Characterization for elastic constants of fused deposition modelling-fabricated materials based on the virtual fields method and digital image correlation

Fused deposition modelling(FDM), a widely used rapid prototyping process, is a promising technique in manufacturing engineering. In this work, a method for characterizing elastic constants of FDM-fabricated materials is proposed. First of all, according to the manufacturing process of FDM, orthotropic constitutive model is used to describe the mechanical behavior. Then the virtual fields method(VFM) is applied to characterize all the mechanical parameters(Q, Q, Q, Q) using the full-field strain,which is measured by digital image correlation(DIC). Since the principal axis of the FDM-fabricated structure is sometimes unknown due to the complexity of the manufacturing process, a disk in diametrical compression is used as the load configuration so that the loading angle can be changed conveniently. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, finite element method(FEM) simulation is conducted to obtain the strain field of the disk. The simulation results show that higher accuracy can be achieved when the loading angle is close to 30?. Finally, a disk fabricated by FDM was used for the experiment. By rotating the disk, several tests with different loading angles were conducted. To determine the position of the principal axis in each test, two groups of parameters(Q, Q, Q, Q) are calculated by two different groups of virtual fields. Then the corresponding loading angle can be determined by minimizing the deviation between two groups of the parameters. After that, the four constants(Q, Q, Q, Q) were determined from the test with an angle of 27?.

Analysis and Simulation of the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on Living Beings near HV Power Lines Using the FDTD Method

Recent decades have seen rapid advances in the field of electrical engineering, such that our environment has become a sea of electrical and magnetic signals, raising questions about the possible effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the environment and which are capable of modifying and destroying our ecosystem. Particular interest was given in this article due to a massive influx of population living near high voltage lines. The analysis and simulation of the influence of low frequency electromagnetic fields on living beings in the vicinity of high voltage sources 132 kV and 220 kV in urban areas in DR Congo is the subject of our research with a view to estimating the level of exposure of humans to low frequency electromagnetic fields. To carry out our research, we used the classic method of analyzing the field produced near a high voltage line based on Maxwell’s image theory, the Maxwell-Gauss theorem and Maxwell-Ampère theorem to model and quantify low-frequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of high-voltage lines. The 2D FDTD numerical formulation was developed from telegraphers’ equations and allowed us to obtain models of current and voltage induced by electromagnetic fields on living beings below and near HV lines. The different simulations carried out on the proposed models illustrate the effects of the electrical and geometric parameters of the pylons on the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the HV lines. The results obtained were compared to the safety limits recommended by the standards.

A MODEL FOR NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF UNSTEADYTEMPERATURE FIELD

The model established in this paper for calculating the unsteady temperature field, in which physical parameters varies with temperatures, is simplified as compared with the classical one by defining the heat conductivity as function of temperature and dealing with the latent heat of phase transformation and boundary conditions. The results show that the probability of absolute error less 2℃ between the calculated and measured values in temperature field calculation reaches above 80%.

Numerical modeling calculation for the spatial distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions

Applying 3-dimension finite difference method, the distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions for rectangular conductor have been computed, and the law of distribution for Re-part and Im-part has been given. The influences of source field period, the conductivity, the buried depth and the length of the conductor on the transfer functions were studied. The extrema of transfer functions appear at the center, the four corners and around the edges of conductor, and move with the edges. This feature demonstrates that around the edges are best places for transfer functions' observation.

Numerical Simulation of Two-Dimensional Dendritic Growth Using Phase-Field Model

In this article, we study the phase-field model of solidification for numerical simulation of dendritic crystal growth that occurs during the casting of metals and alloys. Phase-field model of solidification describes the physics of dendritic growth in any material during the process of under cooling. The numerical procedure in this work is based on finite difference scheme for space and the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method for time discretization. The effect of each physical parameter on the shape and growth of dendritic crystal is studied and visualized in detail.

Construction of Earth's gravitational field model from CHAMP,GRACE and GOCE data

The basic principle of spectral combination method is discussed,and the general expressions of the spectral weight and spectral combination of the united-processing of various types of gravimetric data are shown.What＇s more,based on degree error RMS of potential coefficients,the detailed expressions of spectral combination formulae and the corresponding spectral weights in the Earth＇s gravitational field model（EGM） determination using GOCE ＋ GRACE and CHAMP ＋ GRACE ＋ GOCE are derived.The fundamental situation that ulux-champ2013 s,tongji-GRACE01,go-cons-gcf-2-tim-r5 constructed respectively by CHAMP,GRACE,GOCE data and go-cons-gcf-2-dir-r5 constructed by syncretic processing of GRACE,GOCE and LAGEOS data are explained briefly,the degree error RMS,cumulative geoid height error and cumulative gravity anomaly error of these models are calculated.A syncretic model constructed from CHAMP,GRACE and GOCE data,which is expressed by champ ＋ grace ＋ goce,is obtained based on spectral combination method.Experimentation results show that the precision of CHAMP data model is the lowest in satellite-only models,so it is not needed in the determination of syncretic models.The GRACE data model can improve the GOCE data model in medium-long wavelength,so the overall precision of syncretic model can be improved.Consequently,as many types of gravimetric data as possible should be combined together in the data processing in order to strengthen the quality and reliability with widening scope and improve the precision and spatial resolution of the computational results.

有界流场中潜艇水压场特性的预报方法和重要特征

潜艇水压场特性是信息化海战场的重要信息源。基于势流理论研究潜艇水压场特性的工程简化预报方法,构建基于兰金体线型的解析模型和基于回转体线型的数值模型,预估多种线型的潜艇水压场特性,并在验证性研究基础上,揭示潜艇线型、潜深等因素对潜艇水压场负压峰值、负压持续时间等重要特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着潜深增大,潜艇水压场负压区形状由单峰值的V形逐渐变为U形,甚至双峰值的W形,线型、潜深等因素对重要特征的影响逐渐增强;同一潜深下,随着航速增大,负压持续时间均呈现先突增、后缓降规律,且无论艇体胖瘦,其水压场重要特征在1倍艇长的横距外均已衰减,即该横距外水雷已难以捕捉其目标特性。

全波形发射电流激发下地面瞬变电磁法磁场特征

在过去四十年,大部分关于瞬变电磁法的三维建模和反演研究都聚焦于磁场时间导数,而对于磁场数据研究并不多见.如今,随着超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)技术日益成熟,基于磁场数据的瞬变电磁法探测案例逐渐增多.基于矢量有限单元法,采用频谱法和时步法分别实现了适用于瞬变电磁法磁场数据的三维正演.以低阻覆盖层下的良导体和均匀半空间中板状良导体模型为例,研究了全波形发射电流激发的瞬变电磁法磁场及其时间导数特征,并探讨了二者对深部良导体的探测能力.正演计算结果表明:由于受发射电流全波形效应影响,晚延时磁场随目标体电导率增大而先增强、后减弱,然而即使不考虑全波形效应,磁场时间导数也呈现上述规律;在高阻和低阻围岩情形中,磁场比其时间导数对深部良导体反映更加灵敏,并且晚延时磁场比其时间导数更不易受地磁场背景噪声干扰,说明磁场比其时间导数更适合于深部良导体探测.需要注意的是,发射电流全波形效应降低了瞬变电磁法对深部良导体的识别能力,建议在瞬变电磁法对块状或脉状金属硫化物矿床探测时,尽量采用低基频发射电流波形.

基于QCM液体密度响应模型测量油品含水率研究

油田开发中一直存在高含水率和低含水率测量不准确的问题,新型可再生的生物柴油,同样需要控制含水率以保证热值和稳定性。文中提出一种基于石英晶体微天平(QCM)液体密度响应模型的油品含水率测量方法,通过5组标准甘油溶液进行模型验证,结果表明,实验值与理论值的误差小于5%,并且在低含水量和高含水量2种情况下,误差幅度小于1%。重复性实验验证了模型的有效性。现场测量实验结果证实了模型的适用性。

断裂相场模型的三维自适应有限元方法

发展了鲁棒的预测-校正算法,建立了断裂相场模型的三维自适应有限元分析.相场模型可以方便地处理复杂的断裂问题,避免了额外追踪裂纹路径且没有网格依赖性.然而,三维相场建模往往需要非常精细的网格,这降低了求解效率.针对该问题,基于交错求解方案发展了预测-校正网格自适应细化算法,实现了三维结构裂纹扩展的高精度分析.数值算例表明,所发展的方法能够准确合理地描述结构的裂纹扩展,同时网格可以在裂纹扩展的路径上自适应地细化.

地球与行星内源磁场建模研究进展

太阳系绝大多数行星都拥有随星体自转而共转的内源磁场.随着人类不断地进行深空探测,人们已经对所有已知具有内源磁场的太阳系星体建立起了其对应的行星磁场模型.行星磁场建模是深入研究行星内部动力学过程、探究行星演化历史、理解行星磁场与太阳风相互作用、认识行星磁场对高能带电粒子的屏蔽效应等多种研究方向的重要基础.同时,行星磁场建模也是一项多学科交叉的研究工作,其涉及到行星磁场建模理论、内外源磁场场源分离、参数反演方法与方程优化等多方面的研究.本文综述了地球与太阳系其他行星,包括月球以及木卫三两颗卫星在磁场建模方向的研究进展,描述了行星内源磁场的特征,整理了太阳系行星最准确的全球磁场模型.本文首先从行星磁场的数学建模方法开始,梳理了自高斯时代以来磁场建模技术的发展历史,介绍了行星磁场建模研究的热点方法.文章最后展望了未来行星磁场建模研究的发展趋势,以及我国未来的深空探测计划对行星磁场建模研究的可能贡献.

卫星导航中电离层误差校正技术现状与发展

电离层误差严重影响着GNSS的定位精度,GPS、BDS、Galileo、GLONASS有不同的电离层误差校正方法.全文概述了电离层误差校正方法,综述了单频电离层误差校正、双频电离层误差校正及多频电离层误差校正等技术的原理与发展现状.在单频电离层误差校正技术中总结了增强系统中的电离层误差校正技术、北斗全球电离层延迟修正模型(BeiDou global ionospheric delay correction model,BDGIM)、Klobuchar模型、单频电离层误差校正技术的优化—附加国际参考电离层(international reference ionosphere,IRI)约束模型和NeQuick-G模型;在双频电离层误差校正技术中重点总结了双频消电离层误差、无电离层组合模型及PPP-RTK技术中电离层误差校正方法;在多频电离层误差校正技术中介绍了高阶项改正和地磁场建模对电离层误差校正技术的优化与改进.最后,对电离层误差校正技术及其改进方法进行了分析,总结了其发展趋势与方向.

富水软土基坑组合式冻结加固模型试验研究

近年来随着环保理念的贯彻和对城市水资源保护的重视,许多地区对地下水抽排进行限制,导致大量基坑工程必须寻找新的止水方式。对此,“地下连续墙+水平冻结封底”的组合式冻结加固被提出,利用模型试验对其在不同水压地层中可行性和差异性进行了分析,验证了该支护方式的可行性。结果表明:(1)随着水头高度的增大,冻结壁水分补给速率有所提升,冻结壁交圈时间与地层水头高度呈正相关,而冻结壁厚度与地层水头高度呈负相关关系。(2)临时竖井受地层冻结影响,会有明显冻胀压迫作用,伴随冻结壁发育,冻胀力最终降至某一特定值,并趋于平稳,且其峰值与水头高度成正相关关系;(3)模型试验中冻结壁上部土体的最大位移点位于土体35 cm深度位置,其位移数据为2~3 mm;(4)基坑开挖期间,冻土帷幕的温度随着基坑的开挖和积极冻结的双重作用下能够维持相对的平衡,整个冻结壁保持基本稳定状态。研究成果可为该支护方式在基坑工程中的应用提供理论支撑。

基于开源GemPy的城市地下空间三维隐式势场建模方法研究

三维地质建模是城市地下空间规划和管理的重要基础工作。在地质科学大数据时代,当前三维建模逐渐转向三维隐式建模。常见的三维地质建模软件如GeoModeller、Surpac等都提供了隐式建模技术,但是上述商业软件均封装完好、并不开源。本文基于开源GemPy建模平台,重点实现了三维隐式势场建模技术与针对地层尖灭的建模方案,将算法方案加入GemPy底层建模架构,并以某城市地下空间为例,对三维地质精细化建模工程流程进行了验证。论文构建了基于研究区钻孔数据的建模数据集,采用势场法和泛克立格插值法建立城市三维地质模型,并针对城市地质中常见的地层尖灭进行了单独的布尔运算处理。为细致直观展示研究区三维地质模型地层界面的拟合情况,对共计18个工程地质层分别进行可视化。最后,对模型的精度采用分层K折交叉验证方法进行验证,并用皮尔逊相关系数(CC)等4种指标对建模效果进行衡量。对研究区的实验结果表明,基于开源GemPy的三维隐式势场地质建模方法针对城市地质构造具有一定通用性,并在精度上具有较好效果,可以为城市地下空间开发利用提供决策依据。

基于伪解析法的TTI介质纯qP波地震波场正演模拟

近年来,各向异性介质纯qP波正演模拟及逆时偏移成像技术受到广泛关注。常规拟声波方程存在伪横波干扰、受模型参数限制(ε≥δ)、传播不稳定和计算精度不高等因素影响,极大地限制了其应用。为此,本文将qP波拟微分方程变换到空间—波数域,并通过坐标变换,推导了时间域TTI介质二阶纯qP波波动方程;为提高计算精度,引入伪解析算法(pseudo analytical method, PAM),实现了基于伪解析法的TTI介质纯qP波地震波场正演模拟。数值模拟结果表明:(1)本文方法克服了拟声波方程的局限性,消除了伪横波干扰,不受模型参数限制且地震波场能稳定传播;(2)与其他方法相比,伪解析法能有效提高数值模拟精度;(3)简单及复杂模型测试验证了本文方法的正确性与适用性。

基于城市超车工况的智能车辆避障规划方法研究

在城市道路行驶中,超车驾驶既是常见的驾驶行为,也是常见的交通事故工况之一。基于改进人工势场法(artificial potential field method)与模型预测控制(model predicition control)提出了一种避障规划控制方法。首先,构建目标点引力势场函数、道路及车道线势场函数以及障碍物车辆势场函数;其次,基于势场函数建立统一化模型函数;最后,对系统进行模拟实验评估。结果表明,提出的避障规划控制方法能够生成安全、平滑的路径,其前轮转角变化范围在[−0.67°,1.02°],质心侧偏角变化范围在[−0.22°,0.32°],具有稳定的控制能力。

基于MPC的智能车辆路径规划与跟踪控制

针对在障碍物环境下的避障路径动态规划效果较差,以及在面对复杂工况和曲率较大的路况时,跟踪控制的效果仍然不理想等问题,本文以智能车辆为研究对象,提出了一种模型预测控制(MPC)结合人工势场(APF)算法的路径规划跟踪系统。将改进的势场模型函数引入到MPC的目标函数和约束中,设计了基于MPC和APF的避障路径动态规划器。。运用模糊控制对MPC的车辆横向路径跟踪控制器的权重系数进行优化。仿真结果表明:在干燥路面下,与MPC控制器相比,模糊MPC路径跟踪控制器的最大横向偏差减少19.14%。在湿润路面下,模糊MPC控制器最大横向偏差减少0.55 m。基于MATLAB/Simulink与Carsim软件搭建避障路径规划与跟踪控制联合仿真模型,选择动态障碍物不同速度进行障碍物路径动态规划及跟踪控制仿真试验。实验结果表明:跟踪规划路径过程中的最大横向偏差约为0.170 m,说明规划的避障路径能够安全有效地避开障碍物。

1.5级涡轮动叶的非轴对称端壁造型数值研究

为探究端壁造型对涡轮动叶气动性能及流场特性的影响,分析非轴对称端壁造型对涡轮转子叶片的压差作用,开展基于非轴对称端壁造型的理论研究,提出一种涡轮动叶轮毂上凸、下凹的造型方案,研究非轴对称端壁造型对涡轮流场二次流损失的影响。数值模拟分析表明:非轴对称端壁造型对减小横向压差具有重要作用,在动叶轮毂鞍点处进行非轴对称端壁造型,比在通道内造型效果更好;涡轮动叶下端壁不同区间造型可有效降低涡轮动叶通道内的二次流流动损失,使用非轴对称端壁造型方法可有效地减小动叶出口总压损失系数0.1322%。

感应子电机二维磁场计算模型的对比研究

感应子电机因其转子结构简单,具有非常高的可靠性,特别适用于高速场合,在脉冲电源、储能系统、航空发电、船舶推进系统等领域有着广泛的应用。感应子电机的磁场为三维磁场,但三维磁场分析所需计算资源和时间太多。因此,对感应子电机的磁场分析一般采用简化二维模型。目前,感应子电机二维磁场计算模型主要有:标量磁位法、矢量磁位法、等效励磁绕组法和改进等效励磁绕组法四种模型。标量磁位法、矢量磁位法、等效励磁绕组法和改进等效励磁绕组法各有优缺点,本文对以上四种二维磁场计算模型进行了对比研究,分析了各自的优缺点,对其适用性进行了讨论。

基于马尔科夫链模型的特高压输电线路工频电磁场监测方法

针对当前方法的特高压输电线路电磁监测误差大问题,设计基于马尔科夫链模型的工频电磁场监测方法。结合特高压输电线路环境和最大导线弧垂点布置线路工频电磁场测点,然后采用超限学习机网络模型设计传感数据修正技术,去除数据中干扰信息,并引入有限长模拟线电荷法以及毕奥-萨瓦定律计算输电导线三维电磁场分布,最后运用马尔科夫链模型定义工频电磁场状态转移矩阵,得到准确的监测结果。实验结果显示:所提方法的电场监测相对误差降低了21%、25%,磁场监测相对误差降低了0.24%、0.27%。