On the Plaintiff's Subject Qualification for Environmental Public Interest Litigation Instituted by People's Procuratorates

Although it is not the main duty for the People's Procuratorate to institute environmental public interest litigation proceedings, the existence of "reserve" prosecution right of plaintiff not only is beneficial to timely prevention and cure of environmental damage, but also contributes indispensable judicial supervision force to the environmental legality construction. In order to safeguard environmental public interests, many local prosecutorial organizations have practiced environmental public interests litigation. Since Chinese law has not made explicit stipulation on the function of the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation, the plaintiff's subject qualification for environmental public interest litigation instituted by the People's Procuratorate is still in question. In order to propel the People's Procuratorate to completely and fully exercise their power of supervision and prosecution, there shall be corresponding legislation that provides powerful guarantee for the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation.

Influence of Civil Authority on Rural Grass-roots Democracy and Social Autonomy in Northwest Minority Regions

System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.

Resource Dependence Relationship between Grass-roots Government and Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

Based on theories of resource dependence and government functions,this paper analyzed benefit interaction between grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives in Hubei Province. It was intended to make clear the path dependence relationship between grassroots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives and find out problems in between. Besides,from the perspective of grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives,it came up with corresponding recommendations,to promote constant improvement of farmers' specialized cooperatives,and help them to become key forces of leading farmers to get rich,pull agricultural economic development,and promote new socialist countryside construction.

Construction of Rural Grass-roots Water Conservancy Service System in the Context of Institutional Changes

At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.

The Grass-Roots Governance of the National Government in Tianjin Recovery Area After the Triumph of the Anti-Japanese War

The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.

"Emperor's Power Far Away from the Countryside"and"Town in Charge of Village Affairs":The Extreme Grass-roots Management System is Not Conducive to the Healthy Development of the Countryside

This paper compares the two different rural management methods of"emperor’s power far away from the countryside"and"town in charge of village affairs",which shows that the extreme grass-roots management system is not conducive to rural development.This paper also points out that rural development needs to find a road of sustainable development in line with its own characteristics,which is the fundamental shortcut to change poverty and become rich for a long time.

Implement Constitutional Principles to Uncover Tort Cases——An interview with Wang Zhenchuan, deputy chief procurator of the Supreme People's Procuratorate

EDITOR'S NOTE: Since May 2004, the people's procuratorates in China have concentrated their efforts on uncovering cases of encroaching upon human rights by government functionaries by abusing their power. The move has aroused extensive attention. On this, our staff reporter interviewed Deputy Chief Procurator Wang Zhenchuan, who is in charge of the campaign against human rights violations.

Highlights of Supreme People's Procuratorate Work Report

China’sProcurator-General Cao Jianming delivered a work report of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate (SPP) at the second plenary meeting of the first session of the13th National People’s Congress at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, March 9, 2018

Relationship between acute stress and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel:Mediating effect of social support

Background: To explore the relationship between acute stress, social support and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel, and construct the relational model through structural equation modeling. Methods: A total of 2,411 grass-root military personnel were randomly selected by cluster sampling, and administered the Chinese Military Personnel Sleep Disorder Scale, Military Acute Stress Scale and Social Support Rating Scale.Results: The total score of acute stress scale was positively correlated with the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.209~0.465, P【0.01); The total score of social support scale was positively correlated with the total score of acute stress scale and the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.356~0.537, P【0.01). The analysis of mediating effects showed that lack of social support partially mediated between acute stress and the factors of sleep disorder. The analysis of structural equation model showed that acute stress not only had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.29, P=0.000), but also on lack of social support(the path coefficient was 0.39, P=0.000); lack of social support had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.48, P=0.000).Conclusions: Acute stress and lack of social support are two significant factors of sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel. Well-established social support could alleviate sleep disorder induced by acute stress. Lack of social support was a partial mediator between acute stress and sleep disorder.

Procurator:Laws Are the Ultimate Guardian for Delinquent Minors

＂I＇ll never forget what hap- pened that afternoon,＂ Peng Yan said, with a grave look. ＂A womancame with her daughter and told me that if the teenage girl didn＇t want to live anymore, neither did she.＂

我国死因查明制度构建研究

目前我国死因查明相关规则存在主体不中立、程序封闭、范围不明、救济途径欠缺等问题;针对非正常死亡事件的调查及死因认定问题而建立专门的死因查明制度,对减少死因争议、防范冤假错案确有必要。结合我国司法制度现状及死因争议中的突出问题,参考世界范围内死因查明制度的先进经验,可在人民检察院设立死因查明委员会作为专门的死因查明部门,以明确的法律规则以规范死因查明程序适用范围、死亡调查、死因鉴定及死因认定程序等,保障当事人参与死因查明程序的权利,并在其对死因结论有异议时提供法律救济。

检察消费民事公益诉讼的范围调整与功能重塑

检察消费民事公益诉讼的功能发挥不彰,表现为预防性功能发挥不充分,恢复性功能被忽视,惩罚性功能受到刑事、行政责任的双重挤压。这一方面与《民事诉讼法》将检察消费民事公益诉讼限定在食品药品安全领域有关。随着立法、司法、执法等公共资源向食药领域的集中,该领域的制度机制趋于完善,处于补充性地位的公益诉讼发挥功能的空间必然受到限制。取消对检察消费民事公益诉讼的范围限制,有利于释放其制度空间。另一方面则涉及检察消费民事公益诉讼能否请求损害赔偿,还是仍然固守惩罚性赔偿的问题。检察消费民事公益诉讼的优势在于通过损害赔偿救济,维护由众多消费者个体利益构成的集合性公益,至于交易秩序与安全等抽象公益,则应主要通过刑事责任、行政责任予以维护,公益诉讼的惩罚性赔偿必要时应发挥补充性作用。

“鲶鱼效应”下检察去地方化改革的新思路

检察地方化是我国司法公正的一项顽疾。党的十八大以来,我国采取了一系列保障检察机关依法独立行使检察权的措施,但去地方化的省级以下人财物统管并没有完全落实,跨行政区划检察改革只是从两家试点扩展至全国试点,检察的“省级化”仍有待实现。铁路运输检察机关具有的“鲶鱼”特质使其能在检察去地方化中发挥更为积极的作用,而且其参与的跨行政区划检察改革本身具备法律基础和现实需求。不过,这项改革试点的新增管辖存在正当性疑问,诉讼体系限制了去地方化程度,现实中改革的顶层设计迟缓与基层动力不足并存,亟须解困。最高人民检察院应当借用铁路运输检察机关的“鲶鱼效应”,通过完善其管辖范围,并与地方检察机关在人财物上保持动态平衡,实现检察去地方化改革的有效推进。

协调与融合:民事检察公益诉讼时效问题研究

诉讼时效是法律对于当事人实体权利的保护期限,诉讼时效届满未提起诉讼,当事人便会承担不利的法律效果。对于诉讼时效制度规范是否涵摄检察机关提起的民事公益诉讼以及如何对其进行规定,文章通过对民事检察公益诉讼的性质进行探究,对检察机关进行定位,并结合诉讼时效相关理论、价值选择等,与传统一般民事诉讼的普通诉讼时效及特别诉讼时效相类比,对诉讼时效在我国民事检察公益诉讼中的适用性,以及如何对民事检察公益诉讼的诉讼时效作出规定进行探究,以求推动民事检察公益诉讼的进一步完善与发展。

数字检察的法律定位、运行逻辑及风险规制

数字检察的法律定位是法律监督。该定位是在不违背检察机关宪法地位的基础上,对社会发展的回应,对履职的自省,既与“四大检察”“十大业务”的架构相契合,也与《中共中央关于加强新时代检察机关法律监督工作的意见》对检察机关的定性保持一致。数据与监督各自的规律与准则要求数字检察既要遵循数据的规律性,也不可违背法律监督的准则,且后者起着决定性作用,这是数字检察的运行逻辑。数字检察为数据预测下的监督功能延伸提供了空间,但也带来技术至上、数据不安全、监督越界等潜在风险。为规制风险,必须实施规则之治,统筹推进技术赋能与制度规制。一方面提倡数字正义以促进制度理性,另一方面以保护数据法益实现数据安全,同时,坚持法定主义下的比例原则以厘清权力边界。

环境资源案件检察集中管辖的现实困境与优化路径

环境资源案件的特殊性对传统地方检察院属地管辖模式的公正和效率构成挑战,催生了跨行政区划检察院集中管辖模式。跨行政区划检察院集中管辖环境资源案件改革探索取得了阶段性成果,但仍面临跨行政区划检察院性质定位不明确、层级结构不完整、设点布局不合理的体制问题,集中管辖环境资源案件的范围不统一、办案机制不适配、机构衔接不顺畅的机制问题,体制、机制创新的组织法、程序法、实体法依据不健全的法制问题。应以理顺管理体制为基础,将跨行政区划检察院定位为新型综合派出检察院,构建三层级的组织体系,因地制宜进行设点布局。以完善运行机制为关键,推进环境资源案件集中管辖机制、归口办理机制、司法协作机制建设。以健全相关法制为保障,明确跨行政区划检察院集中管辖环境资源案件的组织法、诉讼法、生态环境法典依据。

非讼化构造与治理性理念:公益诉讼的中国模式

2012年《民事诉讼法》增设的民事公益诉讼制度,主要旨在发挥社会组织通过诉讼保护公共利益的作用。囿于社会组织体量资质、起诉意愿、诉讼能力的局限,立法预期并未充分实现。检察公益诉讼制度的建立以及单行法中公益诉讼条款的增设,扩展了公益诉讼的领域范围,丰富了公益保护的实现形式,改变了民行公益诉讼的关系,重塑了公益诉讼的制度内容和运行态势。我国公益诉讼制度兼采执法逻辑和监督逻辑,并且检察院和法院在履职过程中都实行能动主义。执法逻辑决定我国公益诉讼在程序构造上呈现非讼化现象,监督逻辑决定我国公益诉讼在运行目标上呈现治理性理念。司法能动下的非讼化构造与治理性理念共同塑造了公益诉讼的中国模式。

检察机关在生态环境损害赔偿制度中的角色定位研究

在生态环境损害赔偿制度中,检察机关基于其特殊的功能定位,既可以以原告身份提起环境行政公益诉讼,监督作为赔偿权利人的行政机关索赔;也可以以支持起诉的方式参与生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,发挥其他主体不具备的职能优势。当前,由于检察机关支持起诉与法律监督的适用边界缺乏明确具体的规范依据,导致检察机关在司法实践中面临角色困境。生态环境损害赔偿是一种新型行政执法方式。从协商行政理论出发,作为监督机关的检察机关,只有在行政机关穷尽行政手段索赔无效的情况下,才能启动支持起诉程序;检察机关亦可适时提起环境行政公益诉讼,以诉讼方式对赔偿权利人依法履职进行监督。结合我国生态环境损害赔偿制度实施现状,对检察机关依法履职的依据和路径进行细化考量,可以进一步强化检察机关的法律监督职能,促进实现人与自然和谐共生的“中国式现代化”。

基层检察机关参与社会治理优化路径思考

基层检察机关参与社会治理是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成部分。针对基层检察机关参与社会治理中存在的现实困境,基层检察机关首先要理念先行,加强检察机关队伍建设,增强社会治理业务,从而有效推动社会治理工作的规范化、高效化和法治化。

检察机关深化保障社会治理的路径探究——以新时代“枫桥经验”为视角

检察机关是社会治理体系的法治保障主体,其功能在于以“服务中心大局”为理念引领,以法律监督职能为立足点,在职能的拓展中探索保障社会治理的路径,从而更好引领社会的法治意识。据此,在新时代“枫桥经验”的视域中,检察机关拓展职能时应当以人民立场为治理导向、法治福利增量为权威彰显、多元主体共建为成效目标,有效探索保障社会治理的路径。结合检察工作现代化的内在需求和保障社会治理的目标,检察机关应将保障基层治理为主要实现机制,结合区域差异特色开展检察工作,推动实现城乡调和。在核心内容上,推进溯源治理,全流程、多层次建立起“溯源共治—矛盾检调—监督保障”的溯源治理模式,并可以将“枫桥式检察室”作为手段依托,延伸职能触角,全方位融入基层社会治理体系中。现代化进程中数字化不可缺席,检察机关还应将数字检察作为保障社会治理的内生动力,以数字思维、数字自信、数字产品同步推进提升社会治理效能。