Management of granulomatous lobular mastitis: an international multidisciplinary consensus(2021 edition)

Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence.Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions,etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology.The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidencebased consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.

Relationship between granulomatous lobular mastitis and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism

BACKGROUND Variations in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)gene have been reported as risk factors for numerous conditions,including cardiovascular disease,thrombophilia,stroke,hypertension and pregnancy-related complications.Moreover,it was reported there is an association between breast cancer and mutations in MTHFR-C677T.However,whether there is an association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and granulomatous lobular mastitis or not has been rarely investigated.AIM To analyze the association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and granulomatous lobular mastitis.METHODS Fifty-one patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis admitted to The First Hospital of Kunming were selected as study samples.Their hospitalization time ranged from February 2018 to February 2019.The 51 patients were included in the experimental group,and another 51 women who underwent physical examination at The First Hospital of Kunming in the same period were included in the control group.Deoxyribonucleic acid and MTFR genetic polymorphism testing were performed in each group.The association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and granulomatous lobular mastitis was observed.RESULTS There were significant differences in genotype frequency and allele frequency of C/C and C/T between the experimental group and the control group(all P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in frequency of T/T genotype between the two groups(P>0.05).In addition,there was no significant difference in genotype frequency and allele frequency of A/A,A/C and C/C between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION MTHFR gene C677T locus polymorphism is closely related to granulomatous lobular mastitis.

Treatment of bilateral granulomatous lobular mastitis during lactation with traditional Chinese medicine: A case report

BACKGROUND Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM)is a type of benign chronic inflammatory disease that poses therapeutic challenges to healthcare providers.The diagnosis of GLM relies on tissue biopsy,and incorrect treatment may lead to delayed diagnosis,considerable aesthetic damage,and even mastectomy.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 37-year-old Chinese woman who was lactating and had GLM in both breasts.At the time of treatment,the right breast had a mass of approximately 15 cm×11 cm,which was hard and had poor mobility.Multiple skin ulcerations and pus spills were also observed on the surface of the breast.The left breast had a mass of about 13 cm×9 cm,which was hard and had poor mobility.CONCLUSION Herein,we report a case of bilateral GLM in a lactating woman that was successfully treated with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),without the requirement for surgery or other treatments.Therefore,TCM may have advantages in the nonsurgical treatment of GLM.

Granulomatous lobular mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum

Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast of unknown etiology. Most present as breast masses in women of child-bearing age. A 29-year-old female presented with a swollen, firm and tender right breast, initially misdiagnosed as mastitis. Core needle biopsy revealed findings consistent with granulomatous lobular mastitis, and cultures were all negative for an infectious etiology. She was started on steroid therapy to which she initially responded well. A few weeks later she deteriorated and was found to have multiple breast abscesses. She underwent operative drainage and cultures grew Mycobacterium fortuitum. Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast. The definitive diagnose entails a biopsy. Other causes of chronic or granulomatous mastitis should be ruled out, including atypical or rare bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum. This is the first reported case of granulomatous mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum. With pathologic confirmation of granulomatous mastitis, an infectious etiology must be ruled out. Atypical bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum may not readily grow on cultures, as with our case. Medical management is appropriate, with surgical excision reserved for refractory cases or for drainage of abscesses.

Granulomatous lobular mastitis

Granulomatous lobular mastitis is an unusual breast benign inflammatory disorder with unknown aetiology. It is generally emerged with the clinical symptoms of breast mass, abscess, inflammation and mammary duct fistula. The diagnosis is made by histopathology with a chronic non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in lobules of the breast tissue as the microscopic feature. Therapy of granulomatous lobular mastitis consists of surgical, medication treatment or combination of both, but now researches suggest that observational management is an acceptable treatment.

Clinical efficacy of external treatment with Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with hormone therapy for granulomatous mastitis and its effect on cellular pyroptosis proteins

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with dexamethasone ointment in the treatment of granulomatous lobular mastitis in the mass stage and the effect on cellular pyroptosis-related proteins.Methods:Forty patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis were randomly divided into 20 cases in the observation group and 20 cases in the control group.Both groups were given dexamethasone ointment for treatment,and the observation group was treated with external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang on the basis of the control group.Breast lump vol-ume changes,breast pain and pus symptoms,pathology and histology and immunohistochemistry,cellular death-related indicators expression were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the difference in mass volume of the observation group was significantly greater than that of the control group(16.7±21.5 in the control group and 32.9±27.4 in the experimental group)and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05);the objective remission rate of the patients in the observation group(ORR=85%)was significantly higher than that of the treatment group(ORR=50%,P<0.05).In terms of pus formation rate and pain level,the breast pain score of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group after two weeks or three weeks of treatment(P<0.05);the pus formation rate of the observation group was 30%,and the pus formation rate of the control group was 20%,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The immunohistochemical expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05);and in terms of the expression of cellular pyroptosis-related indexes,the expression of GSDMD,cas-pase-1,and NLRP3 in the observation group was significantly lower compared with that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The efficacy of external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with dexamethasone ointment in treating granulomatous lobular mastitis in the mass stage is remarkable,which can effectively reduce breast pain,reduce the size of the mass,de-crease the expression of cellular pyroptosisrelated indexes,and have a good anti-inflammatory effect.

Aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast that can clinically and radiographically mimic breast carcinoma. The most common clinical presentation is an unilateral, discrete breast mass, nipple retraction and even a sinus formation often associated with an inflammation of the overlying skin. The etiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is still obscure. Its treatment remains controversial. The cause may be the autoimmune process, infection, a chemical reaction associated with oral contraceptive pills, or even lactation. Various factors, including hormonal imbalance, autoimmunity, unknown microbiological agents, smoking and α 1-antitrypsin deficiency have been suggested to play a role in disease aetiology. In this review, causing factors in the aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis are reviewed in detail.

超声造影鉴别诊断肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎和乳腺癌的临床价值

目的 探讨超声造影对肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)和乳腺癌鉴别诊断的临床价值。方法 选取本院诊断治疗的GLM和乳腺癌患者80例,分为GLM组(42例)和乳腺癌组(38例)。超声造影后观察造影剂状况,评估病灶直径、形态及边缘、微小钙化、回声、内部血流、血管阻力指数(RI)、腋窝淋巴结异常等。结果 GLM病变累及范围及程度不同,超声造影图像特征多样,24例实性肿块,内部呈低回声,呈假肾征。10例弥散型形态不规则、边界不清、后方回声增强。8例管状型,病灶组织及周边出现不规则低回声结构,部分患者合并腋窝淋巴结肿大。GLM组病灶造影剂早期进入时间、高增强、造影剂分布不均匀百分比为28.57%、11.90%和23.81%,低于乳腺癌组52.63%、68.42%和76.32%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GLM组病灶最大直径为(6.13±0.81)mm,高于乳腺癌组(3.58±0.74)mm,GLM组病灶边缘毛刺或成角百分比26.19%,低于乳腺癌组81.58%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GLM组微小钙化、内部血流(Ⅱ+Ⅲ级)、RI≥7等百分比分别为9.52%、52.38%、21.43%、23.81%、16.67%,低于乳腺癌组76.32%、63.16%、81.58%、68.42%、88.95%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 超声造影可通过评估病灶边缘形态、钙化、回声及血供等特点,在GLM与乳腺癌的鉴别诊断显示出一定优势。

乳腺MRI导管异常信号作为伴随征象的鉴别诊断意义

目的探讨乳腺MRI导管异常信号作为伴随征象的鉴别诊断意义。方法选取经病理证实的乳腺纤维腺瘤及(或)腺病、肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(granulomatous lobular mastitis,GLM)、乳腺癌(breast cancer,BC)共172例患者,将172例患者按三类疾病分为三组;乳腺纤维腺瘤及(或)腺病组、GLM组、BC组,对预扫描导管高信号及导管样强化在三组数据的阳性率进行卡方检验,判断差异是否有统计学意义。多元logistic回归分析导管样异常信号对鉴别三类病变的价值。结果预扫描导管高信号三组阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),导管样强化三组阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元logistic回归分析:以纤维腺瘤及(或)腺病组为对照,导管样强化增加GLM诊断的可能性差异有统计学意义(OR=10.011,95%CI 3.492-28.703,P<0.001)。以BC组为对照,导管样强化增加GLM诊断的可能性差异有统计学意义(OR=4.435,95%CI 1.772-11.096,P=0.001)。结论导管样强化对GLM诊断具有一定价值。

基于数据挖掘探讨肿块期肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎的用药规律

目的:基于数据挖掘的方法探讨文献中中药治疗肿块期肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis,GLM)的用药规律和组方配伍特点。方法:利用计算机检索1980年(维普为收录起始年)至2022年中国知网、万方数据库、维普期刊资源整合服务平台、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于中药治疗肿块期GLM的文献,严格筛选符合纳入标准的文献,利用Excel建立肿块期GLM规范化方药数据库,采用数据挖掘的方法对中药的功效类别、性味归经等进行频数统计分析以及关联规则和系统聚类分析。结果:纳入中药复方47首,涉及中药111味,累计药物使用频次574次,用药频次较高的药物包括柴胡、皂角刺、白芥子、蒲公英、熟地黄等,常用的中药功效类别为理气药、化痰药,四气多为寒、温,五味多为苦、辛,归经前3位分别为肝经、脾经、胃经。经关联规则分析,得出潜在配伍组合共16组,为白芥子、麻黄、熟地黄、炮姜、肉桂、香附的加减组合。聚类分析挖掘出5个核心组方。结论:中药治疗肿块期GLM多采用温阳散结、理气化痰之法。

乳房区域灌注技术在难治性肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎中应用价值

目的探讨乳房区域灌注技术在难治性肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(RGLM)中应用价值。方法回顾性分析2020年6月至2021年6月乳房区域灌注技术137例难治性肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎的临床资料。结果137例患者单侧手术132例,同时双侧手术5例,单侧手术时间(30±5)min,术中出血量(60±18)mL;术后无乳头缺血坏死;RGLM伴随症状(乳房剧烈疼痛、四肢结节红斑、关节酸痛、发热、干咳和头痛等)均在1周内缓解;术后阳和汤内服(2.9±0.7)个月;平均随访时间23.5个月,复发率0.7%;9例意向母哺乳喂养6个月内均未并发哺乳期乳腺炎;乳房美容效果满意。结论乳房区域灌注技术治疗RGLM效果满意,值得临床推广。

超声在非哺乳期乳腺炎中的应用进展

非哺乳期乳腺炎(NPM)是一类病因不明的慢性炎症性疾病,好发于非哺乳期女性。NPM的主要病理类型包括导管周围乳腺炎和肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎。NPM虽为良性疾病,但临床表现和影像学特征缺乏特异性,易误诊为乳腺癌。且NPM病程长、易反复,病程后期还易造成乳房畸形,给患者带来沉重经济和心理负担。目前,NPM的影像学检查方法主要包括超声、钼靶和核磁共振等。超声因具有适用人群广泛、无辐射、可实时动态成像等优势在NPM早期发现、性质鉴别、病程监测中发挥重要作用。相信随着超声成像新技术的出现以及超声引导下介入技术的发展和普及,NPM的诊断水平将不断提高,从而为NPM患者的治疗提供新思路。

超声检查对肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎和导管原位癌的诊断效能及超声声像图特征分析

目的:分析超声检查鉴别肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)和导管原位癌(DCIS)的效能及超声声像图特征。方法:选取2017年3月—2023年4月郑州大学第三附属医院收治的GLM患者80例作为GLM组,DCIS患者43例作为DCIS组。两组均进行X线检查和超声检查,比较超声检查、X线检查诊断GLM、DCIS的效能,比较两组超声声像图特征。结果:超声检查诊断GLM、DCIS的灵敏度、特异度、准确度高于X线检查,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组病灶形状、病灶后方回声、导管扩张、钙化、周围组织回声增高、皮肤增厚、血管供应方式比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组病灶形态、病灶边缘、病灶回声模式比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:超声检查诊断GLM和DCIS的效能较好,超声声像图特征显著,可为临床鉴别诊断提供可靠依据。

中医药治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎研究进展

肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎作为临床常见的乳腺疾病,具有病程缠绵、难愈且易反复的特点。中医治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎理论基础丰富,治疗方式多样,根据肿块期、脓肿期、溃后期的发病特点进行辨证施治,采用内治与外治相结合的方法,取得了较好的临床疗效。本文从病因病机、中医内治法、中医外治法3个方面对中医药治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎研究现状进行梳理总结,以期为临床诊疗提供参考。

糖皮质激素与手术联合在肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎治疗中的临床疗效观察

目的观察糖皮质激素与手术联合在肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎治疗中的临床疗效。方法94例肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎患者,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,每组47例。对照组行手术治疗,研究组行糖皮质激素与手术联合治疗。比较两组治疗效果、治疗前后血清炎性因子[血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)]水平、手术情况、患者对手术后乳腺外观满意度、复发率。结果研究组治疗总有效率97.87%高于对照组的80.85%(χ^(2)=7.162,P=0.007<0.05)。治疗后,研究组IL-2(8.21±1.38)ng/ml、CRP(8.03±2.13)mg/L、IL-6(102.31±10.92)ng/ml均低于对照组的(12.99±2.04)ng/ml、(12.48±3.44)mg/L、(148.92±18.34)ng/ml(t=13.305、7.540、14.970,P<0.05)。研究组手术时间(50.49±15.82)min、术中出血量(21.30±10.39)ml、切口愈合时间(4.01±1.03)d、住院时间(5.47±1.38)d均少于对照组的(58.39±15.36)min、(28.93±14.39)ml、(5.72±1.24)d、(8.89±1.47)d(t=2.456、2.947、7.272、11.629,P<0.05)。研究组对手术后乳腺外观总满意率为95.74%,高于对照组的80.85%(χ^(2)=5.045,P<0.05)。跟踪随访半年,研究组患者复发1例,复发率为2.13%;对照组复发8例,复发率为17.02%。研究组术后复发率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论糖皮质激素与手术联合在肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎治疗中效果显著,能有效减少术中出血量,提高术后美观度,且复发率低。

甲氨蝶呤联合糖皮质激素对肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎的疗效及不良反应分析

目的 分析甲氨蝶呤联合糖皮质激素对肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)的疗效及不良反应。方法 回顾性选取2019年9月至2021年12月于广东省中医院和广东省妇幼保健院进行治疗的GLM患者99例,根据患者的治疗方案不同,将34例甲氨蝶呤联合糖皮质激素治疗患者纳入联合治疗组,65例单纯使用糖皮质激素治疗患者纳入对照组。比较两组患者炎症因子水平、治疗效果及不良反应发生率。结果 联合治疗组的总有效率97.06%(33/34),高于对照组80.00%(52/65),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.038,P<0.05)。联合治疗组和对照组治疗后C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞计数(WBC)水平[分别是(19.78±4.74) mg·L^(-1)、(26.46±4.24) mg·L^(-1);(22.68±5.81) pg·m L^(-1)、(33.52±6.22) pg·m L^(-1);(7.14±0.84)10~9·m L^(-1)、(8.64±0.97) 10~9·m L^(-1)],低于治疗前[分别是(34.46±8.24) mg·L^(-1)、(33.52±7.81) mg·L^(-1);(39.77±10.24)pg·m L^(-1)、(40.13±11.05) pg·m L^(-1);(10.54±2.24) 10~9·m L^(-1)、(10.72±2.51) 10~9·m L^(-1)],且治疗后联合治疗组低于对照组(t=7.146、8.419、7.638,均P<0.05)。联合治疗组不良反应发生率11.76%(4/34),低于对照组30.77%(20/65)(χ^(2)=4.390,P<0.05)。结论 甲氨蝶呤联合糖皮质激素治疗方案可显著缓解GLM患者的临床症状,且安全性较高,具有临床应用价值。

丹鹿胶囊联合黄葵胶囊对肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎复发率的影响

目的观察丹鹿胶囊联合黄葵胶囊对肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)患者复发率的影响。方法从上海中医药大学附属龙华医院刘胜教授门诊数据库中,抽取GLM恢复期服用丹鹿胶囊联合黄葵胶囊且治愈后随访满6个月的GLM患者。本研究采用单组回顾性临床试验,通过目标值的设定,通过观察患者临床治愈后6个月内的复发率,分析在GLM恢复期服用丹鹿胶囊联合黄葵胶囊对复发率的影响。结果本研究纳入GLM患者51例,年龄27~53岁,平均服药时间(5.25±2.87)个月,平均随访时间为(12.47±4.60)个月,51例患者出现4例复发。采用Clopper-Pearson可信区间计算法得到其复发率为7.84%(95%CI:2.17%~18.89%),低于目标值23%,差异有统计学意义。治疗期间不良反应总发生率为5.88%(3/51),研究期间未观察到肝肾功能损伤及其他不良反应发生。结论丹鹿胶囊联合黄葵胶囊为降低GLM复发率的有效治疗方案。

肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎复发率及危险因素的系统评价

目的:系统评价肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)的复发情况。方法:计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库(WanFang Database)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、维普数据库(VIP)、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase,搜集有关GLM复发因素相关的研究,检索时限为建库至2023年5月16日。结果:最终纳入9篇文献,涉及1741例GLM病人。Meta分析结果显示:GLM复发率为16%[95%CI(12%,21%)],影响因素分析显示,棒状杆菌感染[OR=4.80,95%CI(1.76,13.09),P<0.01]、吸烟[OR=11.01,95%CI(1.14,106.78),P<0.05]等是GLM复发的独立危险因素。结论:现有证据表明,GLM复发率较高,且受棒状杆菌感染和吸烟等因素的影响,受纳入研究数量的限制,研究结果尚待更多高质量研究予以验证。

基于数据挖掘和网络药理学的中医药治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎用药规律及作用机制分析

目的:探究中医治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis,GLM)的用药规律及潜在作用机制,以期为后续实验研究、临床应用提供参考。方法:检索中国知网、万方、维普数据库中收录的相关中文文献,建立处方数据库,运用Excel、SPSS、OriginPro、Cytoscape对处方数据库中相关中药进行频次统计、性味归经分析、关联规则及聚类分析。利用网络药理学方法检测核心药物的潜在作用靶点及通路,从TCMSP、Disgenet等数据库获取核心药物与疾病的相关靶点信息,筛选交集靶点利用STRING数据库进行蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用分析,导入Cytoscape3.9.1绘制蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络图,通过网络拓扑分析得到核心靶点。最后分子对接验证核心成分与核心靶点。结果:共纳入63篇符合条件的相关文献,涉及162味中药,其中皂角刺、甘草、柴胡、蒲公英、当归等使用频次最高;药物性味以温、寒及苦、甘、辛为主,主要归肝经、肺经、胃经、脾经。关联规则分析共获得10个药对,9个药组,其中当归-黄芪出现频率最高;聚类分析得到7个聚类方。核心药物组合“当归、黄芪、皂角刺、金银花、蒲公英”与GLM的交集靶点16个,经拓扑分析得到9个关键靶点,包括白蛋白(Albumin,ALB)、信号转导及转录激活蛋白3(Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3,STAT3)、血清白细胞介素-6等。运用DAVID平台进行基因本体论(GO)和京都基因与基因百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,主要涉及缺氧诱导因子1(Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1,HIF-1)信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF)信号通路。分子对接结果显示核心成分与靶点对接良好,其中木犀草素与ALB结合性最好。结论:治疗GLM以补气养血、托疮生肌为主要治法。方药以补虚药为主,辅以清热药,核心药组通过调控HIF-1信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、TNF信号通路等发挥治疗作用。

预防性使用皮瓣转移乳头乳晕成形术在肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎手术中的应用评价

目的 探讨术中预防性使用皮瓣转移乳头乳晕成形术在扩大切除联合整形手术治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(granulomatous lobular mastitis, GLM)中的疗效。方法 采用回顾性研究,收集2021年9月~2022年6月在北京中医药大学东直门医院住院治疗的肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎患者200例,均经病理证实,且采用扩大切除+整形手术+皮瓣转移乳头乳晕成形术治疗。观察疗效及乳头乳晕复合体(nipple-areola complex, NAC)有无坏死,评估坏死分级,计算坏死率,评价该术式的有效率及患者满意率。结果 随访脱落2例,198例获得随访,时间15 d。获得随访的198例患者均获治愈,未出现疾病复发。出现NAC坏死5例,均为1级,坏死率2.53%,预防有效率及患者满意率均为97.47%。结论 预防性使用皮瓣转移乳头乳晕成形术治疗肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎疗效确切,术后发生NAC缺血坏死的风险低,值得临床推广应用。