Analysis of the Meteorological Conditions for Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Hongze Lake

Based on the data of 18 cases during the past 30 years from 1978 to 2007,the major meteorological conditions for outbreak of blue-green alga in Hongze Lake were analyzed.The results showed that the main meteorological conditions that affected the production and outbreak of blue-green alga were unusual high monthly average temperature,less precipitation and more sunshine hours in ten days.Through the selection of 1 or 0 factors on the values of above meteorological conditions over the years,if the conditions were accorded with the outbreak of blue-green alga,the factor was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;if there was outbreak of blue-green alga within ten days,it was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;crossing interrelated and integrated prediction method was adopted to establish the prediction equation for outbreak of blue-green alga,the historical fitting rate was 87.5%,and the predicting accuracy rate in 2008-2009 was 87.5%.In addition to meteorological conditions,outbreak of blue-green alga was also influenced by industrial pollutions,etc.,which should be considered in the forecasting procedures.

Indocyanine Green-Conjugated Magnetic Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Synchronous Photothermal/Photodynamic Tumor Therapy

Indocyanine green(ICG) is capable of inducing a photothermal effect and the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species for cancer therapy. However, the major challenge in applying ICG molecules for antitumor therapy is associated with their instability in aqueous conditions and rapid clearance from blood circulation,which causes insufficient bioavailability at the tumor site.Herein, we conjugated ICG molecules with Prussian blue nanoparticles enclosing a Fe_3O_4 nanocore, which was facilitated by cationic polyethyleneimine via electrostatic adsorption. The nanocarrier-loaded ICG formed stable aggregates that enhanced cellular uptake and prevented fluorescence quenching. Moreover, the strong superparamagnetism of the Fe_3O_4 core in the obtained nanocomposites further improved cellular internalization of the drugs guided by a localized magnetic field. The therapeutic efficacy of this nanoplatform was evaluated using tumor models established in nude mice, which demonstrated remarkable tumor ablation in vivo due to strong photothermal/photodynamic effects. This study provides promising evidence that this multifunctional nanoagent might function as an efficient mediator for combining photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy.

Effects of climate change and land-use changes on spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water in Ningxia, Northwest China

Water resources are a crucial factor that determines the health of ecosystems and socio-economic development;however,they are under threat due to climate change and human activities.The quantitative assessment of water resources using the concept of blue water and green water can improve regional water resources management.In this study,spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water were simulated and analyzed under scenarios of climate change and land-use changes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Northwest China,between 2009 and 2014.Green water,a leading component of water resources,accounted for more than 69.00%of the total water resources in Ningxia.Blue water and green water showed a single peak trend on the monthly and annual scales during the study period.On the spatial scale,the southern region of Ningxia showed higher blue water and green water resources than the northern region.The spatiotemporal distribution features of blue water,green water,and green water flow had strong correlations with precipitation.Furthermore,the simulation identified the climate change in Ningxia to be more influential on blue water and green water than land-use changes.This study provides a specific scientific foundation to manage water resources in Ningxia when encountered with climate change together with human activities.

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE TOXINS AND LIVER CANCER

Microcystins (MCYSTs) isolated from blue-green algae,are hepatotoxic polypeptides.It will induce severe intrahepatic hemorrhage and liver necrosis at low concentrations in rats and mice.MCYST- LR is one of MCYSTs which consists of 2 variable L- amino acids(leucine and arginine),3 D-amino acids and 2 unusualamino acids(including Adda).MCYSTs bind to protein phosphatase 1 and 2A,and strongly inhibit their activities.The resultant increase of phosphoprotein was referred to be involved in tumor-promoting activity in liver.According to the above results and animal study,MCYST-LR is a potent liver tumor promoter.There were 9 positive from 30 samples of pond-ditch water in high endemic county-Haimen by high-peformance liquid chromatograph and 3 already confirmed by liquid chromograph/mass spectrometer.The quantities of MCYSTs were different between drinking water of liver cancer cases and controls groups.122±0.057and 0.072±0.044μg/200ml respectively) by ELISA. It is not easy to remove by conventional water treatment procedures.The relationship between MCYSTs and oncogenes and anti-oncogenes are under studying.

ISOLATION OF PLASMID FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic disruption of algal cells and alkaline removal of chromosomal DNA. The difference in the molecular weight of the OOC DNAs from the two strains differing in form suggests that plasmid may be related with the differentiation of algal form. This modified method, which does not use any lysozyme, is a quick and effective method of plasmid isolation, especially for filamentous blue-green algae.

Infrared Laser Pumped Green and Blue Laser Emissions from a Single Solid State Material Doped by Rare Earth Ions

The possible ways and progress of infrared or red laser pumped green and blue laser emissions from a single solid state material doped by rare earth ions are outlined. The green and blue lasers realized from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped nonlinear laser crystals by means of self frequency conversion and from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped bulk, fiber and microsphere materials by means of frequency upconversion are introduced in detail. Other kinds of devices and methods are also compared. The typical nonlinear laser crystals such as YAl 3(BO 3) 4, GdAl 3(BO 3) 4, YCa 4O(BO 3) 3 , GdCa 4O(BO 3) 3, and the typical upconversion fluoride fibers are compared and analyzed. The major problems remaining to be solved and the developing trends in the area are also discussed.

Present Situation and Control Ideas of Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Freshwater Lakes in China

Based on the experience and lessons from previous control of lakes, as well as the present situation of water eutrophication and outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes, general ideas of controlling outbreak of blue-green algae in large and middle lakes were proposed. Firstly, it is needed to control serious outbreak of blue-green algae and then build health aquatic ecosystems and corresponding control goals finally. Secondly, quantity of blue-green algae in lakes and lake eutrophication should be reduced at the same time. Thirdly, quantity of reduced blue-green algae must exceed the natural increase of them in quantity persistently, so that outbreak of blue-green algae will reduce and even be eliminated. Fourthly, engineering measures and corresponding safeguard measures to control outbreak of blue-green algae in lakes should be combined.

Agricultural Water Footprint of Southern Highbush Blueberry Produced Commercially with Drip Irrigation and Sprinkler Frost Protection

A study was conducted from 2010 to 2017 to determine the water footprint for producing blueberries in the Entre Ríos province of Argentina. Three cultivars of southern highbush blueberry (hybrid cross of Vaccinium sp.) were evaluated in the study, including “Star”, “Emerald”, and “Snowchaser”. In each case, the plants were irrigated by drip and protected from frost using overhead sprinklers. Water requirements for irrigation and frost protection varied among the cultivars due to differences in the timing of flowering and fruit development. The annual water footprint for fruit production in each cultivar is expressed in units of cubic meters of water used to produce one ton of fresh fruit and ranged from 212 - 578 m3∙t−1 for “Star”, 296 - 985 m3∙t−1 for “Emerald”, and 536 - 4066 m3∙t−1 for “Snowchaser”. “Snowchaser” flowered earlier than the other cultivars and, therefore, needed more water for frost protection. “Star”, on the other hand, ripened the latest among the cultivars and required little to no water for frost protection. Frost protection required a minimum of 30 m3∙h−1 of water per hectare and in addition to drip irrigation was a major component of the water footprint.

Hollow and substrate-supported Prussian blue,its analogs,and their derivatives for green water splitting

To meet the current energy needs of society,the highly efficient and continuous production of clean energy is required.One of the key issues facing the green hydrogen evolution is the construction of efficient,low-cost electrocatalysts.Prussian blue(PB),Prussian blue analogs(PBAs),and their derivatives have tunable metal centers and have attracted significant interest as novel photo-and electrochemical catalysts.In this review,recent research progress into PB/PBA-based hollow structures,substrate-supported nanostructures,and their derivatives for green water splitting is discussed and summarized.First,several remarkable examples of nanostructured PB/PBAs supported on substrates(copper foil,carbon cloth,and nickel foam)and hollow structures(such as single-shelled hollow boxes,open hollow cages,and intricate hollow structures(multi-shell and yolk-shell))are discussed in detail,including their synthesis and formation mechanisms.Subsequently,the applications of PB/PBA derivatives((hydr)oxides,phosphides,chalcogenides,and carbides)for water splitting are discussed.Finally,the limitations in this research area and the most urgent challenges are summarized.We hope that this review will stimulate more researchers to develop technologies based on these intricate PB/PBA structures and their derivatives for highly efficient,green water splitting.

Effect of sintering temperature on luminescence properties of borosilicate matrix blue–green emitting color conversion glass ceramics

The color conversion glass ceramics which were made of borosilicate matrix co-doped(SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu^3+Ce^3+) blue-green phosphors were prepared by two-step method in co-sintering. The change in luminescence properties and the drift of chromaticity coordinates(CIE) of the(SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu^3+Ce^3+) blue-green phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics were studied in the sintering temperature range from 600℃ to 800℃. The luminous intensity and internal quantum yield(QY) of the blue-green phosphors and glass ceramics decreased with the sintering temperature increasing. When the sintering temperature increased beyond 750℃, the phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics almost had no peak in photoluminescence(PL) and excitation(PLE) spectra. The results showed that the blue-green phosphors had poor thermal stability at higher temperature. The lattice structure of the phosphors was destroyed by the glass matrix and the Ce^3+ in the phosphors was oxidized to Ce^4+, which further caused a decrease in luminescent properties of the color conversion glass ceramics.

Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Malachite Green Dyes with CuWO₄-GO Nano Composite

Copper Tungstate-Graphene Oxide nano composites have been successfully applied as excellent catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation with Methylene blue and Malachite green dyes under visible light irradiation. A facile?solid state metathesis synthesis of copper tungstate (CuWO4) followed by ball milling and subsequent preparation of copper tungstate-graphene oxide?(CuWO4-GO) nano composite using a colloidal blending process and its application as a visible light photocatalyst for the degradation of Malachite green and Methylene blue dyes. The morphology and composition of copper tungstate (CuWO4) nano composite have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (UV-DRS), Raman Spectra, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)-EDS and UV Visible Spectroscopy. It shows a band gap value of 2.13 eV, an increase in range and intensity of light absorption and the reduction of electron-hole pair recombination in CuWO4 with the introducing of GO on to it.

Stormwater Management Practices and Green-Blue Infrastructure in Urban Areas: an Overview

Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding risk.Sustainable urban design strategies can contribute to counteract the negative impact of anthropic activities both at city-scale and global scale.Green and Blue Infrastructure(GBI)approaches,in particular,are an alternative to stormwater traditional management.In Europe,Sustainable Drainage System implementation copes with impervious surfaces to achieve water quality,amenity,and biodiversity increase.Best Management Practices,developed mainly in the USA,focus on specific measures for sustainable stormwater treatment.Water Sensitive Urban Design,spread in Australia and England,also aims to minimise the impact of developed areas preventing flood risk,limiting water consumption and enhancing environmental quality.In the USA and Canada,Low Impact Development offers design strategies to manage runoff and deliver structural practices to mimic predevelopment processes of infiltration,filtration and detention.

碳中和背景下蓝碳保护与发展趋势及中国因应

蓝碳具有比传统绿色碳汇更强大的碳捕获和存储能力,保护与发展蓝碳是实现碳中和的重要路径。中国蓝碳资源禀赋优越,蓝碳挖掘潜力巨大、开发利用前景广阔。当前,蓝碳保护与发展在国际层面面临着蓝碳生态系统退化严重、全球碳交易体系缺失等挑战,在中国层面也面临着蓝碳生态系统危机重重、蓝碳监测与核算体系不完备、蓝碳交易体系不健全、缺乏成熟的蓝碳法治保障等问题。从国际社会实践看,蓝色碳汇已然由科研概念阶段迈入实用工具阶段,未来蓝碳纳入气候变化法律与框架将是完善全球气候治理体系之必然;从国内实践看,中国对于蓝碳的相关研究已经由跟随转至逐渐引领,国内各项政策试点也在有序推进。面对国内外蓝碳发展局势,中国自价值、技术、制度、立法等多个方面作出因应,着力挖掘蓝碳资源固碳增汇潜力是把握蓝碳发展机遇的必然,对于助力碳中和目标实现价值重大、意义深远。

一种Y型延迟荧光分子及其蓝光和绿光OLED应用

以噻吨酮作为受体、3,6-(二咔唑基)三咔唑作为给体设计合成了一种具有延迟荧光特性的Y型分子(TX-TCz)。模拟计算表明化合物HOMO和LUMO能级完全分离且在苯环上存在较小的重叠,有助于获得小的S1和T1的能级差ΔEST。随着溶剂极性的增加,化合物发射峰发生明显的红移且由于电荷转移态和局域激发态的共存产生了双峰发射。在纯膜中TX-TCz的发射峰位于513 nm,量子产率为11.5%。基于低温下荧光和磷光发射峰,计算得到化合物的ΔEST为0.03 eV,并且检测到µs级的寿命,说明化合物具有延迟荧光发射。与此同时,化合物展示了良好的热稳定性能和电化学性能,有助于制备高性能OLED器件。其在掺杂浓度为5%(wt)的器件中展示了良好的蓝光性能,发射峰位于463 nm,最大外量子效率为1.53%;在非掺杂器件中展示了良好的绿光发射(522 nm),最大外量子效率达到1.81%。

不同波长LEDs光源对苦荞芽菜生长、生物活性物积累及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同波长LEDs光源对苦荞芽菜生长的影响,本研究以黑暗(D)作对照,采用单色红(R)、蓝(B)、绿(G)光源培养苦荞芽菜,收获后分别测定其形态指标、生物活性物积累量、类黄酮合成关键基因表达量及抗氧化活性指标,结果表明:B处理的苦荞芽菜下胚轴呈深红色,伸长生长受到强烈抑制,花青素、总黄酮及总酚积累量均最高,分别是D的7.18、2.96和2.49倍;R处理的下胚轴呈浅粉色,上述3种生物活性物积累量分别是对照的2.56、1.68和1.40倍;G处理的下胚轴伸长与R相似,外观呈透明白色,生物活性物积累量与对照无显著差异。B和R均强烈诱导类黄酮生物合成通路上关键结构基因表达,显著增加苦荞芽菜下胚轴抗氧化活性。此外,各单色光处理均未显著影响苦荞芽菜可食用部位的鲜重。由此可见,红、蓝LEDs光源可显著影响苦荞芽菜形态生长,并增加其生物活性物积累及抗氧化能力,以蓝光最佳。

水生态系统韧性视角下热带雨林地区的蓝绿空间评价——以五指山市南圣河为例

热带雨林地区因特殊的气候特点及空间特征,河流蓝绿空间面临的雨洪压力与人类社会活动压力较大,其韧性建设对于整个生境具有关键性影响。国内外研究聚焦于韧性承洪实践与韧性评估量化,鲜有基于不同生态压力冲击对河流蓝绿空间开展多维韧性评价。文章以南圣河为对象,基于雨洪等自然灾害的脉冲式压力与人类社会对生态系统施加的慢性压力两类情境,构建水生态系统的“压力-脉冲-韧性”模型,通过“构建理论模型―叠合双维承压评价―解析吻合/冲突点―探析韧性策略”的逻辑方法实现特定地域蓝绿空间的评价与优化。研究发现:1)生态系统服务价值越高,调节功能越高,蓝绿空间韧性越强。2)突发性脉冲方面,在极端日降雨量增加情景下,河流水系的缓冲半径与水源类型密切相关,水库受到水安全威胁的风险大于河流,地表的径流曲线数值(简称CN)一般与历史经验相关。3)慢发性压力方面,韧性压力与城市人口密切相关,人口越密集,韧性压力越大;且不同季候的游憩密度与丰枯期存在分异,丰水期雨洪威胁大,游憩密度低,枯水期雨洪威胁小,游憩密度高。

四川天府新区BGI复合功能空间分异特征及其景观格局驱动机制研究

蓝绿基础设施(Blue-Green Infrastructure, BGI)是实现适应气候变化战略目标的重要工具.研究BGI景观格局和功能的空间关系,旨在为城市气候适应性建设提供依据.以四川天府新区(含协调管控区)为例,基于遥感影像数据,从气候适应性视角出发,进行BGI复合功能评价和空间分异特征分析,并运用地理探测器进一步揭示景观格局主要驱动因子及驱动机制.结果表明:(1)复合功能等级整体呈现从龙泉山脉向东西两侧递减趋势,高服务功能集中分布在龙泉山脉、彭祖山景区和三岔湖景区东南方向的协调管控区域.(2)复合功能等级空间分布格局整体呈显著空间正向自相关关系,具有显著高高(HH)、低低(LL)、高低(HL)聚集特征.(3)景观组成类型、网络结构要素类型、斑块密度指数(PD)和面积加权平均形状指数(AWMSI)是复合功能空间分异的主要驱动因子;景观组成类型、网络结构要素类型是复合功能空间分异的主要交互驱动因子.研究探明了景观格局对BGI复合功能空间分异的驱动机制,可用于指导研究区城市气候适应性建设.

苏南水网地区蓝绿空间格局多情景模拟预测

【目的】模拟预测苏南水网地区蓝绿空间格局多情景发展趋势,探究促进地区可持续发展的情景方案。【方法】以江苏省苏州市吴江南片区为例,设置自然发展、生态保护优先和城镇发展优先等3种情景,借助CA-Markov模型,对2030年蓝绿空间格局变化趋势进行多情景模拟分析,并运用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)和景观连通性评价解读蓝绿空间景观生态结构与生态格局特征。【结果】不同发展情景下蓝绿空间规模与格局变化差异显著。自然发展和城镇发展优先情景下,蓝绿空间面积呈现加速减少趋势,分别减少了3626.37、7145.74 hm^(2)。蓝绿空间核心区、孔隙等形态类型负向变化剧烈,蓝绿空间破碎度增加,连通性降低。生态保护优先情景与自然发展和城镇发展优先情景相比,蓝绿空间面积分别增加了2904.30、6423.67 hm^(2),蓝绿空间核心区等形态类型增幅明显,孔隙率显著降低,蓝绿空间破碎度降低,连通性增强。【结论】自然发展和城镇发展优先情景对水网地区蓝绿空间呈现负向影响趋势,生态保护优先情景在维持蓝绿空间面积与格局稳定,改善蓝绿空间连通性方面效果显著。

吲哚菁绿联合亚甲蓝在肺结节定位中护理配合方法的应用

目的探讨吲哚菁绿联合亚甲蓝在CT引导下行肺结节定位的护理配合方法。方法对81例行胸腔镜下肺结节切除术需术前定位的患者,实施包含吲哚菁绿联合亚甲蓝配置及注入配合、呼吸模式配合、体位管理、精准定位配合、心理护理等内容的护理配合方法。结果所有患者均定位成功,不同临床特征患者的不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。性别、年龄、部位、结节大小、距离胸膜下的距离、穿刺时的体位和进针路径均不是接受吲哚菁绿联合亚甲蓝CT定位的患者出现不良反应的影响因素。结论吲哚菁绿联合亚甲蓝的肺结节定位护理配合方法具有普遍性和稳定性,适用于不同临床特征的患者。