PARAMETERIZATION OF SUBGRID DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUD AT GRAY-ZONE RESOLUTIONS:PRELIMINA RY RESULTS|

When the horizontal grid size of a numerical weather prediction(NWP)model is between a few hundred meters and~10 km,referred to as the gray zone,updrafts in convective clouds cannot be fully resolved explicitly and the use of a subgrid convective cloud parameterization scheme is still necessary.Since some critical assumptions in the mass-flux formulation of conventional subgrid convective cloud parameterization become invalid for gray-zone resolutions,it is required for a generalized parameterization to be developed to properly describe subgrid convective clouds.To meet this requirement,a new subgrid convective cloud parameterization scheme that is based on the mass-flux formulation and suitable for gray-zone resolutions has been proposed and preliminarily tested in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model.This new scheme is automatically adaptive to variation in grid size(i.e.,scale-aware),and accounts for microphysical processes consistently with grid-resolved clouds.Numerical experiment of an idealized tropical cyclone shows that this new scheme has a substantial impact on the tropical cyclone’s intensity and precipitation distribution due to the effect of subgrid clouds on the total diabatic heating.

Liver histological changes in untreated chronic hepatitis B patients in indeterminate phase

BACKGROUND Studies with large size samples on the liver histological changes of indeterminate phase chronic hepatitis B(CHB)patients were not previously conducted.AIM To assess the liver histological changes in the indeterminate phase CHB patients using liver biopsy.METHODS The clinical and laboratory data of 1532 untreated CHB patients were collected,and all patients had least once liver biopsy from January 2015 to December 2021.The significant differences among different phases of CHB infection were compared with t-test,and the risk factors of significant liver histological changes were analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Among 1532 untreated CHB patients,814(53.13%)patients were in the indeterminate phase.Significant liver histological changes(defined as biopsy score≥G2 and/or≥S2)were found in 488/814(59.95%)CHB patients in the indete-rminate phase.Significant liver histological changes were significant differences among different age,platelets(PLTs),and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)subgroup in indeterminate patient.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age≥40 years old[adjust odd risk(aOR),1.44;95%confidence interval(CI):1.06-1.97;P=0.02],PLTs≤150×10^(9)/L(aOR,2.99;95%CI:1.85-4.83;P<0.0001),and ALT≥upper limits of normal(aOR,1.48;95%CI:1.08,2.05,P=0.0163)were independent risk factors for significant liver histological changes in CHB patients in the indeterminate phase.CONCLUSION Our results suggested that significant liver histological changes were not rare among the untreated CHB patients in indeterminate phase,and additional strategies are urgently required for the management of these patients.