Teaching Practice of Architecture Courses based on Virtual Simulation

Virtual simulation teaching of architecture courses is a teaching mode based on the deep integration of information technology and design class in intelligent environment.Under the background of new engineering,relying on a national virtual simulation laboratory,the exploration of green low-carbon simulation in architecture courses is of great importance for improving the dimension of scientific thinking of architecture undergraduates.In this study,based on the background of architecture curriculum construction,the practical content of the teaching reform of architecture courses based on virtual simulation was expounded from three dimensions of reshaping teaching objectives,updating teaching content and improving teaching evaluation.The practical paths of teaching reform of architecture courses were put forward under virtual simulation experiment teaching,namely building teaching teams,strengthening pilot courses,reforming teaching methods,optimizing classroom teaching content and evaluation methods,constructing practical classroom teaching form in line with the learning situation of architecture courses,building a smart learning platform,and closely combining resource construction,application and curriculum content.This study has important practical significance for optimizing and improving the teaching system of professional courses,adapting to the needs of the industry,enhancing competitiveness,and promoting the construction of first-class architecture courses.

Green Architecture for Dense Home Area Networks Based on Radio-over-Fiber with Data Aggregation Approach

The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.

Environmental Strategies for Design of Sustainable Buildings in Technique of Green Eco-Architecture

Architecture is defined as a symbiosis of function, aesthetics, technology and economics. This paper introduces the concept of development of technology in architecture for a sustainable society. The concept is based on a systemic link building-climate-energy. The scientific analysis of this link allows us to define three technical levels of modern architecture. The lowest level is represented by low energy architecture that gives priority to the element of energy. Climate is defined only by physical parameters here. It is characterized by the production of emissions that deplete the Biocapacity of the Earth. Higher level of architecture is represented by green architecture which gives equal priority to both energy and ecology. Climate is defined by physical and chemical parameters here. It is characterized by the tendency of reduction of emissions production and move towards environmentally clean energy, material and water sources. Sustainable architecture represents the target program of development of human settlements in the interaction of society-energy-ecology. It is characterized by the balance of categories nature-man-technology and by minimizing the emissions production to the extent of their coverage by the Earth＇s ecosystems. This paper introduces design strategy for green building. The basic structure of the strategy defines, and internal structure of the strategy emphasizes, principles and concepts of green buildings. In this strategy, the vital role is played by renewable energy sources as a production technology of the capital provided to man by nature.

THE WISTER EDUCATION CENTER AND GREENHOUSE Uniting Program and Process,History and Mission,Architecture,and Sustainability on the Swarthmore College

Swarthmore College honors its Quaker principles by educating students to be responsible world citizens and through good stewardship of its land and building resources.Today this tradition of citizenship and stewardship is reflected in the College’s purchasing of sustainable power and construction choices.The new 5,200 square foot Wister Education Center and Greenhouse for The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College is the most recent and far-reaching green building on campus and serves as a model for integrating sustainable design with the function,mission,and architecture of the institution.

EXPLORATION OF CRITICAL EXTERNAL PARTNERS OF ARCHITECTURE/ENGINEERING/CONSTRUCTION (AEC) FIRMS FOR DELIVERING GREEN BUILDING PROJECTS IN SINGAPORE

Green Building involves many parties and has attracted attention recently. In this paper, the main external actors for Green Building were explored based on literature review. Then, a structured questionnaire was developed to facilitate systematic data collection. Finally, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied and “clients,” “government,” “qualified/certified materials and products suppliers,” and “good green consultants” were found to be significant external partners of Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) firms for successful delivery of Green Mark certified projects. The research findings will help AEC firms understand how to achieve competitive advantages in the Green Building market in Singapore by using external resources.

Reflection on Full Life Cycle Green Architectural Design of Passive Priority——Taking the Award Design of China Merchants Property 2013 Green Architectural Design Competition as an Example

In the China merchants property 2013 green architectural design competition,feature of this awardwinning program is the design method based on the principles of passive priority and comprehensive utilization of full life cycle. The passive priority can be achieved by building form derived from the simulation and analysis of wind environment,improvement of the building envelope insulation and the dehumidification of fresh air,the use of solar energy. The full life cycle utilization can be accomplished by the combination of exhibition and residents' leisure activities, and the integration with local cultural tradition, thereby improving energy efficiency and the utilization of the building.

Practice Exploration of Green Building Design in Prefabricated Residential Building Design

Prefabricated residential building design fully embodies the concept of green building and aligns with China’s strategic plan for sustainable development.However,there is a need to further optimize green building design methods,enhance the design quality of prefabricated residential buildings,and improve energy and resource utilization.Compared to traditional construction methods,prefabricated residential building design still faces several challenges during the actual construction process.These challenges include difficulties in design,material selection and processing,and the high demands for construction coordination.To strengthen the application of green building concepts in prefabricated residential design and effectively promote the sustainable development of the construction industry,this paper discusses practical measures for implementing green building design in prefabricated residential projects for reference.

人类“绿色基因”假说(Human"Green-Gene"Hypothesis):核心内容、科学佐证与实践意义

首先,对人类“绿色基因”的形成进行探讨,包括人类(动物)与植物共同维持大气中碳氧平衡、人类(动物)与植物互为食物链关系、人体功能中存在植物性功能、绿色是人类眼睛最易看到的颜色、人类血红蛋白的结构相似于叶绿素结构、作为人体呼吸器官的肺部相似于树木地上部形状(树形)、人类肠道绒毛相似于植物根系毛细根等方面。进而对支持早期人类生活的植物类型与栽培植物诞生进行研究。在此基础上,提出人类“绿色基因”假说及其核心内容,归纳该假说的科学佐证。人类“绿色基因”假说从整体的、发展的思维解释人类与植物关系,奠定了园艺疗法、园林康养、森林康养的坚实基础,并指出接触植物、进行园艺操作与田园劳作是人们实现接地、激发触觉潜在功能的途径。

新加坡Green Mark标准的亲生物性指标研究:基于气候响应视角

亲生物性是提高人居环境的健康与福祉、应对气候变化的重要理论,在绿色建筑设计中引入亲生物性对于提升城市中植物的固碳潜力具有重要作用。绿色建筑设计中亲生物性设计策略的选择受到当地气候特征的影响,但当前关于地域性亲生物性设计策略和绿色建筑评价标准的研究尚缺乏。通过文献综述,从气候响应的视角梳理亲生物性理论,总结归纳湿热气候下的亲生物性设计策略框架。新加坡Green Mark标准是热带和亚热带地区领先的绿色建筑评价系统,构建亲生物性设计策略框架并对其进行案例分析,归纳新加坡Green Mark标准在条文分类、分值权重、策略选择3个方面引入亲生物性指标的具体方法。总结的框架和方法不仅可为中国地域性绿色建筑评价标准的制定和发展提供参考意见,还可为后续湿热气候下的绿色建筑亲生物性指标评价框架的制定奠定理论基础。

Study on constructive system of green cave dwelling in Loess Plateau—Interpretation with the “regional gene” theory

This article reveals the inherent evolution adjusting mechanism of regional architecture by means of considering the concept and method of "regional gene" as the research approach of regional architecture construction system, and in the mean- while establishes the "gene database" of regional architecture and optimum technology, on the basis of the principle of sustainable development and scientific evaluation system. In addition, this article chooses the planning of model villages of cave dwellings in Loess Plateau and the construction of ecological cave dwellings for case study to prove the feasibility of the research approach.

IMPROVING THE LINK BETWEEN THE LEED GREEN BUILDING LABEL AND A BUILDING’S ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL METRICS

The US Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green buildingrating program has grown from a little known tool for market change to a label and brand relied upon by many ofthe largest players in real estate. It now serves as an indicator of sustainability and an instrument for environmentalmanagement. While LEED-certifi ed buildings tend to offer greater environmental benefi ts than their conventionalcounterparts, research and experience shows that the variation in and magnitude of these benefi ts varies, even amongbuildings of the same LEED certifi cation level. In light of growing concerns about “greenwashing” and the liabilityassociated with questionable environmental declarations, it is important to ensure that users of LEED and similarcertifi cation programs receive a set of benefi ts comparable to those expected. With a focus on energy-related issues, thisresearch (1) highlights evidence of the inconsistency between the expected and actual benefi ts of LEED buildings, (2)suggests revisions to LEED’s Energy & Atmosphere (EA) section to reduce the variation and magnitude in the energyrelatedenvironmental impacts from LEED buildings, (3) quantifi es this reduction in variation and magnitude ofimpacts using Monte Carlo analyses and probabilistic models created specifi cally for this research, (4) compares carbondioxide emissions from LEED buildings to the Architecture 2030 Challenge goals and (5) quantifi es the importanceof scoring LEED buildings on a per capita normalized basis. This research is a follow-up piece to the authors’ previouswork published in the Journal of Green Building (Wedding and Crawford-Brown 2007).

Thermal Behaviour in Buildings with Green Covers Combined with Natural Ventilation, Green Facades and Green Roofs

The main aim of this paper was to study the influence of ventilation during a typical experimental day, in the internal air temperature as well as in internal surface temperatures under the conditions of the outer environment, using an experimental method which allows a comparison of the thermal performance between four cell tests： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （roofs and facades） installed in a region of tropical climate. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m × 2.7 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a typical heat day was selected, which was September 24, 2015. The results show that ventilation affects the internal temperature of the air, so that this gets even surpass the external temperature. Regarding surface temperatures, increased temperature, except those which are provided with vegetation, namely, the surfaces which have green walls and green roofs file the lower temperatures. Therefore, we can confirm the ability of vegetation to maintain more pleasant internal conditions compared to the test cells built with conventional materials, thus it can reduce cooling load efficiency.

Thermal Response to Heat in Buildings with Green Covers for Tropical Climate： Green Facades and Green Roofs

The main aims of this paper were to study and demonstrate the benefits the plant systems can provide indoors in a critical heat day. This study proposed an experimental method to try to understand the thermal response to heat of four different systems： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （green roofs and green facades） installed in a tropical climate region. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m× 2.71 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a critical day heat was selected, which was September 24, 2015.The results show that the use of plant systems in buildings establishes a passive technique in reducing energy consumption because of the high incidence of summer solar radiation which is reduced and simultaneously, it maintains thermal internal conditions more pleasant than external ones, because of the best thermal behaviour, which was observed in the test cell with vegetation on both roofs and facades. The biggest difference between maximum internal air temperatures registered was 2 ℃.

Application Research and Case Analysis of Green Technology in Building Engineering under the Direction of Energy Conservation Demands

With the rapid development of the economy,the scale of construction projects in China is gradually expanding.In terms of construction technology,continuous innovation is being made to meet the needs of sustainable development strategies,and green energy conservation technologies have emerged.It has a brand new design concept,and advocates for maximum energy conservation and environmental protection,fundamentally promoting the rational use of resources and space,and preventing the expansion of air and land pollution.First of all,a brief explanation is given on the current development status of green energy conservation technology in this paper.Secondly,through the introduction and analysis of energy conservation technologies and related building cases,the in-depth research on energy conservation measures of buildings is conducted.Finally,the prospects of green energy conservation technologies are proposed based on the current development status in China.This paper has certain reference value for its related engineering and theoretical research.

Is Greening the Building Envelope a Sustainable Design Practice？

Nowadays, the number of products and also of architectural projects, qualified as ＂sustainable＂, is ever more growing. Following this trend, architectural design may exploit the use of （eco） materials and components to promote a project as sustainable even without considering its impact on the environment; This can be defined as architectural greenwash. This paper considers the case of green envelopes with the aim to evaluate if these can be defined as sustainable design practice. Green envelopes provide environmental advantages together with the suggestion to a green aesthetics par excellence. In fact, the integration of vegetation in urban fabric plays an important role in improving ecological and environmental conditions of （and in） cities, although systems can have a high environmental burden. This paper aims to answer the question： Is greening the building envelope a sustainable design practice？ To do so, the paper provides a literature review which includes the main research developed regarding environmental burden, benefits and LCA （life cycle assessment） calculations of green envelopes.

Research and Application of Complete Set Technology of Green and Energy Saving Assembly Building

According to the survey,environmental pollution is serious in China.Air pollution and water pollution are all serious.Therefore,the state pays more and more attention to green environmental protection.The building design is a creative activity in all kinds of energy decreasing,green energy-saving concept becomes an important content of architectural design engineering,green energy-saving design technology with architectural style is the inevitable trend of the development of our country,but also people focus on the problem.This paper analyzes the green energy-saving assembly building,studies the characteristics of the green energy-saving assembly building,and makes a systematic analysis of the green energy-saving assembly technology.

MODEL STUDY OF DESIGN COMPONENTS FOR ENERGY-PERFORMANCE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN USING BIM LOD 100

One of the biggest global issues at present involves the search for measures to conserve energy and to combat climate change.Because of an increase in natural disasters and energy use,architects and engineers have been focusing more on creating green buildings with low-carbon designs.Building information modeling(BIM)is used to record all of the data related to buildings from the early design stage.This information can be used to respond to energy simulation feedback and to accommodate changes that may be necessary during the design developments.To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and to conserve energy in the buildings,the application of a BIM-based low-carbon design technique is required from the early design stage.However,the existing research is limited to sub-segmented topics;therefore,it is difficult for designers to establish a rank grade for a low-carbon design technique that is required for application in design planning.In this study,we attempt to analyze the rank grade and the correlation among design components that affect a building’s energy performance.We selected tower buildings for the experiment,as they consume a massive amount of energy and have a large impact on the surrounding environment.We analyzed the values that resulted from different shapes,scales,slenderness ratios,window-to-wall ratios,and solar orientations of the tower buildings.Then,we identified a correlation and rank grade among different design components.Architects can maximize energy performance efficiency by considering and applying the rank grade of a low-carbon design technique during design planning.In addition,the development of guidelines for green BIM would reduce confusion in the decision-making process and design modification during the stages of design development,which would then minimize the cost.Furthermore,it is expected that this study can be used to create a database for the realization of green buildings.

ENVIRONMENTAL TENDENCIES IN MODULAR GREEN INSTALLATIONS

There are two main approaches when discussing living green walls:an ecological one and an artistic one.Ecological thinking mainly considers environmental aspects,comfort enhancement and energy consumption and oversees human interaction and actual proximity to plants.In opposition,art or architecture installations that involve vegetation,lack technical and ecological aspects,aiming to raise awareness on environmental issues using human interaction either physically(direct)or emotionally(indirect).The present paper aims to analyze methods of combining the two directions,in a functional,ecological,yet aesthetically pleasing composition.In order to further develop previous experiences gathered by the team members,authors of this article,a green installation concept made out of interactive modular systems unites all the knowledge into a new,living,moving,dynamic,interactive structure whose inspiration is taken from nature while using biomimicry as main principle for its development.This new concept responds and is influenced by both external,natural stimuli and by the human factor.Multidisciplinarity is a key element in developing this project,involving architecture,art,interior and landscape design,botany,geometry,mechanical and electrical engineering,leading towards new research directions and innovative approaches in greenery-interior environment connections.

大型滨水绿地生物多样性感知对心理恢复的影响机制

【目的】城市大型滨水绿地不仅是城市生物多样性热点区域,还是城市居民的重要休闲游憩场所。探讨滨水绿地中的生物多样性水平对于心理恢复的影响机制,有利于提升居民心理健康效益,为构建健康城市提供理论依据。【方法】选取位于武汉中心城区的百里长江生态廊道-城区段5片滨水绿地中的18个相对围合的小型场地为样点,通过调查问卷获取居民对鸟类和植物多样性的多感官维度感知、感知恢复性及心理恢复水平,构建三者之间的结构方程模型。【结果】显著影响心理恢复的植物多样性感知主要集中在视觉维度,鸟类多样性感知则兼顾了视、听两个维度;植物多样性感知和鸟类多样性感知均可通过感知恢复性这一中介要素间接促进心理恢复,且植物多样性感知还能直接促进心理恢复,而岸线可达性越低的场地,其鸟类多样性感知对于感知恢复性的正向效益越大。【结论】证实了城市大型滨水空间的生物多样性感知水平对居民心理恢复的积极影响,且这一积极影响可由感知恢复性介导。未来可通过加强提升景观异质性、优化植物配置组合、增设滨水设施并加强安全管理、实施生物多样性科普教育工作等具体措施,提升滨水绿地在提升居民心理健康福祉方面的效益。

游客感知视角下城市绿地空间社会价值评估与影响因素研究

城市绿地空间生态系统服务社会价值最容易被人类感知和利用,对其量化评估与影响因素探究可为城市绿地空间优化提供科学依据。现有研究较少考虑服务设施对游客感知城市绿地社会价值的影响。因此,以武汉市东湖风景区为例,利用SolVES模型将6类游客社会价值感知数据进行空间量化,并探究自然资源环境要素和服务设施兴趣点密度对社会价值指数与空间分布的影响。结果表明:游客对东湖风景区社会价值偏好为文化价值>娱乐价值>美学价值>生物多样性价值>康体价值>可持续价值;社会价值热点区域集中在听涛景区和磨山景区,且大多分布在高程20~40m、坡度2°~6°、距离水体100m范围内;在影响因素上,旅游景点设施和植被覆盖度对各类社会价值影响的贡献值最大,且与社会价值呈正相关关系。