The reverse sediment transport trend between abandoned Huanghe River(Yellow River) Delta and radial sand ridges along Jiangsu coastline of China——an evidence from grain size analysis

To reveal the sediment transporting mechanism between the abandoned Huanghe River （Yellow River） Delta and radial sand ridges, “End Member” Model and grain size trend analysis have been employed to separate the “dynamic populations” in the surficial sediment particle spectra and to determine the possible sediment transporting pathway. The results reveal four “dynamic subpopulations”（EM1 to EM4） and two reverse sediment transporting directions： a northward transport tend from the radial sand ridges to mud patch, and a southward transport trend in deep water area outside the mud patch. Combined with the published hydrodynamic information, the transporting mechanism of dynamic populations has been discussed, and the main conclusion is that the transporting of finer subpopulations EM1 and EM2 is controlled by the “anticlockwise residual current circulation” forming during tidal cycle, which favor a northward transporting trend and the forming of mud patch on the north of radial sand ridges, while the transporting of coarser EM3 is mainly controlled by wind driven drift in winter, which favors a southward transporting direction.

Carrier Transport Across Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistors

We established a model for investigating polycrystalline silicon（poly-Si） thin film transistors（TFTs）.The effect of grain boundaries（GBs） on the transfer characteristics of TFT was analyzed by considering the number and the width of grain boundaries in the channel region,and the dominant transport mechanism of carrier across grain boundaries was subsequently determined.It is shown that the thermionic emission（TE） is dominant in the subthreshold operating region of TFT regardless of the number and the width of grain boundary.To a poly-Si TFT model with a 1 nm-width grain boundary,in the linear region,thermionic emission is similar to that of tunneling（TU）,however,with increasing grain boundary width and number,tunneling becomes dominant.

Sediment transport in the Luanhe River delta:grain size trend analysis

Sediment grain size in the deltaic environment of the Luanhe River(LR),Liaoning,China,contains sediment transport pathway information useful in elucidating the shoreline change and fluvialmarine interaction.In this study,we utilized numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components and geostatistical grain size trend analysis(GSTA)to define the sediment transport pattern in the Luanhe River delta(LRD)and interpolated the sediment transport pattern using content changes of end numbers(EM).EM1(the mean grain size 7.12Ф,fine silt),EM2(2.37Ф,fine sand),and EM3(1.27Ф,medium sand)components were identified by the numerical partitioning by GSTA.Kriging interpolation method was used to interpolate the parameters of the grain size for the regular grid,and the interpolation radius was 0.015 decimal degree.We chose 0.09 decimal degree as the characteristic distance for GSTA in the semivariogram model using the geostatistical method.The FB(-)case(finer,better sorted and more negatively skewed)was adopted in GSTA for its satisfaction in the Global Moran’s I test.The result of the GSTA shows that the sediments in the south barriers(SBs)were transported to the southwest of the study area.The sediments in the north,in the SE direction of sediment transport trend from the river mouth,indicated that the sediments in the north of the study area were transported from the LR to the northern beaches,and to the south and east of the study area.The sediment transport trend that simplified by GSTA as the FB(-)case was approved by the content changes of sedimentary components(i.e.EM1,EM2,and EM3).In addition,the turbulent jet diffusion pattern indicated that the coarse sediments(EM3)were delivered by LR during the flood season,and the EM2 and EM1 were from wave and tide,respectively.

Grain size composition and transport of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) Estuary and Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent waters

Surface sediments from the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, and their adjacent waters were analyzed for their grain size distribution, organic carbon （OC） concentration, and stable carbon isotope composition （δ13C）. Based on this analysis, about 36 surface sediment samples were selected from various environments and separated into sand （〉0.250 ram, 0.125-0.250 ram, 0.063-0.125 mm） and silt （0.025-0.063 mm） fractions by wet-sieving fractionation methods, and further into silt- （0.004-0.025 mm） and clay-sized （〈0.004 mm） fractions by centrifugal fractionation. Sediments of six grain size categories were analyzed for their OC and 613C contents to explore the grain size composition and transport paths of sedimentary OC in the study area. From fine to coarse fractions, the OC content was 1.18%, 0.51%, 0.46%, 0.42%, 0.99%, and 0.48%, respectively, while the δ13C was -21.64‰, -22.03‰, -22.52‰, -22.46‰, -22.36‰, and -22.28%0, respectively. In each size category, the OC contribution was 42.96%, 26.06%, 9.82%, 5.75%, 7.09%, and 8.33%, respectively. The OC content in clay and fine silt fractions （〈0.025 ram） was about 69.02%. High OC concentrations were mainly found in offshore modern sediments in the northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary, in modern sediments in the lower estuary of the Changjiang River and Hangzhou Bay, and in Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island. Integrating the distribution of terrestrial OC content of each grain size category with the δ13C of the bulk sediment indicated that the terrestrial organic material in the Changjiang River Estuary was transported seaward and dispersed to the Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island via two pathways： one was a result of the Changjiang River Diluted Water （CDW） northeastward extending branch driven by the North Jiangsu Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current, while the other one was the result of the CDW southward extending branch driven by the Taiwan Warm Current.

Observations of boundary layer parameters and suspended sediment transport over the intertidal flats of northern Jiangsu, China

A current-turbidity monitoring system (CTMS) was deployed on the intertidal flat at Wanggang, northern Jiangsu during October 16-17, 2000, to measure the tidal current speeds and seawater turbidities at 5 levels above the seabed. Based upon the logarithmic-profile equation, the boundary layer parameters, i.e., u, z0 and C60, were obtained for 247 tidal flow velocity profiles. Around 90% of the profiles were logarithmic according to the critical correlation coefficient. Internal consistency analysis shows that these parameters derived by different methods are consistent with each other. In addition, the height of the bedforms observed is close to the seabed roughness lengths calculated from the velocity profiles, indicating that the boundary layer parameters obtained can reveal the conditions at the sediment-water interface on the intertidal flats. Suspended sediment concentrations were obtained from the 5 CTMS turbidity meters using laboratory and in-situ calibrations. The results show that the in-situ calibrated SSCs have a much higher accuracy than the laboratory calibrated ones. Calculation of suspended sediment fluxes on the intertidal flats, with a magnitude of 104 kg/m per spring tidal cycle, indicates that suspended sediment moves towards the northwest, which is reversal to the transport pattern controlled by the southward Northern Jiangsu Coastal Current in the sub-tidal zone and adjacent shallow waters.

The application of geostatistics in grain size trend analysis： A case study of eastern Beibu Gulf

There are 71 surface sediment samples collected from the eastern Beibu Gulf. The moment parameters （i.e. mean size, sorting and skewness） were obtained after applying grain size analysis. The geostatistical analysis was then applied to study the spatial autocorrelation for these parameters; while range, a parameter in the semivariogram that meters the scale of spatial autocorrelation, was estimated. The results indicated that the range for sorting coefficient was physically meaningful. The trend vectors calculated from grain size trend analysis model were consistent with the annual ocean circulation patterns and sediment transport rates according to previous studies. Therefore the range derived from the semivariogram of mean size can be used as the characteristic distance in the grain size trend analysis, which may remove the bias caused by the traditional way of basing on experiences or testing methods to get the characteristic distance. Hence the results from geostatistical analysis can also offer useful information for the determination of sediment sampling density in the future field work.

Containerization of Grain: Emergence of a New Supply Chain Market

The containerized shipment of freight continues to grow rapidly. This development can be traced to a transformation of bulk and break-bulk service to containerization. Demand has been driven by opportunities to broaden logistical options as well as advantageous freight rates. Logisticians and policy makers are unsure how much more bulk traffic can be converted to containerization, but the trends are evident. Of particular interest is grain. Bulk grain handlers have successfully resisted the conversion of grain shipping to containerization, except on the North American-Asian traffic lanes and the Australian-Asian traffic lanes where growth has been significant. This paper reviews the theoretical case for grain containerization from a logistics perspective, followed by an examination of the current trends in the United States and Canada. Subsequently, the analysis considers the restrictions and resistance to the conversion of grain from bulk shipping to containerization.

Distributional characteristics of grain sizes of surface sediments in the Zhujiang River Estuary

Distributions of the parameters of sedimentary grain sizes and their correlations were studied to trace the sources of silts and their movement trends in the Zhujiang River Estuary based on the analyses of grain sizes from more than 1080 sedimentary samples. The distributions of the median diameter, public value, quartile deviation, and skewness of sediments were complex in the Zhuiiang River Estuary mainly because of the impact of the matter source regions, distances from the source regions, and hydrodynamic conditions, such as waves, tidal currents, and coastal currents. Analyses of the parameters of the grain sizes for the various types of sediments showed that the distributions of the surface sediments in the Zhujiang River Estuary were controlled by many factors. Their matter sources were mainly the sediments discharged from the runoffs and ebb tidal currents, and from the open sea. The sediments mainly moved by suspension movement. The silts formed a large area of sediments with suspended fine silts in the Zhujiang River Estuary by internal adjustment transportation in the area, and moved toward the western coast of the Zhujiang River Estuary under the effect of Coriolis forces and coastal currents.

The Effect of Grain Properties for Artificial Bedload Supply

The German Armed Forces University in Munich has conducted experiments in a laboratory flume to determine the influence of roundness on bed load transport.The investigations were assigned by the German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BIG),with a focus on incipient motion,transport velocity and the depth of mixing into the riverbed. The results of the experiments show that the transport velocity of angular graim is lower and the critical shear stress for incipient motion is slightly higher than of well-ro...

《医林改错》脏腑理论模型的构建与运用

王清任一生的医学贡献凝聚于一册薄薄的《医林改错》,其构建的脏腑理论模型具有生理学与病理学的双重含义,具体可分为“气血运行模型”和“水谷运化模型”。前者侧重于病理探讨,生理描述亦多,可细分为“气运模块”与“血运模块”;后者常见于生理阐释,病理描述甚少,可细分为“水运模块”与“谷运模块”。“气运模块”的生理功能以存储和运行元气、津液为主,其病理变化以津液失常和气虚为主;“血运模块”的生理功能以存储和运行血液为主,其病理变化以血瘀为主;“水运模块”的生理功能主以运行水液,“谷运模块”的生理功能主以运化谷物,二者的病理变化均较少涉及。

信息技术在粮食多式联运系统中的应用与展望

粮食作为国计民生的重要物资,其稳定、高效的运输对于保障国家粮食安全具有至关重要的意义。本文从多式联运高效衔接技术、路径优化、信息共享、一体化监控平台等方面阐述了多式联运信息化发展现状,并针对信息技术在粮食多式联运方面的应用以及现存问题,提出了一种基于北斗/5G和SPC的粮食多式联运粮情动态监测的方法。利用北斗+5G融合定位以及北斗短报文通信方式,弥补了运输车辆在室内、城市密集区等复杂环境下的精准定位和通信的不足。通过设置粮情状态判定规则结合下位机传感器采集数据进行分析,绘制SPC动态控制图,在实现对粮情状态实时监控的同时,可通过观测数据波动情况预测潜在风险,提前干预,减少粮食在途损耗。最终,为未来打造粮食多式联运高效衔接一体化智能监管平台提供支撑。

Simulation of Artificial Grain Feeding in Order to Reach Dynamical Bed Stabilisation Along the River Rhine

The Wesel-Xanten stretch of the fiver Rhine between km-812.5 and km-821.5 is one of the reaches where strong erosion leads to high maintenance efforts conceming navigability.In order to improve the naviga- tion conditions without aggravating the flood protection,but also ensuring that the ecological system of the river is not damaged,investigations of the morphodynamical processes in connection with artificial grain feeding ac- tivities have to be carried out by Federal Waterways Engineering and Research...

A transport-rate model of wind-blown sand

Sand transport by wind plays an important role in environmental problems.Formulating the sand-transport rate model has been of continuing significance,because the majority of the existing models relate sand-transport rate to the wind-shear velocity.However,the wind-shear velocity readapted to blown sand is difficult to determine from the measured wind profiles when sand movement occurs,especially at high wind velocity.Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to reformulate the sand-transport rate model,followed by attempts to relate sand-transport rate to parameters of wind velocity,threshold shear-velocity,and grain size.Finally,we validated the model based on the data from field observations.

智能农机多机协同收获作业控制方法与试验

为提高多台无人化智能收获机和运粮车协同作业效率,该研究以2台不同型号水稻收获机和1台运粮车为研究对象,开展了智能农机多机协同收获作业控制方法研究。根据协同作业控制决策约束条件,建立协同收获作业中有限个状态过程的改进型连续时间马尔科夫链模型。以减少非作业时间为优化目标,通过模型预测未来一段时间内每台收获机的卸粮时间,动态更新每台收获机的卸粮顺序和时间。仿真试验结果表明:该研究控制方法相对于仓满后再召唤运粮车的卸粮方式有效减少了作业时间,协同收获任务的农机平均作业时间减少了13.58%。田间试验结果表明:智能农机多机协同作业控制方法实现了2台水稻收获机和1台运粮车协同自主作业,在场景1中,相对于仓满召唤卸粮模式,收获机1和收获机2非作业时间分别减少了71.25%和42%,收获效率提高了6.65%和5.22%;在场景2中,相对于仓满召唤卸粮模式,收获机1和收获机2非作业时间分别减少了77.64%和37.09%,收获效率提高了12.07%和5.78%。该文提出的控制方法可以实现收获-卸粮转运自主作业,减少了收获机的非作业时间,提高了作业效率,可为无人农场智能收获协同作业提供支撑。

海南岛北部海湾表层沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势

对海南岛北部海湾(海口湾、铺前湾、木兰湾和东寨港)192站位的表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,基于粒级组分划分沉积物类型,利用Flemming三角图式法进行沉积动力分区,采用二维粒径趋势分析模型(GSTA)分析沉积物输运趋势。结果表明:研究区表层沉积物类型包括砾、砂质砾、砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂,其中,砂分布面积最广,其次为粉砂质砂,沉积物粒度由南往北依次呈“细—粗”旋回式变化,近岸和口门外砂体分选性较好,东寨港内湾和琼州海峡中部沉积物分选性差。研究区整体以偏高能环境为主,物质输运方式包括河流输沙、海岸侵蚀、沿岸输沙和底床剥蚀,其中,北部海峡潮余流作用强劲,表层沉积物存在EW向输运趋势;海湾中部受波浪和潮流的共同影响,于白沙浅滩处(如意人工岛)形成一个沉积汇聚中心;河口区受波浪、径流和潮流季节交替性作用控制,洪季时口门形成的堆积沙体,在NE向浪和W向沿岸流的侵蚀搬运作用下,向西输运至海口湾;近岸区主要受波浪改造作用影响,其中,铺前湾和木兰湾海域沉积物由海向岸搬运,趋势与波浪和涨潮流作用方向一致;东寨港水动力条件较弱,沉积物无明显输运趋势。研究结果揭示了本区海湾现代沉积特征及陆海交互作用,可为海岸侵蚀防护、航道安全保障和海洋环境治理提供科学依据。

不同播幅对小麦花后叶片光合特性和产量的影响

为了明确不同播幅对小麦籽粒产量的影响及其形成的生理原因,本研究于2019—2020年和2020—2021年冬小麦生长季,在山东省济宁市兖州区小孟镇史家王子村小麦试验站大田试验条件下设置2种播幅处理:处理1是播幅为8 cm(B1);处理2是播幅为3 cm(B2)。研究了不同播幅对小麦光合特性、冠层光截获特性、干物质积累与转运和籽粒产量的影响。试验结果表明:B1处理开花后叶面积指数和冠层光合有效辐射截获率显著高于B2处理,其冠层光合有效辐射透射率显著低于B2处理;B1处理开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著高于B2处理,其胞间二氧化碳浓度显著低于B2处理;B1处理开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、开花后干物质在籽粒中的分配量、成熟期籽粒干物质积累量均显著高于B2处理;B1处理穗粒数、千粒重均显著高于B2处理;与B2处理相比,B1处理的2年平均籽粒产量和光能利用率分别高6.12%和7.71%。综上所述,播幅为8 cm的B1处理通过塑造了合理的冠层结构,改善了开花后叶片的光合性能,有利于开花后植株的光合物质生产,从而获得了最高的籽粒产量和光能利用率,为本试验条件下的最优处理。研究为小麦宽幅播种节水高产高效栽培技术提供了理论依据。

新工科背景下“粮油贮运学”课程改革与实践

新工科发展建设要求食品专业培养既有专业知识又具有创新意识和能力的综合人才。以“粮油贮运学”课程为例,从优化课程目标和教学内容、改进教学手段、丰富实践教学环节及建立科学合理的课程考核评价体系等方面进行了课程改革和建设。课程改革将理论与实践教学的有机结合,提高了学生参与度和学习主动性,有利于培养学生创新意识和创新能力,提升学生解决实际问题的能力。

干旱胁迫对冬小麦物质转运和不同小穗位籽粒产量的影响

【目的】探究不同冬小麦品种物质转运和不同小穗位产量对拔节至成熟期干旱胁迫的响应。【方法】试验以常规品种济麦22和抗旱品种中麦36为材料,在自动防雨水肥控制池内进行,采用测墒补灌技术实现水分条件的控制。设置顶端小穗形成期到成熟期持续干旱(WS:40%~45%FC,FC为田间持水量)和对照处理(CK:80%~85%FC)。调查拔节后不同小穗位小花发育动态,强、弱势粒灌浆速率和产量等指标,以及各器官花前、花后干物质积累运转量。【结果】1)干旱胁迫促进济麦22穗中部和上部的小花原基发育进程,显著减少了小花原基数量,导致穗部发育不平衡,而对中麦36各部位小花原基发育进程和数量无显著影响。2)干旱胁迫下,抗旱品种中麦36的开花前营养器官贮藏干物质转运量(Pre-DT)和转运率(Pre-DTE)较对照条件下分别显著降低34.8%和33.2%,降低了花前贮藏干物质运转对籽粒的贡献率(Pre-DCR),但开花后干物质积累量(Post�DA)及其对籽粒的贡献率(Post-DCR)分别提高5.1%和25.7%;常规品种济麦22的花前营养器官贮藏干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率比对照提高了32.1%,Post-DA和Post-DCR分别降低了40.4%和21.3%。干旱胁迫下,中麦36 Pre-DCR的下降主要因为茎秆Pre-DCR的降低,而济麦22的Pre-DCR比对照提高了1.4倍,主要是由穗轴和颖壳Pre-DCR的增加所致。3)济麦22叶鞘、茎秆及穗轴+颖壳中的干物质向籽粒转运受到干旱的抑制,而中麦36仅茎秆和穗轴+颖壳受到干旱的抑制。与正常条件相比,干旱致使济麦22的籽粒灌浆速率下降42%,对中麦36无显著影响。济麦22上部和中部小穗位强势粒受干旱影响较大,而中麦36上部小穗位弱势粒受干旱影响较大,表现为济麦22的穗粒数、单粒重和单穗产量降幅(7.6%、15.9%和24.3%)均高于中麦36(3.3%、9.5%和16.3%)。【结论】抗旱品种主要靠开花后干物质积累来增加籽粒产量,而常规品种主要靠转运开花前营养器官贮藏干物质来增加籽粒产量。干旱胁迫条件下,常规品种济麦22的籽粒产量降幅显著高于抗旱品种中麦36,主要原因是干旱导致济麦22不同小穗位小花原基的发育不平衡,叶鞘、茎秆及穗轴+颖壳的干物质转移到籽粒的过程均受抑制,且中部和上部小穗位强势粒受到影响,导致灌浆速率显著降低。抗旱品种中麦36在干旱胁迫下通过降低茎秆开花前营养器官贮藏干物质转运量,提高开花后营养器官干物质积累量对籽粒贡献率应对干旱胁迫,且干旱胁迫主要影响弱势粒。

中原黄河漕路与秦汉隋唐帝国

中原黄河漕路是以现在郑州桃花峪以西至三门峡灵宝段的黄河河道为主干的漕粮运输通道,由灵宝至三门峡段、三门峡至孟津段、孟津至郑州桃花峪段等数段构成,敖仓、荥阳故城等地是中原黄河漕路上的关键节点。作为关中与关东之间唯一有效的运输渠道,其畅通与否和秦汉隋唐帝国的国运兴衰息息相关。在秦、汉、隋大一统的过程中,中原黄河漕路有着重要的战略地位。桃花峪以西的中原黄河漕路转输军粮物资之便,帮助秦人在兼并统一战争中占得先机;而关中以东中原黄河漕路的畅通及其对敖仓之粟的控制,几乎成为刘邦战胜项羽的决定性因素。汉代时,经由中原黄河漕路转输的漕粮数额一直呈现攀升之势,最高在元封年间达六百万石,约为当今的18万吨。隋帝国借助中原黄河漕路控制了当时东亚大陆上最富庶的区域,更是以郑州桃花峪西至三门峡灵宝段黄河漕路为主轴,西引渭水,东连黄河下游与后来的隋唐大运河通济、永济两渠,构建了南至淮水、北达海河流域的水上交通运输系统。唐代关中长安对中原黄河漕路的依赖则超过了汉、隋,经由中原黄河漕路西输至关中长安的漕粮数量与规模随着唐帝国国运盛衰而不断起伏变化,可以说中原黄河漕路畅通、漕运制度不断完善,唐帝国蒸蒸日上;中原黄河漕路断绝,唐王朝政权亦随之衰亡。因此,中原黄河漕路足以称为秦汉隋唐帝国的生命线。

岬湾海滩沉积物粒度粒形分布及其输运趋势的指示

【目的与方法】粒度和粒形作为沉积物的基本属性,蕴含着输运历史、运动方式和沉积环境等丰富的信息。通过利用动态图像法对海南岛保定湾岬湾海滩52个剖面253组表层沉积物样品的粒度粒形测试,分析探讨了粒度粒形沿岸和横向的空间分布特征,结合粒度趋势分析结果建立了粒形趋势分析模型。【结果】研究表明,保定湾开敞段、过渡段和遮蔽段相同岸段内的球形度在沿岸方向差异不大,横向方向有从陆向海逐渐减小的趋势。不同岸段间沉积物在粒度小于2.5Φ时的球形度,在沿岸方向从开敞段至遮蔽段有逐渐减小的趋势。球形度的增大方向可指示沉积物输运趋势,建立的粒形趋势分析模型具有较高的准确性和优势,可计算任意粒度区间的输运趋势,可与粒度分析方法相结合以达到不同的研究目的。【结论】研究成果可为岬湾海滩的演变机制和稳定性研究提供理论支持。