本文详尽地分析了have的一种语法功用。作者首先引用了乔姆斯基(N.Chomsky)举过的一个例子:I had a book stolen.乔姆斯基认为这个句子可以有三种解释,三种不同的深层结构。作者着重讨论了第一种,指出have的这种用法与被动语态有许多共...本文详尽地分析了have的一种语法功用。作者首先引用了乔姆斯基(N.Chomsky)举过的一个例子:I had a book stolen.乔姆斯基认为这个句子可以有三种解释,三种不同的深层结构。作者着重讨论了第一种,指出have的这种用法与被动语态有许多共同之处。被动语态和have结构都可以将原来句子中不在主语位置上的名词短语提到主语位置,而原句中的主语却可因而省略。一般认为,把非主语成分提到主语位置,其作用在于“点题”(thematization),亦即指出“我们谈论的是什么”。作者承认这种看法不无道理,但他指出不可把主语和主题等同起来,因为主语并不等于主题,也不等于题目(topic)或焦点(focus)。在英语中可以使用许多方法突出一个名词短语。作者在这里以哈立德(M.A.K.Halliday)的句子My grandfatherbuilt these houses为例,说明至少有五种办法可以达到这种目的,而且被动语态很可能是其中表达力最小的办法,虽然它可能是最常用的。 用have结构或者用被动语态都可以把名词短语“主语化”(subjectivize),但前者的灵活性更大,用have可以把在句子各种位置的名词短语提到主语的位置。唯一的例外是主动语态句中的宾语,它不能用have结构,而只能用被动语态提到主语的位置。所以作者认为have结构和被动语态是紧密联系的。虽然也可以说二者在功能上是“互补”的,但作者认为更妥当的作法是把被动语态看作衍生出have结构的一个环节。在这里他使用了叶斯柏森举过的例子:主动语态的The enemy shot two horses under him,可以变成被动语态的Two horses were shot under him(by the enemy),再引伸出He had two horses shot under himby the enemy)。 作者又以give 这个动词为例,说明主动语态与被动语态、have结构之间的不同关系:在主动句X gave John a watch中,John是宾语,在被动式中变为主语:John was given a watch;在主动句X gavea watch to John中,watch是宾语,在被动句中变为主语:A watch was given to John,而have结构又把John变为主语:John had a watch given to hin。 最后,作者简述了have的几种其他语法功用。展开更多
English words in pairs are a special form of English idioms, which have different kinds and are used widely. For English learners, words in pairs are one of the difficult points. This paper discusses their form patter...English words in pairs are a special form of English idioms, which have different kinds and are used widely. For English learners, words in pairs are one of the difficult points. This paper discusses their form patterns, semantic relations, grammatical functions, rhetoric features and their application in translation. Its purpose is to help learners understand and use them accurately and correctly so as to improve language expressing ability.展开更多
文摘本文详尽地分析了have的一种语法功用。作者首先引用了乔姆斯基(N.Chomsky)举过的一个例子:I had a book stolen.乔姆斯基认为这个句子可以有三种解释,三种不同的深层结构。作者着重讨论了第一种,指出have的这种用法与被动语态有许多共同之处。被动语态和have结构都可以将原来句子中不在主语位置上的名词短语提到主语位置,而原句中的主语却可因而省略。一般认为,把非主语成分提到主语位置,其作用在于“点题”(thematization),亦即指出“我们谈论的是什么”。作者承认这种看法不无道理,但他指出不可把主语和主题等同起来,因为主语并不等于主题,也不等于题目(topic)或焦点(focus)。在英语中可以使用许多方法突出一个名词短语。作者在这里以哈立德(M.A.K.Halliday)的句子My grandfatherbuilt these houses为例,说明至少有五种办法可以达到这种目的,而且被动语态很可能是其中表达力最小的办法,虽然它可能是最常用的。 用have结构或者用被动语态都可以把名词短语“主语化”(subjectivize),但前者的灵活性更大,用have可以把在句子各种位置的名词短语提到主语的位置。唯一的例外是主动语态句中的宾语,它不能用have结构,而只能用被动语态提到主语的位置。所以作者认为have结构和被动语态是紧密联系的。虽然也可以说二者在功能上是“互补”的,但作者认为更妥当的作法是把被动语态看作衍生出have结构的一个环节。在这里他使用了叶斯柏森举过的例子:主动语态的The enemy shot two horses under him,可以变成被动语态的Two horses were shot under him(by the enemy),再引伸出He had two horses shot under himby the enemy)。 作者又以give 这个动词为例,说明主动语态与被动语态、have结构之间的不同关系:在主动句X gave John a watch中,John是宾语,在被动式中变为主语:John was given a watch;在主动句X gavea watch to John中,watch是宾语,在被动句中变为主语:A watch was given to John,而have结构又把John变为主语:John had a watch given to hin。 最后,作者简述了have的几种其他语法功用。
文摘English words in pairs are a special form of English idioms, which have different kinds and are used widely. For English learners, words in pairs are one of the difficult points. This paper discusses their form patterns, semantic relations, grammatical functions, rhetoric features and their application in translation. Its purpose is to help learners understand and use them accurately and correctly so as to improve language expressing ability.
