We present a numerical study on the penetration of spherical projectiles into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows.Due to the presence of interstitial fluid,the force chains between particles in the gran...We present a numerical study on the penetration of spherical projectiles into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows.Due to the presence of interstitial fluid,the force chains between particles in the granular bed are weakened significantly,and this distinguishes the penetration behavior from that in the absence of fluid.An interesting phenomenon,namely granular jet,is observed during the penetration,and the mechanism for its formation and growth is attributed to the merging of granular vortices generated by the interaction between the intruder and primary particles.Moreover,both the final penetration depth and the maximum diameter of the crater are found to follow a power-law dependence with the impact velocity,and the maximum height reached by the granular jet tends to increase linearly as the impact velocity increases,agreeing well with the experimental results reported in the literature.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(grant No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0028)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant No.2022CDJXY-011)。
文摘We present a numerical study on the penetration of spherical projectiles into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows.Due to the presence of interstitial fluid,the force chains between particles in the granular bed are weakened significantly,and this distinguishes the penetration behavior from that in the absence of fluid.An interesting phenomenon,namely granular jet,is observed during the penetration,and the mechanism for its formation and growth is attributed to the merging of granular vortices generated by the interaction between the intruder and primary particles.Moreover,both the final penetration depth and the maximum diameter of the crater are found to follow a power-law dependence with the impact velocity,and the maximum height reached by the granular jet tends to increase linearly as the impact velocity increases,agreeing well with the experimental results reported in the literature.
