Resolving the“Matteo Ricci Puzzle”:Top-Level Design of the Grand Canal of China Based on the Ternary Leadership Theory

Guided by the ternary leadership theory from the perspective of social psychology,this paper explores the impacts of authoritarian,benevolent,and moral leadership on the top design of the Grand Canal of China in terms of its water management practice,while providing reference for resolving the“Matteo Ricci Puzzle”.The research findings are threefold:first,authoritarian as it is,the central government of China formulates relevant laws and regulations to provide legal system insurance for the construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt,thus providing the blueprint for constructing the“bright cultural belt,green ecological belt and colorful tourism belt of the Grand Canal”.Second,led by the Central Government,sticking to benevolent and moral leadership,China advocates scientific water management concepts and methods,and gives long-term and comprehensive care to the well-being of the people along the banks of the Grand Canal.Finally,the top-level design of the Grand Canal of China is based on the ternary leadership theory rooted in social psychology and has formulated a set of properly-scheduled,reasonably-coordinated,and flexibly-operated management system for the fundamental interests of the people and long-term goals of the country.

Evaluation of the Spatial Quality of the Greenway on the Tonghui River in Beijing

This study organized the current status of tangible cultural heritage along the Tonghui River.The spaces along the Tonghui River were classified according to the farmland,suburban areas,urban residential areas,and urban center areas.Spatial analysis of the current situation was conducted through Baidu Street View images,with a focus on evaluating the spatial environment around the tangible cultural heritage.Negative factors affecting the reuse of cultural heritage were analyzed,such as poor appearance of buildings and low accessibility of transportation along the Tonghui River.

Pollution characteristics of the recent sediments in the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal,China

Spatial distribution of heavy metals, arsenic and organic matter in recent sediments in the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal and their relationships were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals and organic matters varied widely along the canal, and the average geological accumulation factors decreased in the following orders: organic carbon(2.6), zinc(2.1), cadmium(2.0), copper(1.5), lead(1.1), nitrogen(0.9), mercury (0.8), phosphorus(0.4), arsenic(0.2) and chromium(0). Content of heavy metals and organic carbon in the top 10 cm layer were lower than that of lower layers, except for mercury and organic carbon in the S9 section. Contents of organic carbon in the top 50 cm layer of the mud sediments are significantly higher than those underneath. In the bottom mud layer, there is a concentration peak of the pollutants. In the mud sediments of the canal, cadmium mainly occurred in the Fe and Mn oxide fraction, copper in the organic fraction, lead in the Fe and Mn oxide fraction, and zinc in the carbonate and the Fe and Mn oxide fraction.

Distribution of heavy-metals in the Grand Canal(Hangzhou section)and its contributing factors

The Grand Canal (Hangzhou section), People's Republic of China, has been highly contaminated by heavy metals from both industrial and municipal sources since 1950s. This study investigated the distribution of heavy metals including As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The results showed that these metals are largely accumulated in the top 0 3 meter layer of the river sediment.Despite the contamination, heavy metal concentrations in solution are increased in some locations only. The only exception is Zn whose concentrations are extremely high both in solution and in the top layer sediment. The top layer sediment appears to have reached almost its sorption capacity with respect to aqueous Zn. The extent of contamination is in the sequence of Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd. It is speculated that Cu distribution has been significantly affected by its binding to organic matter in the top layer sediment. Based on Pb distribution in both water and sediment, it is suggested that Pb transport in the canal is associated with colloids or particles suspended in water. The study showed that the top layer sediment in the Grand Canal serves as a sink to anthropogenic contaminants consisting of heavy metals as well as organic compounds.

Characterizing ship-induced hydrodynamics in a heavy shipping traffic waterway via intensified field measurements

Ship-induced hydrodynamics play an important role in shaping the cross-sectional profile of inland waterways and produce a large amount of pressure on the fluvial environment.This study aimed at quantifying the characteristics of ship-induced waves and currents in a heavy shipping traffic waterway via intensified field measurements conducted in the Changzhou segment of the Grand Canal,in Jiangsu Province,China.Based on the processed hydrodynamic data,waves and currents caused by single ships and multiple ships were investigated.For single ships,the shipinduced wave heights estimated with empirical formulas were not consistent with the observations.Categorized by the loading conditions of barges,the drawdown height was characterized by the ratio of ship speed to its limit speed.The maximum non-dimensional ship-induced wave height was parameterized by a nonlinear combination of the depth Froude number and a blockage coefficient.For multiple ships,when ships closely followed each other or interlaced each other's paths,it was difficult to characterize the superposition of several ship wakes.The magnitudes of current velocities induced by single ships and multiple ships were respectively nine and six times as large as those of natural flow.This may result in more severe sediment(re)suspension than natural flows.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Formation and water environmental evolution of the Nansihu Lake

Through high-resolution research of sedimental chronology and the sediment environmental indexes, such as graininess, minerals, magnetic parameters, pigment content, organic carbon and chronology in Ds-core and Ws-core in Nansihu Lake, the authors analyze the formation cause of the Nansihu Lake and its water environmental changes. Historical documents are also analyzed here in order to reach the conclusion. Researches indicate that the Nansihu Lake came into being about 2500 aBP and its evolution succession can be divided into four stages. In this evolution process, several scattered lakes merge into one large lake in the east of China. This process is distinctively affected by the overflow of the Yellow River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and other human activities.

Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Settlements Along the Canal in Handan Area

The canal and the settlements along its bank are mutually cause and effect.On the one hand,the excavation of the canal optimizes the economic environment of the coastal regions,and creates unique advantages in natural conditions,and the rise and fall of the settlements along the canal and the spatial forms are affected by the canal;and conversely,the settlements along the canal also drive the canal system to become more mature and accelerate the development of the canal.This paper sorted out the overall spatial characteristics and distribution factors of the settlements along the Grand Canal in Handan,and summarized various laws and directions presented by the generation and distribution of cultural heritage of such settlements,aiming to provide a new research perspective for the protection and utilization of settlements along the canal in Handan.

Research on Protection and Utilization of Architectural Cultural Heritage in Canal Towns:A Case Study of Daokou Ancient Town

Architectural heritage is an important part of China’s brilliant national culture.As the carrier of material and spiritual civilization in a specific region and historical period,architectural heritage has witnessed people’s daily life,cultural customs and spiritual civilization activities.Taking Daokou Ancient Town on the riverside of the Grand Canal as an example,this paper analyzes the location,development trend,external traffic,architecture and cultural heritage value of the ancient town,and finds that there are problems such as economic depression,prominent constructive destruction,improper restoration of historical blocks and lack of public space through field investigation and visits.Some protection and utilization strategies and suggestions for stimulating economic development,overall planning,overhauling historical blocks and reshaping public space are put forward,in order to provide reference significance and help for the protection of architectural cultural heritage of Daokou Ancient Town.

Management of the Grand Canal and it＇s bid as a world cultural heritage site

The Grand Canal is of incomparable importance to ancient China, which stiU serves it＇s original functions in the current society. Given it＇s outstanding value, the conservation of the Grand Canal in China is drawing an increasing attention, and there is a proposal to inscribe it in the World Heritage List in the near future. The different functions of the Grand Canal determine the roles of the different departments; however, there are some contradictions that will harm it＇s conservation. The current paper attempts to find solutions toward the better management of the Grand Canal in the context of world heritage conservation.

Remote sensing detection and verification of disappeared reservoirs along the Grand Canal of China

Digital Earth is an information-rich expression of the real Earth and is a new way of understanding the Earth in the twenty-first century.Archeology has found great potentialities in Digital Earth,strongly increasing its development and its interdisciplinary experimentations.With the rapid development of remote sensing,the importance of applying Earth observation technology to archeological research has caught a great amount of attention worldwide.The objective of this study is to apply Radarsat-1 and Landsat imagery,historical maps,and aerial photographs in the detection and verification of disappeared reservoirs built 500 years ago as part of the Grand Canal of China.The results of the study show that the potential sites present distinct variations in soil moisture,biomass,and biological vigor,characterized by weak backscattering in Radarsat imagery;high vegetation indices in Landsat imagery;and distinct anomalies in a Landsat principle components image.Historical maps and aerial photographs also verified the existence of the sites of disappeared reservoirs.Since the sites have so far not been extensively explored,the results should represent a significant contribution to the understanding of the Grand Canal of China and its auxiliary facilities.

Scientific significance of ancient maps of Yellow River and Grand Canal for water conservancy in China

Based on the study of ancient maps preserved in China and abroad,the systematic nature and practical meaning of the maps of the Yellow River and Grand Canal is demonstrated.It is pointed out that the ancient maps not only record the spatial information of the established water conservancy engineering for river harnessing but also the management systems of the rivers in history.Besides,the maps provide abundant information on nature,humanity,and geography and possess high value in academic research and art appreciation.

Assessing Linear Urban Landscape from dynamic visual perception based on urban morphology

As an essential part of the urban landscape,linear urban landscape(LUL)is the interaction between humans and nature,which is closely associated with daily life and brings multiple characteristics to visual perception.Current studies focus on complex models that describe visual perception using static viewpoints,but lossing the continuous and dynamic features of visual perception.This paper provides a general framework that can quantify dynamic visual perception based on urban morphology and improves accuracy in the descriptions of LUL linear spatial characteristics.Based on Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal(Hangzhou urban section),the proposed framework combines the indicators of multiple dimensions to quantify dynamic visual perception and emphasizes the continuity of LUL.To represent the dynamic visual perception and the spatial pattern characteristics of LUL,different evaluation criteria of indicators are set according to landscape scales.To minimize subjectivity and uncertainty caused by subjective cognition and fulfill the landscape pattern under different urban development policies,we set up distinct scenario preference patterns.With appropriate fine-tuning of scenario preference patterns and setting of movement types,the proposed method can be adapted to other LUL projects and aspires to provide a general methodology and scientific guidance for urban planning and landscape management.

Wind comfort in a public urban space--Case study within Dublin Docklands

Open public spaces provide venues for cultural, recreational events and promote informal social contact between citizens. Successful outdoor spaces promote comfort and invite people to stay outdoors. Provision of thermal comfort outdoors present a challenge, as an extended range of environmental conditions must be dealt with. The present study examines whether climatic characteristics in Dublin facilitate exercising tong-term outdoor activities during summer, and investigates the extent to which urban planning and the resulting urban morphology of the built environment influences microclimates created, from the viewpoint of wind environment. Microclimates at Grand Canal Square have been simulated by ENVI-met. Wind velocity has been expressed in relation to that of the ＂background＂ climate in order to verify if the site has a wind protecting character or to the contrary, it enhances airflow. The results show for the dominant wind directions （W, SW, S） that 60% higher wind velocity than at Dublin Airport can occur around building corners and at restricted flow sections--preventing any kind of long-term outdoor activity during a ＂typical＂ day. S and SW winds cause 15%-20% acceleration at the W waterfront area. Windy urban environment can call forth a limited frequentation of urban space.