Spatiotemporal patterns of the forage-livestock balance in the Xilin Gol steppe,China:implications for sustainably utilizing grassland-ecosystem services

Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of the forage-livestock balance is imperative for regionally arranging animal husbandry production while ensuring sustainable grassland-ecosystem service use.The Xilin Gol steppe is an important native grassland resource in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China.This study aimed to elucidate the dynamics of the forage-livestock balance in the Xilin Gol steppe during the period 2000–2015.We evaluated the forage production and corresponding livestock carrying capacity(LCC)in the growing seasons of 2000–2015 using remote sensing data and field surveys.The spatiotemporal patterns of the forage-livestock balance were then assessed at regional,city(including city,county and banner),and village scales using statistical and household survey data.The results showed that both forage production and LCC decreased in the Xilin Gol steppe from east to west.During the period 2000–2015,the regional average forage production and corresponding LCC fluctuated without following a distinct trend,but were consistent with the variations in precipitation.The forage-livestock balance varied with time,space,and scale.At the regional scale,steppes were overgrazed in the early 2000s,but a forage-livestock balance or even grazing potential was achieved in other years.At the city scale,approximately half of the region exhibited a"forage-livestock balance"since 2000.However,about half of the region still experienced overgrazing,which mainly located in the southwest sandy zones.Such changes may have been affected by the variations in grassland quality,forage production,compensation payment,and so on.We suggest a location-specific management scheme for grazing constraints,ecological compensation payment,and industry development to aid in harmonizing animal husbandry and environmental restoration,while promoting sustainable development goals by 2030.

Grass-livestock balance based grassland ecological carrying capability and sustainable strategy in the Yellow River Source National Park, Tibet Plateau, China

The Yellow River Source National Park(YRSP)is one of the most sensitive and fragile ecological regions in the world.The historical intensive grazing and climate change have resulted in ecological degradation that threatens the wildlife and livestock.Exploring the sustainable strategy is urgent for policy makers to meet the demands for wild ungulates and livestock.In our study,the grassland ecological carrying capability(GECC)was assessed based on the updated grass-livestock balance that considered the grass competition from wild ungulates.The balances between grass and livestock,and GECC and grassland pressure index(GPI)in the YRSP were measured through overlay analysis and geostatistic analysis.The results showed that:(1)the ratio of livestock to wild ungulates in the research area was approximately 4.56:1,in which the proportion of livestock was 81.75%and the actual number of livestock was 33.84×104 standard sheep units;(2)Under the scenario of minimum grazing utilisation rate,the theoretical grazing capacity and GECC were 37.83×104 standard sheep units and−0.13,respectively.Under the maximum grazing utilisation rate,the theoretical grazing capacity and GECC were 41.93×104 standard sheep units and−0.21,respectively.Since GECC in both scenarios were both less than 0,the grassland was considered to be in surplus and the livestock was not overloaded.However,GPI in the two scenarios were 0.87 and 0.79,respectively,both of which exceeded the warning line of 0.70.Based on GECC,we recommend that the sustainable strategy in YRSP is either to increase the supplementary feeding about 6.40×104 standard sheep units or reduce the grazing livestock by about 3.50×10^(4) standard sheep units.

Remote Sensing Survey of Grassland Resources and Study of Grass-livestock Balance in Hangjin Banner of Inner Mongolia

The data of this paper mainly include statistics,field survey data and MODIS remote sensing image data. This paper estimates the aboveground biomass of grassland and theoretical livestock carrying capacity of natural grassland in Hangjin Banner and draws a grass- livestock balance table in accordance with the actual and theoretical livestock carrying capacity of natural grassland. Studies have shown that the grass and livestock balance is good in Hangjin Banner,and the overloading rate is 1. 5%; there was no overloading in 2010 and 2011.

A RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMIC MONITORING SYSTEM FOR FORAGE-LIVESTOCK BALANCE IN THE TEMPERATE CRASSLAND OF CHINA

Some principles and methods for the dynamic monitoring of forage-livestock bal-ance in the grazing system on the temperate grassland of China were discussed in thispaper. To prepare a dynamic monitoring system or the forage livestock balance of grazingrangeland system, the following theoretical bases will be observed in this work.

On sustaining the ecology and livestock industry of the Bayanbuluk Grasslands

A short visit to the Bayanbuluk Grassland in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, PRC, revealed a number of environmental and livestock production problems, including grassland degradation, loss of grassland biodiversity, soil erosion and flash flooding downstream, decreased pasture productivity, and poor livestock nutrition (especially in winter) leading to stock losses and flocks and herds of low productivity. This paper describes those problems and then suggests some solutions. Short duration, high intensity grazing could be one of the solutions to both improving grassland condition and improving livestock nutrition. Local production of fodder crops for feeding in winter and spring deserves testing, using adapted strains of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and trialling fodder root crop production. It is important to realise that the land management objectives of scientists, administrators, herders and farmers may be similar, and that there are opportunities for land improvement through working together.

Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production and marketization:An empirical analysis of grasslands in Inner Mongolia,China

Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and marketization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.This study used an income distribution approach to categorize livelihood strategies of the respondents(n=394)into three types,i.e.,herder livelihood strategy(LS1),petty-herder livelihood strategy(LS2),and non-herder livelihood strategy(LS3).Using the multinomial logistic regression model,we compared livestock production and marketization across the three livelihood strategies.Our findings showed that(1)livestock production and marketization tended to favor LS1;(2)an increase in the land asset(contracted and rented grassland)and off-take rate increased the probability of households choosing LS1;(3)stocking rate was higher for LS1;and(4)the higher critical market-related risks perceived by herders were animal price and hay and corn price.Moreover,higher livestock price acted as a deterrent to diversifying into other livelihood strategies(LS2 and LS3).Finally,this study advocates for policies that will promote the land transfer market,adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry,improve the medium for disseminating market information to herders,and provide incentives for long-term livelihood transformation.

动物科学一流专业建设视阈下畜牧草地学课程建设探索与实践

新农科和动物科学一流专业建设为畜牧专业人才培养提出更高的标准与要求。为了切实提高畜牧草地学课程教学质量,以学生视角分析了畜牧草地学传统教学模式、课程内容设置及考核方式中存在的问题,并根据《关于一流本科课程建设的实施意见》要求,通过深挖课程中的思政元素、创新教学手段、拓展教学内容、改变教学方式等方面进行探索与实践,以调动学生学习主动性与积极性,提升教学质量与效果,为专业水准高、综合能力强的复合创新型畜牧专业人才培养及其他专业课程建设提供参考。

人工草地种植策略下的草原生态变化仿真

人工草地种植是实现草地生态环境保护和牧户生活质量改善的重要途径,也是草业生产和环境治理中的重要内容之一。为了研究人工草地种植是否能达到预期的生态调节效果,该文以锡林郭勒草原的镶黄旗作为研究区域构建APG-ABM模型,模拟了五种情景下未来30年的草地发展状况,分析了牧民收入以及生态压力等指标的变化趋势。实验结果表明,未种植人工草地的情况下,牧民分别以经济效益或生态效益优先时,牧民人均收入分别在35 000元及20 000元左右,前者压力指数在[0.8,1]区间内,后者压力指数稳定在0.5以下。种植人工草地后,牧民人均收入分别达到70 000元及55 000元左右,压力指数前者在[0.7,0.9]内波动,后者稳定在0.2左右。将50%的草地资源保护后,牧民人均收入处于45 000~50 000元,生态压力处于0.5以下的正常水平。因此,人工草地的广泛种植能够使生态压力得到明显缓解,并且牧民人均收入显著提高,有利于加强中国草地生态建设。

向下短波辐射差异对草甸化草原地表辐射平衡的影响

基于向下短波辐射分位数,对中国气象局海北牧业试验站2014年9月至2020年12月四分量辐射观测数据按月进行分组。分析了向下短波辐射差异对草甸化草原辐射平衡的影响,为明晰不同光照条件下辐射平衡变化和成因提供了依据。结果表明:在相同月份中,不同光照条件下地表接收的向下短波辐射呈现出极显著的对数变化趋势,组间差异超过了季节之间的差异。不同光照条件下向上短波辐射和大气长波辐射也表现出较大差异,其中大气长波辐射差异主要与空气湿度以及云量差异有关。随光照条件的增加,地表接收的净短波辐射增多,支出净长波辐射也增多。所以不同光照条件下净全辐射与向下短波辐射的比例相差不大。不过,光照条件差异会对向下短波辐射与净全辐射的关系模型产生影响。

宁夏草原生态保护面临的问题及对策建议

草原资源作为宁夏面积最大的土地类型和主要的可更新资源,不仅是草原畜牧业发展的物质基础,而且在维持和保护生物多样性、提供饲草、碳固存、养分循环、防风固沙等方面发挥着重要功能。根据宁夏草原生态保护和建设现状,系统总结了宁夏草原生态保护取得的成效,分析了目前宁夏草原生态保护存在的问题并提出相应的对策建议,旨在为宁夏草原生态保护和可持续发展提供参考。

互花米草防治和麋鹿保护的系统耦合作用——基于自然的解决方案

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)是典型的外来入侵物种,因其繁殖力和适应力强难以防治,直接威胁我国滨海滩涂湿地生物多样性,改变了该生态系统的结构和功能;麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)是我国I级保护动物,是野生动物迁地保护和回归自然的典范,但仍面临野生种群稳定性低、与保护区环境承载力矛盾尖锐的问题。麋鹿喜食互花米草,其牧食行为可有效调控互花米草的时空分布格局,提升滨海滩涂湿地生态系统功能和稳定性,并为其自身野化回归提供良好的环境。目前针对互花米草防治和麋鹿保护的研究较多,但少有二者耦合作用的探讨。尝试借助草地农业系统理论阐释互花米草防治和麋鹿保护(互花米草&麋鹿)耦合发展的范式和潜在机制,即寻求基于自然的克服系统相悖的解决方案。以期打破珍稀物种保护和入侵物种防控各自为战的范式,探索二者耦合发展思路和陆海农业实践。同时,探讨了利用无人机等技术搭建滨海滩涂湿地互花米草&麋鹿耦合系统的空-天-地一体化监测、分析和管理体系。

青海省草畜平衡动态变化过程及预警

运用CASA模型模拟研究青海省县域尺度1982-2018年草地生态系统净初级生产力时空格局,分析草地生态系统生产力和畜牧承载力,选取理论载畜量作为畜牧承载力评价指标,结合现实载畜量,确定畜牧超载程度及其变化特征.结果表明,青海省县域尺度草地生态系统承载力整体呈现东高西低格局.1990、2000、2010和2018年草地生态系统承载力总体上呈增长趋势,单位面积年平均理论载畜量由1982年的0.420 SHU/hm^(2)(SHU:羊单位)分别上升到0.456、0.497、0.570和0.555 SHU/hm^(2).1982-2018年整体上处于超载状态,截至2018年,整体超载34.5%.红色预警区严重超载县域24个,亟需及时调整现实载畜量.

退化草原草场修复和恢复理论与技术研究进展

由于对草原生态功能的认识不足,对其生产功能的利用和依赖过大,90%的草原出现了不同程度的退化,草原生态系统破坏严重,治理速度远跟不上退化速度。综述了国内外有关于退化草原草场修复机制和技术方面的研究进展,梳理和总结过去退化草原生态修复工作中的经验和问题。结果表明:在机制研究方面,基于功能性状的群落生态学理论、生态系统下行效应原理、阈值模型及集成过滤模型成为退化草地恢复的最新理论依据,同时,草原生态系统退化不仅包括植被群落盖度发生变化,还包括优势植物物种发生变化,牧草品质和产量下降,物种多样性的流失;在技术研究方面,草地恢复从单项技术改良转向系统综合治理,形成以生物多样性维持、群落结构优化配置、土壤及种子库修复为主体思路的恢复治理技术。目前,比较成熟的草原修复技术包括围栏封育、飞播种草、浅耕翻、免耕补播、划区轮牧和限时放牧等。同时,政府为遏制草地退化制定了一系列的政策,设立了众多生态建设项目,如草原家庭承包制、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、京津风沙源治理工程等。因地制宜、精准施策,集成创新草原生态修复技术体系和生产可持续发展的双赢模式,是未来我国草地退化与恢复的研究方向。

不同温湿度环境对细羊毛纤维直径检测结果的影响

【目的】探讨不同温度和不同相对湿度环境对羊毛纤维直径检测结果的影响,旨在进一步完善对毛绒纤维直径检测环境的研究。【方法】使用我国自主研发的第三代全天候毛绒细度长度一体化快速检测仪,对15种不同温湿度环境预处理后的346个新疆细羊毛样品进行纤维直径检测,研究在不同温湿度环境下细羊毛纤维直径测试结果的差异及其变化规律。【结果】结果表明,在15种不同温湿度环境下,温度对羊毛纤维直径无显著影响(P>0.05),湿度对羊毛纤维直径影响显著(P<0.01),温度和相对湿度之间不存在交互效应(P>0.05);在相对湿度水平为95%下的羊毛纤维直径检测值比相对湿度水平为55%下的细羊毛纤维直径检测值平均高出0.71μm,在测试范围内每增加一个百分比的相对湿度水平,羊毛纤维直径增加约0.019μm。【结论】环境中的相对湿度水平是影响羊毛纤维直径检测结果的重要因素,高湿度环境会使羊毛纤维直径检测结果呈现出较大的数值。

青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳平衡对放牧强度的响应

青藏高原拥有世界上最广阔的高寒草地,以及长达数千年的悠久放牧历史。独特的高寒环境条件使这里对外界干扰更加敏感。尽管已经进行了很多青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳平衡的相关研究,但放牧,尤其是放牧强度如何影响高寒草地碳平衡仍待进一步研究与明确。论文以围栏禁牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧4种放牧强度为基础,综述了青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳平衡对不同放牧强度的响应。放牧强度变化通过干扰植物-土壤界面从而对碳输入和输出过程产生间接作用,最终影响高寒草地生态系统碳平衡。由于受到放牧历史、气候条件、草地类型等其他条件的干扰,高寒草地生态系统碳平衡对放牧强度的响应是复杂多样的,因此需要对放牧管理采取更加灵活、具体、有针对性的措施,这对于制定合理的草地管理决策、稳定青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳平衡具有重要意义。

放牧家畜冷季补饲研究进展

随着放牧家畜饲养数量增加,草场将会不断退化,人畜、草畜矛盾也日益严重。高寒草甸因为气候恶劣,全年无明显四季之分,只有冷暖区别,使牧草现存量随季节变化差异较大。冷季补饲作为维持高寒地区畜牧业高效、可持续发展的重要措施之一,不仅可以减少家畜在越冬时掉膘和死亡造成的损失,还可以减轻放牧草地的压力,保证草地畜牧业的稳定发展。本文主要综述了高寒地区冷季饲料的种类及冷季补饲对家畜生理、生长性能和繁殖性能状态的影响,以及冷季补饲对维持草地生态和草地恢复的作用,以期为高寒草地冷季补饲的进一步研究实践提供参考。

饲粮电解质平衡的生物学作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

电解质是指在水溶液中能够解离成带电离子的化合物,其主要组成元素包括钠(Na^(+))、钾(K^(+))、氯(Cl^(-))、钙(Ca^(2+))、镁(Mg^(2+))等离子。饲粮电解质平衡(dEB)是指在畜禽饲粮中,不同电解质或正、负离子的含量和比例均达到适宜范围,以满足动物的生理需求并维持其正常生理功能。作为饲粮配方设计的关键要素之一,适当的dEB值可以有效提高饲粮营养物质利用率,改善动物健康状况,促进生长发育,对提高养殖业的经济和社会效益具有重要意义。因此,本文旨在对dEB的生物学作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为养殖业的可持续发展提供参考。

新源县草原畜牧业转型升级问题及对策分析

【目的】为有效推动草原畜牧业的转型升级,须引导其走以生态优先、生产持续进步、生活富裕、社会和谐为标志的文明发展之路。【方法】本文基于新源县草原建设与保护现状,运用文献检索法和对工作实践的总结,梳理了当前新源县草原畜牧业转型升级中存在的问题,并提出了新时期加大草场保护和修复力度,确保草原生态安全发展的路径。【结果】现阶段,新源县草原生态保护与修复治理工作取得了显著成效,但仍存在饲草产业化程度低、产品品牌影响力不足等问题,通过以草定畜,完善草畜平衡标准,优化畜群结构,合理控制牲畜数量等措施,为草原畜牧业转型提供保障。【结论】全面提升草原畜牧业质量与效益,发挥生态修复治理建设的综合性、系统性和长效性作用,以期为草原畜牧业转型升级提供参考。

基于氮磷养分平衡的畜禽粪污土地承载力研究——以FK县为例

为科学调整区域种植业和养殖业的规模与布局,促进种养结合循环发展。本文基于氮磷养分平衡法,以《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》为计算依据,测算FK县及其各乡镇2020—2023年平均畜禽粪污土地承载力,并对其进行环境污染预警评估。结果表明,FK县基于氮养分的土地承载力为2880329头猪当量,磷养分为2015232头猪当量。当前养殖规模为1322075头猪当量,FK县畜禽养殖量尚未超载。但从各乡镇来看,乡镇D处于超载状态;FK县基于氮、磷养分的环境污染预警等级均为Ⅰ级,无污染风险。从各乡镇来看,乡镇D风险预警等级分别为Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级,污染较为严重。乡镇B、E、N、R、S均为Ⅱ级风险,稍有污染。