了均匀沙与非均匀沙床表层冻融后的室温(20℃)推移质输沙实验,综合比较了冻融作用影响下推移质输沙率与级配组成特征。结果表明,河床表层冻融后的推移质输沙率均高于无冻融作用的推移质输沙率,据此提出了有冻融影响与无冻融影响下的推移质输沙率比值ζ。研究显示,冻融作用下的推移质输沙率呈有规律变化:剪切力较小时ζ较大,剪切力较大时ζ减小并逐渐趋于1.0;非均匀沙中,随着泥沙粒径增大,各粒径组的ζ逐渐减小;低流量驱动时,冻融作用对非均匀输沙级配组成的影响显著,并随着流量增大而逐渐减弱。本研究剖析了冻融作用对推移质输沙率与级配组成的影响,有助于认识冰冻区河流的河床稳定性与河床演变情势。

缩尺效应对粗颗粒土静止侧压力系数影响规律试验

准确把握粗颗粒土静止侧压力系数K_(0)对分析及设计土石坝等岩土工程具有十分重要的作用。由于缩尺效应的存在,粗颗粒土室内K_(0)试验结果往往无法正确反映其真实值。本文利用自行研制的大型K_(0)测试仪对某砂卵砾石料及堆石料进行大量试验,以研究分析缩尺效应对粗颗粒土K_(0)影响规律,找出消除缩尺效应影响的方法。通过改变试样颗粒的最大粒径d_(M)、缩尺方法、初始相对密实度D_(r0)等初始条件,设置24组试样,利用大型K_(0)测试仪对各组试样进行直剪试验,定量研究d_(M) 、缩尺方法和D_(r0)对粗粒土K_(0)的影响规律,并探讨以室内试验数据推求现场粗粒土K_(0),从而消除缩尺效应的方法。结果表明:D_(r0)及缩尺方法不变时,粗颗粒土K_(0)随着d_(M) 的增加而显著减小,因此,缩尺效应会导致粗颗粒土K_(0)显著增高,且缩尺后土料d_(M) 越小,其K_(0)受影响程度越高;D_(r0)及d_(M)相同时,缩尺方法对粗颗粒土K_(0)有一定影响,采用等量替代法缩尺后,试样K_(0)值增加最小,因此,采用等量替代法缩尺可减小缩尺效应对粗颗粒土K_(0)的影响;相比d_(M) ,D_(r0)对粗粒土K_(0)的影响更为显著,D_(r0)越大的土样,d_(M)对粗粒土K_(0)影响更明显。基于砂卵砾石料K_(0)试验结果及前人的研究,建立根据室内试验结果反推现场粗颗粒土料K_(0)的公式,以消除缩尺效应对粗颗粒土K_(0)的影响。利用堆石料K_(0)试验结果验证了该经验公式的准确性及适用性。