The traditional malware research is mainly based on its recognition and detection as a breakthrough point,without focusing on its propagation trends or predicting the subsequently infected nodes.The complexity of netw...The traditional malware research is mainly based on its recognition and detection as a breakthrough point,without focusing on its propagation trends or predicting the subsequently infected nodes.The complexity of network structure,diversity of network nodes,and sparsity of data all pose difficulties in predicting propagation.This paper proposes a malware propagation prediction model based on representation learning and Graph Convolutional Networks(GCN)to address the aforementioned problems.First,to solve the problem of the inaccuracy of infection intensity calculation caused by the sparsity of node interaction behavior data in the malware propagation network,a mechanism based on a tensor to mine the infection intensity among nodes is proposed to retain the network structure information.The influence of the relationship between nodes on the infection intensity is also analyzed.Second,given the diversity and complexity of the content and structure of infected and normal nodes in the network,considering the advantages of representation learning in data feature extraction,the corresponding representation learning method is adopted for the characteristics of infection intensity among nodes.This can efficiently calculate the relationship between entities and relationships in low dimensional space to achieve the goal of low dimensional,dense,and real-valued representation learning for the characteristics of propagation spatial data.We also design a new method,Tensor2vec,to learn the potential structural features of malware propagation.Finally,considering the convolution ability of GCN for non-Euclidean data,we propose a dynamic prediction model of malware propagation based on representation learning and GCN to solve the time effectiveness problem of the malware propagation carrier.The experimental results show that the proposed model can effectively predict the behaviors of the nodes in the network and discover the influence of different characteristics of nodes on the malware propagation situation.展开更多
Micro-expressions are spontaneous, unconscious movements that reveal true emotions.Accurate facial movement information and network training learning methods are crucial for micro-expression recognition.However, most ...Micro-expressions are spontaneous, unconscious movements that reveal true emotions.Accurate facial movement information and network training learning methods are crucial for micro-expression recognition.However, most existing micro-expression recognition technologies so far focus on modeling the single category of micro-expression images and neural network structure.Aiming at the problems of low recognition rate and weak model generalization ability in micro-expression recognition, a micro-expression recognition algorithm is proposed based on graph convolution network(GCN) and Transformer model.Firstly, action unit(AU) feature detection is extracted and facial muscle nodes in the neighborhood are divided into three subsets for recognition.Then, graph convolution layer is used to find the layout of dependencies between AU nodes of micro-expression classification.Finally, multiple attentional features of each facial action are enriched with Transformer model to include more sequence information before calculating the overall correlation of each region.The proposed method is validated in CASME II and CAS(ME)^2 datasets, and the recognition rate reached 69.85%.展开更多
Recommendation Information Systems(RIS)are pivotal in helping users in swiftly locating desired content from the vast amount of information available on the Internet.Graph Convolution Network(GCN)algorithms have been ...Recommendation Information Systems(RIS)are pivotal in helping users in swiftly locating desired content from the vast amount of information available on the Internet.Graph Convolution Network(GCN)algorithms have been employed to implement the RIS efficiently.However,the GCN algorithm faces limitations in terms of performance enhancement owing to the due to the embedding value-vanishing problem that occurs during the learning process.To address this issue,we propose a Weighted Forwarding method using the GCN(WF-GCN)algorithm.The proposed method involves multiplying the embedding results with different weights for each hop layer during graph learning.By applying the WF-GCN algorithm,which adjusts weights for each hop layer before forwarding to the next,nodes with many neighbors achieve higher embedding values.This approach facilitates the learning of more hop layers within the GCN framework.The efficacy of the WF-GCN was demonstrated through its application to various datasets.In the MovieLens dataset,the implementation of WF-GCN in LightGCN resulted in significant performance improvements,with recall and NDCG increasing by up to+163.64%and+132.04%,respectively.Similarly,in the Last.FM dataset,LightGCN using WF-GCN enhanced with WF-GCN showed substantial improvements,with the recall and NDCG metrics rising by up to+174.40%and+169.95%,respectively.Furthermore,the application of WF-GCN to Self-supervised Graph Learning(SGL)and Simple Graph Contrastive Learning(SimGCL)also demonstrated notable enhancements in both recall and NDCG across these datasets.展开更多
The continuous improvement of the cyber threat intelligence sharing mechanism provides new ideas to deal with Advanced Persistent Threats(APT).Extracting attack behaviors,i.e.,Tactics,Techniques,Procedures(TTP)from Cy...The continuous improvement of the cyber threat intelligence sharing mechanism provides new ideas to deal with Advanced Persistent Threats(APT).Extracting attack behaviors,i.e.,Tactics,Techniques,Procedures(TTP)from Cyber Threat Intelligence(CTI)can facilitate APT actors’profiling for an immediate response.However,it is difficult for traditional manual methods to analyze attack behaviors from cyber threat intelligence due to its heterogeneous nature.Based on the Adversarial Tactics,Techniques and Common Knowledge(ATT&CK)of threat behavior description,this paper proposes a threat behavioral knowledge extraction framework that integrates Heterogeneous Text Network(HTN)and Graph Convolutional Network(GCN)to solve this issue.It leverages the hierarchical correlation relationships of attack techniques and tactics in the ATT&CK to construct a text network of heterogeneous cyber threat intelligence.With the help of the Bidirectional EncoderRepresentation fromTransformers(BERT)pretraining model to analyze the contextual semantics of cyber threat intelligence,the task of threat behavior identification is transformed into a text classification task,which automatically extracts attack behavior in CTI,then identifies the malware and advanced threat actors.The experimental results show that F1 achieve 94.86%and 92.15%for the multi-label classification tasks of tactics and techniques.Extend the experiment to verify the method’s effectiveness in identifying the malware and threat actors in APT attacks.The F1 for malware and advanced threat actors identification task reached 98.45%and 99.48%,which are better than the benchmark model in the experiment and achieve state of the art.The model can effectivelymodel threat intelligence text data and acquire knowledge and experience migration by correlating implied features with a priori knowledge to compensate for insufficient sample data and improve the classification performance and recognition ability of threat behavior in text.展开更多
Existing solutions do not work well when multi-targets coexist in a sentence.The reason is that the existing solution is usually to separate multiple targets and process them separately.If the original sentence has N ...Existing solutions do not work well when multi-targets coexist in a sentence.The reason is that the existing solution is usually to separate multiple targets and process them separately.If the original sentence has N target,the original sentence will be repeated for N times,and only one target will be processed each time.To some extent,this approach degenerates the fine-grained sentiment classification task into the sentence-level sentiment classification task,and the research method of processing the target separately ignores the internal relation and interaction between the targets.Based on the above considerations,we proposes to use Graph Convolutional Network(GCN)to model and process multi-targets appearing in sentences at the same time based on the positional relationship,and then to construct a graph of the sentiment relationship between targets based on the difference of the sentiment polarity between target words.In addition to the standard target-dependent sentiment classification task,an auxiliary node relation classification task is constructed.Experiments demonstrate that our model achieves new comparable performance on the benchmark datasets:SemEval-2014 Task 4,i.e.,reviews for restaurants and laptops.Furthermore,the method of dividing the target words into isolated individuals has disadvantages,and the multi-task learning model is beneficial to enhance the feature extraction ability and expression ability of the model.展开更多
Graph convolutional networks(GCNs)have received significant attention from various research fields due to the excellent performance in learning graph representations.Although GCN performs well compared with other meth...Graph convolutional networks(GCNs)have received significant attention from various research fields due to the excellent performance in learning graph representations.Although GCN performs well compared with other methods,it still faces challenges.Training a GCN model for large-scale graphs in a conventional way requires high computation and storage costs.Therefore,motivated by an urgent need in terms of efficiency and scalability in training GCN,sampling methods have been proposed and achieved a significant effect.In this paper,we categorize sampling methods based on the sampling mechanisms and provide a comprehensive survey of sampling methods for efficient training of GCN.To highlight the characteristics and differences of sampling methods,we present a detailed comparison within each category and further give an overall comparative analysis for the sampling methods in all categories.Finally,we discuss some challenges and future research directions of the sampling methods.展开更多
Knowledge graph(KG) link prediction aims to address the problem of missing multiple valid triples in KGs. Existing approaches either struggle to efficiently model the message passing process of multi-hop paths or lack...Knowledge graph(KG) link prediction aims to address the problem of missing multiple valid triples in KGs. Existing approaches either struggle to efficiently model the message passing process of multi-hop paths or lack transparency of model prediction principles. In this paper,a new graph convolutional network path semantic-aware graph convolution network(PSGCN) is proposed to achieve modeling the semantic information of multi-hop paths. PSGCN first uses a random walk strategy to obtain all-hop paths in KGs,then captures the semantics of the paths by Word2Sec and long shortterm memory(LSTM) models,and finally converts them into a potential representation for the graph convolution network(GCN) messaging process. PSGCN combines path-based inference methods and graph neural networks to achieve better interpretability and scalability. In addition,to ensure the robustness of the model,the value of the path thresholdKis experimented on the FB15K-237 and WN18RR datasets,and the final results prove the effectiveness of the model.展开更多
The surface electromyography(sEMG)is one of the basic processing techniques to the gesture recognition because of its inherent advantages of easy collection and non-invasion.However,limited by feature extraction and c...The surface electromyography(sEMG)is one of the basic processing techniques to the gesture recognition because of its inherent advantages of easy collection and non-invasion.However,limited by feature extraction and classifier selection,the adaptability and accuracy of the conventional machine learning still need to promote with the increase of the input dimension and the number of output classifications.Moreover,due to the different characteristics of sEMG data and image data,the conventional convolutional neural network(CNN)have yet to fit sEMG signals.In this paper,a novel hybrid model combining CNN with the graph convolutional network(GCN)was constructed to improve the performance of the gesture recognition.Based on the characteristics of sEMG signal,GCN was introduced into the model through a joint voting network to extract the muscle synergy feature of the sEMG signal.Such strategy optimizes the structure and convolution kernel parameters of the residual network(ResNet)with the classification accuracy on the NinaPro DBl up to 90.07%.The experimental results and comparisons confirm the superiority of the proposed hybrid model for gesture recognition from the sEMG signals.展开更多
Using knowledge graphs to assist deep learning models in making recommendation decisions has recently been proven to effectively improve the model′s interpretability and accuracy.This paper introduces an end-to-end d...Using knowledge graphs to assist deep learning models in making recommendation decisions has recently been proven to effectively improve the model′s interpretability and accuracy.This paper introduces an end-to-end deep learning model,named representation-enhanced knowledge graph convolutional networks(RKGCN),which dynamically analyses each user′s preferences and makes a recommendation of suitable items.It combines knowledge graphs on both the item side and user side to enrich their representations to maximize the utilization of the abundant information in knowledge graphs.RKGCN is able to offer more personalized and relevant recommendations in three different scenarios.The experimental results show the superior effectiveness of our model over 5 baseline models on three real-world datasets including movies,books,and music.展开更多
Graph conjoint attention(CAT)network is one of the best graph convolutional networks(GCNs)frameworks,which uses a weighting mechanism to identify important neighbor nodes.However,this weighting mechanism is learned ba...Graph conjoint attention(CAT)network is one of the best graph convolutional networks(GCNs)frameworks,which uses a weighting mechanism to identify important neighbor nodes.However,this weighting mechanism is learned based on static information,which means it is susceptible to noisy nodes and edges,resulting in significant limitations.In this paper,a method is proposed to obtain context dynamically based on random walk,which allows the context-based weighting mechanism to better avoid noise interference.Furthermore,the proposed context-based weighting mechanism is combined with the node content-based weighting mechanism of the graph attention(GAT)network to form a model based on a mixed weighting mechanism.The model is named as the context-based and content-based graph convolutional network(CCGCN).CCGCN can better discover important neighbors,eliminate noise edges,and learn node embedding by message passing.Experiments show that CCGCN achieves state-of-the-art performance on node classification tasks in multiple datasets.展开更多
基金This research is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61772098)Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(Grant No.cstc2020jscxmsxmX0150)+2 种基金Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Support Program(CSTCCXLJRC201908)Basic and Advanced Research Projects of CSTC(No.cstc2019jcyj-zdxmX0008)Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KJZD-K201900605).
文摘The traditional malware research is mainly based on its recognition and detection as a breakthrough point,without focusing on its propagation trends or predicting the subsequently infected nodes.The complexity of network structure,diversity of network nodes,and sparsity of data all pose difficulties in predicting propagation.This paper proposes a malware propagation prediction model based on representation learning and Graph Convolutional Networks(GCN)to address the aforementioned problems.First,to solve the problem of the inaccuracy of infection intensity calculation caused by the sparsity of node interaction behavior data in the malware propagation network,a mechanism based on a tensor to mine the infection intensity among nodes is proposed to retain the network structure information.The influence of the relationship between nodes on the infection intensity is also analyzed.Second,given the diversity and complexity of the content and structure of infected and normal nodes in the network,considering the advantages of representation learning in data feature extraction,the corresponding representation learning method is adopted for the characteristics of infection intensity among nodes.This can efficiently calculate the relationship between entities and relationships in low dimensional space to achieve the goal of low dimensional,dense,and real-valued representation learning for the characteristics of propagation spatial data.We also design a new method,Tensor2vec,to learn the potential structural features of malware propagation.Finally,considering the convolution ability of GCN for non-Euclidean data,we propose a dynamic prediction model of malware propagation based on representation learning and GCN to solve the time effectiveness problem of the malware propagation carrier.The experimental results show that the proposed model can effectively predict the behaviors of the nodes in the network and discover the influence of different characteristics of nodes on the malware propagation situation.
基金Supported by Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Project (2021GY-280)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61834005,61772417,61802304)。
文摘Micro-expressions are spontaneous, unconscious movements that reveal true emotions.Accurate facial movement information and network training learning methods are crucial for micro-expression recognition.However, most existing micro-expression recognition technologies so far focus on modeling the single category of micro-expression images and neural network structure.Aiming at the problems of low recognition rate and weak model generalization ability in micro-expression recognition, a micro-expression recognition algorithm is proposed based on graph convolution network(GCN) and Transformer model.Firstly, action unit(AU) feature detection is extracted and facial muscle nodes in the neighborhood are divided into three subsets for recognition.Then, graph convolution layer is used to find the layout of dependencies between AU nodes of micro-expression classification.Finally, multiple attentional features of each facial action are enriched with Transformer model to include more sequence information before calculating the overall correlation of each region.The proposed method is validated in CASME II and CAS(ME)^2 datasets, and the recognition rate reached 69.85%.
基金This work was supported by the Kyonggi University Research Grant 2022.
文摘Recommendation Information Systems(RIS)are pivotal in helping users in swiftly locating desired content from the vast amount of information available on the Internet.Graph Convolution Network(GCN)algorithms have been employed to implement the RIS efficiently.However,the GCN algorithm faces limitations in terms of performance enhancement owing to the due to the embedding value-vanishing problem that occurs during the learning process.To address this issue,we propose a Weighted Forwarding method using the GCN(WF-GCN)algorithm.The proposed method involves multiplying the embedding results with different weights for each hop layer during graph learning.By applying the WF-GCN algorithm,which adjusts weights for each hop layer before forwarding to the next,nodes with many neighbors achieve higher embedding values.This approach facilitates the learning of more hop layers within the GCN framework.The efficacy of the WF-GCN was demonstrated through its application to various datasets.In the MovieLens dataset,the implementation of WF-GCN in LightGCN resulted in significant performance improvements,with recall and NDCG increasing by up to+163.64%and+132.04%,respectively.Similarly,in the Last.FM dataset,LightGCN using WF-GCN enhanced with WF-GCN showed substantial improvements,with the recall and NDCG metrics rising by up to+174.40%and+169.95%,respectively.Furthermore,the application of WF-GCN to Self-supervised Graph Learning(SGL)and Simple Graph Contrastive Learning(SimGCL)also demonstrated notable enhancements in both recall and NDCG across these datasets.
基金supported by China’s National Key R&D Program,No.2019QY1404the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant No.U20A20161,U1836103the Basic Strengthening Program Project,No.2019-JCJQ-ZD-113.
文摘The continuous improvement of the cyber threat intelligence sharing mechanism provides new ideas to deal with Advanced Persistent Threats(APT).Extracting attack behaviors,i.e.,Tactics,Techniques,Procedures(TTP)from Cyber Threat Intelligence(CTI)can facilitate APT actors’profiling for an immediate response.However,it is difficult for traditional manual methods to analyze attack behaviors from cyber threat intelligence due to its heterogeneous nature.Based on the Adversarial Tactics,Techniques and Common Knowledge(ATT&CK)of threat behavior description,this paper proposes a threat behavioral knowledge extraction framework that integrates Heterogeneous Text Network(HTN)and Graph Convolutional Network(GCN)to solve this issue.It leverages the hierarchical correlation relationships of attack techniques and tactics in the ATT&CK to construct a text network of heterogeneous cyber threat intelligence.With the help of the Bidirectional EncoderRepresentation fromTransformers(BERT)pretraining model to analyze the contextual semantics of cyber threat intelligence,the task of threat behavior identification is transformed into a text classification task,which automatically extracts attack behavior in CTI,then identifies the malware and advanced threat actors.The experimental results show that F1 achieve 94.86%and 92.15%for the multi-label classification tasks of tactics and techniques.Extend the experiment to verify the method’s effectiveness in identifying the malware and threat actors in APT attacks.The F1 for malware and advanced threat actors identification task reached 98.45%and 99.48%,which are better than the benchmark model in the experiment and achieve state of the art.The model can effectivelymodel threat intelligence text data and acquire knowledge and experience migration by correlating implied features with a priori knowledge to compensate for insufficient sample data and improve the classification performance and recognition ability of threat behavior in text.
基金This study was supported in part by the Research Innovation Team Fund(Award No.18TD0026)from the Department of Educationin part by the Sichuan Key Research&Development Project(Project No.2020YFG0168)from the Science Technology Department,Sichuan Province.
文摘Existing solutions do not work well when multi-targets coexist in a sentence.The reason is that the existing solution is usually to separate multiple targets and process them separately.If the original sentence has N target,the original sentence will be repeated for N times,and only one target will be processed each time.To some extent,this approach degenerates the fine-grained sentiment classification task into the sentence-level sentiment classification task,and the research method of processing the target separately ignores the internal relation and interaction between the targets.Based on the above considerations,we proposes to use Graph Convolutional Network(GCN)to model and process multi-targets appearing in sentences at the same time based on the positional relationship,and then to construct a graph of the sentiment relationship between targets based on the difference of the sentiment polarity between target words.In addition to the standard target-dependent sentiment classification task,an auxiliary node relation classification task is constructed.Experiments demonstrate that our model achieves new comparable performance on the benchmark datasets:SemEval-2014 Task 4,i.e.,reviews for restaurants and laptops.Furthermore,the method of dividing the target words into isolated individuals has disadvantages,and the multi-task learning model is beneficial to enhance the feature extraction ability and expression ability of the model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61732018,61872335,61802367,61876215)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC05000000)+1 种基金Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence(BAAI),the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing(2019A07)the Open Project of Zhejiang Laboratory,and a grant from the Institute for Guo Qiang,Tsinghua University.Recommended by Associate Editor Long Chen.
文摘Graph convolutional networks(GCNs)have received significant attention from various research fields due to the excellent performance in learning graph representations.Although GCN performs well compared with other methods,it still faces challenges.Training a GCN model for large-scale graphs in a conventional way requires high computation and storage costs.Therefore,motivated by an urgent need in terms of efficiency and scalability in training GCN,sampling methods have been proposed and achieved a significant effect.In this paper,we categorize sampling methods based on the sampling mechanisms and provide a comprehensive survey of sampling methods for efficient training of GCN.To highlight the characteristics and differences of sampling methods,we present a detailed comparison within each category and further give an overall comparative analysis for the sampling methods in all categories.Finally,we discuss some challenges and future research directions of the sampling methods.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61876144).
文摘Knowledge graph(KG) link prediction aims to address the problem of missing multiple valid triples in KGs. Existing approaches either struggle to efficiently model the message passing process of multi-hop paths or lack transparency of model prediction principles. In this paper,a new graph convolutional network path semantic-aware graph convolution network(PSGCN) is proposed to achieve modeling the semantic information of multi-hop paths. PSGCN first uses a random walk strategy to obtain all-hop paths in KGs,then captures the semantics of the paths by Word2Sec and long shortterm memory(LSTM) models,and finally converts them into a potential representation for the graph convolution network(GCN) messaging process. PSGCN combines path-based inference methods and graph neural networks to achieve better interpretability and scalability. In addition,to ensure the robustness of the model,the value of the path thresholdKis experimented on the FB15K-237 and WN18RR datasets,and the final results prove the effectiveness of the model.
基金supported by the Development of Sleep Disordered Breathing Detection and Auxiliary Regulation System Project(No.2019I1009)。
文摘The surface electromyography(sEMG)is one of the basic processing techniques to the gesture recognition because of its inherent advantages of easy collection and non-invasion.However,limited by feature extraction and classifier selection,the adaptability and accuracy of the conventional machine learning still need to promote with the increase of the input dimension and the number of output classifications.Moreover,due to the different characteristics of sEMG data and image data,the conventional convolutional neural network(CNN)have yet to fit sEMG signals.In this paper,a novel hybrid model combining CNN with the graph convolutional network(GCN)was constructed to improve the performance of the gesture recognition.Based on the characteristics of sEMG signal,GCN was introduced into the model through a joint voting network to extract the muscle synergy feature of the sEMG signal.Such strategy optimizes the structure and convolution kernel parameters of the residual network(ResNet)with the classification accuracy on the NinaPro DBl up to 90.07%.The experimental results and comparisons confirm the superiority of the proposed hybrid model for gesture recognition from the sEMG signals.
文摘Using knowledge graphs to assist deep learning models in making recommendation decisions has recently been proven to effectively improve the model′s interpretability and accuracy.This paper introduces an end-to-end deep learning model,named representation-enhanced knowledge graph convolutional networks(RKGCN),which dynamically analyses each user′s preferences and makes a recommendation of suitable items.It combines knowledge graphs on both the item side and user side to enrich their representations to maximize the utilization of the abundant information in knowledge graphs.RKGCN is able to offer more personalized and relevant recommendations in three different scenarios.The experimental results show the superior effectiveness of our model over 5 baseline models on three real-world datasets including movies,books,and music.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen (3502Z20227067)。
文摘Graph conjoint attention(CAT)network is one of the best graph convolutional networks(GCNs)frameworks,which uses a weighting mechanism to identify important neighbor nodes.However,this weighting mechanism is learned based on static information,which means it is susceptible to noisy nodes and edges,resulting in significant limitations.In this paper,a method is proposed to obtain context dynamically based on random walk,which allows the context-based weighting mechanism to better avoid noise interference.Furthermore,the proposed context-based weighting mechanism is combined with the node content-based weighting mechanism of the graph attention(GAT)network to form a model based on a mixed weighting mechanism.The model is named as the context-based and content-based graph convolutional network(CCGCN).CCGCN can better discover important neighbors,eliminate noise edges,and learn node embedding by message passing.Experiments show that CCGCN achieves state-of-the-art performance on node classification tasks in multiple datasets.
