Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policy for grassland eco-compensation

To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.

Impact of Forest Eco-compensation Subsidy on Household Forest Input:Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

Larger amount of national and provincial forest eco-compensation funds in China have been distributed to farmers annually,which aims to encourage farmers input more labor and fund in daily forestry management.We selected 503 household from 50 villages of 10 counties in Jiangxi Province in the paper.Household labor and cash input responded negatively towards forest eco-compensation fund in forestry management.Forest eco-compensation subsidy(FECS)granted to the household in the rural mountain area didn't stimulate the household labor and cash input in forestry management.It implies that it is not a wise way to distribute FECS equally to the rural household,so as to promote the forestry ecological quality.The current forest eco-compensation policy(FECP)need modifying urgently.

Assessing effect of grassland resources policies using AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation:A case study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China

In order to quantitatively analyze grassland resources policies of Ningxia,the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was used to establish the evaluation index system,and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to make a comprehensive evaluation.The results indicated that the current grassland resources policies in Ningxia are in upper-middle level,and the relevant policies need to be improved.Finally,the corresponding suggestions were put forward in the hope of promoting the sustainable development of grassland resources in Ningxia.

Policy of giving rewards and subsidies for grassland ecological conservation in Tibetan Plateau

This paper aims to explore the impact of policy of giving rewards and subsidies(GRS) for grassland ecological conservation in Tibetan Plateau implemented by the Chinese government since 2009.Taking Gerze County in Ngari Prefecture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region(TAR) as an example,it discusses the objective,implementation and outcome of that policy with regard to the ecological reconstruction and problems that have ensured.Located in the northern part of the Qiangtang Plateau,Gerze is the largest county in Ngari Prefecture.It covers more than 7.8 million acres of pastureland,of which 6.2 million acres are usable for pastoralism; 3.4 million acres,however,lack water source.In recent decades,due to the increased population and other reasons,pastures of the area have shown signs of overgrazing,thus leading to serious degradation,desertification and salinization of the grassland.Since 2009,when neighboring Coqin County was chosen as a pilot site for the national ecological incentive and subsidy policy(or: ecological compensation policy),Gerze has also started to adopt this policy and brought ful implementation in 2010.Its purpose is to solve the problem of overgrazing.But like other policies carried out in Gerze,its implementation is faced with many challenges.First,it is difficult to define the types and scopes of the incentives and subsidies,which have become a major source of complaints of the local herdsmen.Second,the local herdsmen are also concerned with the fairness of assigning rewards and subsidies.Third,the high cost of the policy's implementation and supervision reduces its effects.Fourth,the fact that the herdsmen are not willing to reduce livestock population makes it difficult for the policy to achieve actual results.The author thinks it's necessary to revise and improve the current ecological incentive and subsidy policy.

Research on market-based policy instruments for eco-environmental protection

The selection of policy instruments involves policy efficiency and policy effect.Effective settlement of eco-environment problems in the process of industrialization and implementation of active eco-environment protection depend on the innovation of policy instruments.In this paper,based on a descriptive analysis of the policy instruments for ecoenvironmental protection of our country,combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical research on current marketization of eco-environmental protection,the authors indicate that eco-environmental problems originate fi'om the damage of eco-environment and the extemalities of eco-service,and that the market-based policy instruments which are helpful to balance the relationship between fight,responsibility and interest in the eco-service are effective measures to eliminate externalities and protect eco-environment.

Chinese Policies and Practices regarding Payments for Ecological Services in Watersheds

Watersheds provide a variety of ecological services including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. However, activities in a fast-growing economy significantly impact the supply and demand of these watershed services. To mitigate these impacts, the concept of payment for environmental and ecosystem services from water-sheds has emerged in global academic and policy circles. The governments and academic communities in China have increas-ingly described payments for ecological services from watersheds with the concept of watershed eco-compensation as it is urgent to protect watershed ecosystems. Watershed eco-compensation has proved to be one of the most economically effective means of solving environmental problems of watersheds to be adopted by the Chinese government. This paper presents an objective analysis of the Chinese market for watershed ecosystem services, including supply and demand for the services. It also summarizes Chinese policies on watershed eco-compensation, including relevant laws and regulations and fiscal policies. In addition, it presents a re-view of Chinese practices in watershed eco-compensation, in-cluding the analysis of an ecological construction project in West-ern China, inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation practices and plans, and payment for ecological services at the provincial and small watershed levels. Finally, it summarizes the key com-ponents of the process of payment in Chinese watershed eco-compensation. This discussion forms the basis of concluding suggestions for ecosystem services compensation and ecological protection in the large scale river basin.

草原生态补奖、收入影响与政策可信度

基于青海省河南蒙古族自治县304份牧户调研数据,采用OLS回归和分位数回归探究草原生态补奖对牧户收入水平的影响,进一步运用有序Probit回归分析牧户草原生态补奖政策可信度的影响因素。结果表明:(1)草原生态补奖能够促进牧户收入水平的提高,对不同收入水平牧户的增收效果存在差异,具体而言,草原生态补奖对低收入和中等收入牧户影响显著,对高收入牧户影响不显著。(2)草原生态补奖政策实施和收入变化对政策可信度的提高发挥了重要作用,其中,在草原生态补奖政策实施情况中,补偿标准和草原保护功能对牧户政策可信度的提高发挥着关键作用,而政策监督实施情况和信息公开情况并未发挥显著作用。综合以上,在未来政策的实施过程中,应针对不同收入牧户分类制定政策内容,加强政策实施监管力度和信息公开力度,进一步保障草原生态补奖政策能够高效稳定地长期实施和深入推进。

草原补奖政策下牧户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离研究——以新疆昭苏县为例

畜牧业是关系国计民生的重要支柱产业,促进畜牧业绿色发展是今后农牧业供给侧结构性改革、农牧业高质量发展、乡村振兴战略的着力点与主攻方向。在新一轮草原补奖政策实施背景下,基于新疆昭苏县277个牧户调查数据,运用Logistic-ISM模型探索影响牧户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离的显著性因素及其层次结构。结果表明:57%的样本牧户绿色生产意愿与行为发生悖离;性别、受教育程度、草场规模、牧业收入、草原补奖政策认知、经济效益认知、技术可获得性、补贴发放及时度及牧业生态基础设施等因素对牧户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离存在显著影响;进一步剖析影响因素间层级结构后发现,性别、受教育程度、草场规模和补贴发放及时度是深层根源因素,牧业收入、技术可获得性是中层间接因素,而草原补奖政策认知、经济效益认知及牧业生态基础设施是表层直接因素。据此提出加强政策宣传与扶持力度;增强牧户绿色生产意识,激发牧户绿色生产的内生动力;强化绿色科技支撑,提供专业技术指导;完善牧业配套设施,改善外源约束性条件等建议,以期促使牧户绿色生产意愿转换为实际行为,实现绿色兴牧、畜牧业绿色高质量发展的目标。

藏北羌塘牧民家庭牲畜存出栏权衡及影响因素分析

本研究以藏北牧民家庭为研究对象,通过半结构式访谈调查高寒草甸、高寒草原和荒漠草原区牧户牲畜存出栏规模结构及其影响因素。结果表明:荒漠草原户均牲畜存/出栏规模(254.8/48.6 SSU)显著高于高寒草甸(191.55/33.22 SSU)和高寒草原(189.89/33.49 SSU);对牧户牲畜存栏规模影响最大的因素依次为单位面积产草量(高寒草甸)、家庭规模(高寒草原)和草畜平衡草场面积(荒漠草原),可以解释其变异的10.78%,19.40%和15.99%;对牧户牲畜出栏规模影响最大的因素依次为草畜平衡草场面积(高寒草甸)、家庭规模(高寒草原)和劳动力数量(荒漠草原),可以解释其变异的15.01%,11.20%和23.55%。综上所述,藏北高原牧民户均牲畜存/出栏规模和结构在不同草地类型之间存在明显差异,且受到自然和人文因素的双重影响。在未来制定草原生态保护政策时需要重点考虑资源禀赋和利用方式的差异。

黄土高原退牧还草工程实施成效认知评价——以甘肃省环县为例

【目的】全面评估退牧还草工程实施以来黄土高原区域所取成效与面临问题,优化后续工程的实施。【方法】以黄土高原区的甘肃省环县为例,开展退牧还草工程实施成效认知评价。通过实地考察、入户调查和访问座谈,结合管理部门、实施对象的意见和建议,从退牧还草工程特点出发,构建基于层次分析(AHP)-模糊综合评价法的评估模型,对实施成效认知进行了评估。【结果】黄土高原区退牧还草项目农牧民认可度高,实施成效综合得分75.94,处于中等偏上水平,在生态修复方面取得了较好成就,对当地经济建设起到了促进作用。【结论】建议后期工程实施中加大对实施必要性的宣传,让生态保护观念更深入人心,结合社会变迁的情况,辅以科技支撑、产业结构调整、政策导向等方式,促进新时期黄土高原类似地区的生态建设与高质量发展。

替代性生计提高生态补偿有效性的效果与机理——以草原生态补奖政策为例

生态补偿有效性不足,资源约束下的生计受限是政策失效的重要原因。从替代性生计视角探讨生态补偿有效性提升,可为生态补偿和生计关系的不一致观点提供调和思路,也有助于促进生态补偿深化改革。本研究以草原生态补奖政策为例,利用甘肃和青海两年追踪调查数据,基于牧户禁牧行为实验,采用区间数据模型和双变量probit模型,从非牧就业和就业培训视角,检验牧户过去6年的替代性生计特征和村级过去4年的替代性生计措施对牧户禁牧受偿意愿的影响,揭示替代性生计对草原生态补奖政策有效性的提升作用。结果发现:牧户替代性生计特征是降低其禁牧受偿意愿、在当前补偿标准下优化补奖政策效果的重要因素,但只有高收益、高稳定性的高技能非牧就业才能发挥有效作用;村级提供就业培训服务有利于降低牧户禁牧受偿意愿、在当前补偿标准下提升补奖政策有效性,但该作用需持续3~4年的累积才能显现。因此,生态补偿改革应充分重视受偿主体的替代性生计转型和发展问题。

信贷约束、草原生态补奖政策与牧户气候变化适应性行为

在气候变化日益加剧的背景下,提高牧户适应能力,激励其采取适应性行为对稳定家庭生计,维护草原地区经济社会稳定与生态安全具有重要意义。该研究基于内蒙古和青海两省(区)牧户微观调查数据,揭示信贷约束、草原生态补奖政策对牧户气候变化适应性行为的影响机理,进而以购买畜牧保险、补饲和非农就业为重点,利用两阶段最小二乘法探讨信贷约束、草原生态补奖政策对牧户气候变化适应性行为的影响及其适应性行为之间的关系。研究表明:①信贷约束抑制了牧户购买保险与补饲行为;草原生态补奖政策抑制牧户非农就业,但促进其补饲行为,且这一积极影响会在面临信贷约束时被削弱。②信贷约束与草原生态补奖政策对不同规模牧户适应性行为的影响具有异质性,其中信贷约束对大规模牧户补饲与购买保险行为均存在抑制作用,促进大规模牧户非农就业;草原生态补奖政策显著促进小规模牧户补饲和大规模牧户购买保险,抑制小规模牧户外出就业;草原生态补奖政策能缓解信贷约束对大规模牧户购买保险的不利影响,但会削弱信贷约束对大规模牧户非农就业的积极影响。为此,该研究提出应实施差异化的信贷政策、提高牧户非农就业技能、完善畜牧业保险、加强饲草供给体系建设等对策建议。

牧民收入提高是否依赖于超载?

本研究利用内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗、镶黄旗、苏尼特左旗、苏尼特右旗、东乌珠穆沁旗和锡林浩特市6个旗市的381户入户调查数据,分析不同旗(市)、不同规模牧户超载率和经营性收入,解析超载率与牧户主要属性特征间的关系,探讨超载与牧户收入之间的关联路径,解答牧户超载的内在动因。结果表明:牧户收入主要来自畜牧业经营性收入,占牧户总收入的84.40%~90.09%;小规模牧户(标准草地面积<35.4 hm^(2))超载比率为84.30%,平均超载76.88%,显著高于中规模(标准草地面积35.4~106.5 hm^(2))和大规模(标准草地面积>106.5 hm^(2))牧户,中规模和大规模牧户的超载比率为64.85%和45.26%,分别超载18.81%和2.46%;相关分析表明,超载率与牧户经营性收入显著正相关。综上所述,小规模牧户为超载主体,其收入提高强烈依赖超载,通过超载行为可达到接近中规模牧户经营性总收入水平,中规模和大规模牧户收入提高主要依赖承包草地面积。鉴于此,提出目前实施的草原生态保护补助奖励政策应重点关注小规模牧户的收入,以降低其超载风险为出发点,重塑补奖政策机制,重构补奖标准格局。

草原补奖政策可以实现激励相容吗?——对减畜与收入增长的实证研究

截至目前,草原生态保护补助奖励政策已实施两轮,其生态与经济效果值得关注。本研究基于激励相容理论,依据内蒙古13个旗县253个牧户的抽样数据,以畜产品单价、饲料价格、补奖额度和超载惩罚额度作为影响政策生态与经济效果的主要因素,使用时间序列与多元回归方法实证分析了两轮政策的效果。结果表明,第一轮政策实施没有产生生态效果,仅在2012年产生了经济效果。第二轮政策实施期的2016~2018年,在超载惩罚措施与畜产品价格降低的共同作用下,产生了减畜效应,获得了生态效果;同时,补奖政策推动了牧业收入增长,获得了经济效果;其主要原因是较高的补奖金额、超载惩罚金额以及生产力和营销水平的提升。

牧户草场载畜率特征及其影响因素研究

基于内蒙古自治区4个旗216户牧户的调研数据,分析不同类型草场载畜率的变化趋势及其超载过牧状况,并利用多元线性回归模型分析牧户草场载畜率的影响因素。结果表明:4个旗均有不同程度的超载过牧;核减饲草料购买效用后的草场载畜率均有不同程度的下降;随着草场面积增大,牧户草场载畜率显著降低;草原补奖收入、户主年龄、牧业收入占比、家庭支出、单位家畜饲草料支出、能否获得贷款、参加合作社情况和草场经营面积对草场载畜率有显著影响;中小牧户是草原补奖政策失灵和超载过牧的主要群体。基于回归分析结果,提出了降低草场超载率的措施和建议。

我国草原政策演进历程、趋势和特点——兼论新时代草原治理体系建构

我国的草原政策经历了从起步、曲折发展到全面提升的过程,为新时代草原治理体系的建构奠定了基础。中华人民共和国成立初期,草原牧区进行土地改革,草原产权由私有转变为公有,其后受“大跃进”和“文革”干扰,农牧冲突严重,草原的再生力遭到破坏。改革开放后,在经济体制改革的基础上,国家积极推进草政机构改革和政策的法制化建设,建立基本的草原政策法制化体系。随着经济发展和生态保护矛盾日益突出,在科学发展观指引下,国家实施一系列生态工程,确立基本草原保护制度,修复和保护草原生态。党的十八大以来,以习近平生态文明思想为指导,草原政策的内容转向系统治理、融合发展,新时代草原治理体系日益完善。

基于CiteSpace的我国草原生态保护补偿研究热点及演化趋势分析

[目的]全面了解我国草原生态保护补偿相关研究的发展现状及演变趋势。[方法]以中国知网数据库(CNKI)为数据来源,以“草原生态保护补助奖励政策”“草原生态补奖”“草原生态补偿”“草原补偿”为主题进行检索,时间跨度限定于2000—2022年,检索范围选取北大核心期刊、CSSCI期刊论文。采用CiteSpace(6.2.R4)软件对筛选到的301篇该领域文献的发文年度、来源期刊、作者分析、研究热点进行研究。[结果]①从研究现状来看,草原生态保护补偿方面的相关文献发表从2007年开始,整体呈现波动式上升趋势;《干旱区资源与环境》《中国草地学报》《黑龙江畜牧兽医》是发文量前三的期刊;靳乐山、周升强、巩芳3位作者发表文献数量较多,均为11篇;不同作者之间的合作关系主要表现为以单位为团体的合作模式;不同机构之间合作关系具有明显的地域性,跨区域不同机构之间连线较少,合作关系较弱。②从研究热点来看,关键词主要分为三类,第一类是政策的补奖标准和补偿对象,对应的关键词有“补偿机制”“奖励机制”“农牧民”“牧户”等;第二类是政策评价指标体系设计,目前研究者构建评价体系主要从生态效益、经济效益、社会效益方面展开;第三类是政策实施效果。有研究者以牧民为切入点对政策实施效果进行评价,也有研究者从草地生态方面进行评价。③从研究热点演进来看,初期的热点是“草地”“生态补偿”“补偿机制”“奖励机制”,侧重于探索如何补偿和奖励方面,2010年前后研究热点主要集中在对政策本身进行分析,找出问题、给予建议,近些年逐步转移至对政策实施的效果评价。[结论]国内草原生态保护补偿的相关研究受到了学者的广泛关注,其研究成果能为政策实施提供科研支撑和参考。

草原两轮补奖政策生态效益评价——以甘南州美仁草原为例

本文以甘南州美仁草原为例,通过甘南州草原监测数据及牧户调查问卷资料,对两轮草原生态补奖政策实施效果进行了分析。结果表明,随着草原补奖政策的实施,甘南州草原年均降水量、年最低气温、年最高气温、年平均气温均呈升高趋势,草原植被盖度、草群平均高度和鲜草产量也呈增长趋势,草原可利用面积和草原理论载畜量均增加。甘南州两轮草原生态保护补助奖励政策的实施对改善草原气候、提高草原产草量、增加草原可利用面积和提升草原理论载畜量有明显的促进作用,取得了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。

草原生态补奖政策问题与建议

以内蒙古为例,基于牧户调研和遥感数据,总结了第一轮草原生态补助奖励机制实施以来取得的成效。指出了第一轮草原生态补奖政策实施中存在的主要问题,分析探讨了超载过牧难以控制的原因,及草原生态补奖的内涵,在此基础上提出了优化草原生态补奖政策的建议。

法律政策对生物多样性及草原生物多样性保护影响评估

本研究针对国际国内关于生物多样性法律法规及政策的相关文件,分别进行了梳理、分析和研究,探讨了生物多样性相关法律法规的发展进程及其存在问题,深入了解和明确了生物多样性保护的国际原则、发展方向和本质。揭示了中国关于生物多样性保护特别是草原生物多样性保护法律法规发展现状及存在问题。根据中国具体国情出发,借鉴美国、欧盟和印度等国家经验,作为探寻中国制定生物多样性保护法律法规的思路和原则。基于此,对中国生物多样性保护法律政策的制定提出了几点建议。