Erratic rainfall and misalignment between the rainy season and the growing season of winter wheat greatly limit rainfed winter wheat yield in the Loess Plateau of China. To increase the grain yield of winter wheat in ...Erratic rainfall and misalignment between the rainy season and the growing season of winter wheat greatly limit rainfed winter wheat yield in the Loess Plateau of China. To increase the grain yield of winter wheat in this region, the effects of different agronomic practices, including adjusting planting pattern(NR, narrow row spacing), increasing seeding rate(high seeding rate, HS), decreasing basal nitrogen rate and increasing top-dressed nitrogen rate(DBN), and replacing an old cultivar with a new cultivar(NC) on wheat yield were investigated for two consecutive years. The results showed that the current grain yield of rainfed winter wheat in the Loess Plateau could be increased to 5879–7093 kg ha^(-1) by HS, DBN and NC practices relative to the practice of high-yielding farmers(PF). The increased yield due to HS, DBN and NC was attributed to the higher number of spikes ha^(-1), 1000-grain weight, and kernels spike^(-1). Before the flowering stage, HS increased soil water consumption(SWC) in 1–3 m subsoil due to the higher plant population compared with that of PF, whereas DBN decreased SWC in the 0–2 m soil layer compared with that of PF. After the flowering stage, HS, DBN, and NC increased SWC by 8–16 mm in 2–3 m subsoil compared to PF. The water use efficiency(WUE) was increased under DBN and NC in comparison with PF.However, the WUE did not increase under HS as it had the highest evapotranspiration among the five treatments. Increasing the use of subsoil water during the late growth stage by optimizing agronomic practices or applying new cultivars with expansive roots should be the primary approach to increase rainfed winter wheat yield in this region.展开更多
全膜双垄沟播是黄土高原旱作玉米主要生产技术,但此技术的土壤耕作主要依赖传统耕作和旋耕,在形成犁底层的同时造成耕层变浅,影响玉米生长、产量形成以及土壤健康。本文以打破犁底层、改善土壤结构、提高黄土高原旱地玉米（Zea may L....全膜双垄沟播是黄土高原旱作玉米主要生产技术,但此技术的土壤耕作主要依赖传统耕作和旋耕,在形成犁底层的同时造成耕层变浅,影响玉米生长、产量形成以及土壤健康。本文以打破犁底层、改善土壤结构、提高黄土高原旱地玉米（Zea may L.）产量和有限降水资源利用效率为目标,布设大田定位试验,比较研究了深松耕、免耕、旋耕和传统耕作对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤水分、温度、土壤容重、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：全膜双垄覆盖条件下,深松耕和免耕较旋耕和传统翻耕能有效增加0~30 cm土壤贮水量,其0~30 cm土层土壤含水量较翻耕、旋耕分别增加50.0%、43.7%和14.8%、10.3%;深松耕能有效降低5~30cm土层土壤容重,其5~10 cm和10~30 cm土层土壤容重,深松耕较传统耕作分别降低10.9%和12.9%,随着土层的加深,深松耕、免耕的土壤容重呈降低趋势,旋耕和传统翻耕呈增大趋势;深松耕在苗期、拔节—抽雄期较传统翻耕分别具有明显的增温和降温作用,有利于玉米生长和产量提高;2个平水年,深松耕处理的玉米生物产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较传统翻耕增加6.1%~5.6%、18.6%~28.8%和28.1%~32.9%,具有明显的增产和提高水分利用效率的作用。因此,在黄土高原半干旱区同等降雨条件下,深松耕能有效增加全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤贮水量,改善土壤结构,协调水温关系,有利于增产和提高水分利用效率,是全膜双垄沟播玉米一项理想的土壤耕作方法。展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB150402)the National Key Technology R&D Program(2015BAD22B01)111 project of Chinese Education Ministry(B12007)。
文摘Erratic rainfall and misalignment between the rainy season and the growing season of winter wheat greatly limit rainfed winter wheat yield in the Loess Plateau of China. To increase the grain yield of winter wheat in this region, the effects of different agronomic practices, including adjusting planting pattern(NR, narrow row spacing), increasing seeding rate(high seeding rate, HS), decreasing basal nitrogen rate and increasing top-dressed nitrogen rate(DBN), and replacing an old cultivar with a new cultivar(NC) on wheat yield were investigated for two consecutive years. The results showed that the current grain yield of rainfed winter wheat in the Loess Plateau could be increased to 5879–7093 kg ha^(-1) by HS, DBN and NC practices relative to the practice of high-yielding farmers(PF). The increased yield due to HS, DBN and NC was attributed to the higher number of spikes ha^(-1), 1000-grain weight, and kernels spike^(-1). Before the flowering stage, HS increased soil water consumption(SWC) in 1–3 m subsoil due to the higher plant population compared with that of PF, whereas DBN decreased SWC in the 0–2 m soil layer compared with that of PF. After the flowering stage, HS, DBN, and NC increased SWC by 8–16 mm in 2–3 m subsoil compared to PF. The water use efficiency(WUE) was increased under DBN and NC in comparison with PF.However, the WUE did not increase under HS as it had the highest evapotranspiration among the five treatments. Increasing the use of subsoil water during the late growth stage by optimizing agronomic practices or applying new cultivars with expansive roots should be the primary approach to increase rainfed winter wheat yield in this region.
