Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha-1 and total C production of 3835 kg C ha-1. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.

Explaining farmers'reluctance to adopt green manure cover crops planting for sustainable agriculture in Northwest China

Green manure cover crops(GMCCs)planting has a potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)in agroecosystems and provides important ecosystem services,thereby achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)stipulated by the United Nations.However,the advantages of cultivating GMCCs on arable land are not widely recognized.For example,in the whole of China,the GMCCs planting area is less than 3.5%of total arable land.The aim of this study is to explore reasons for the low adoption rate of GMCCs planting.Using best–worst scaling(BWS)approach,farmers ranked their preferred conservation practices including three types of GMCC cropping systems.Taking Gansu Province in Northwest China as a case study,a survey with 276 farmers was conducted.The findings indicated that three factors are related to the low adoption rate of GMCCs:1)farmers preferred improving farmland irrigation facilities and substituting chemical fertilizers with organic rather than planting GMCCs;2)lack of awareness and understanding of government policy on GMCCs and limited access to training courses;3)financial support and subsidies from the government are insufficient.This study provides insights and strategic implications for policymakers on how to further promote GMCCs in the future.

Water use, growth and yield of green gram under rainfed upland crop sequences in Gangetic Plains of Indian sub-tropics

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different crop sequences on water use, growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiate (L) Wilezek) during 1992–93 and 1993–94 under rainfed upland condition in Indo-Gangetic plains of West Bengal. Green gram sown in the month of March as pre-rainy (summer) season crop, as and when the winter crops vacated the land, produced highest dry matter of 372 gm-2 which was significantly highest in black gram-yellow sarson sequence. The results of the field experimentation revealed that green gram gave highest grain yield to the extent of 10.80 q/ha when sown after black gram (rainy season) followed by yellow sarson (winter season) while the crop produced 10.63 q/ha under sesame-yellow sarson sequence. Highest water use of 267 mm was achieved in green gram under black gram-yellow sarson sequence and the crop gave water use efficiency of 4.07 kg ha-1mm-1 under black gram-yellow sarson sequences.

Effects of long-term application of different green manures on ferric iron reduction in a red paddy soil in Southern China

Dissimilatory Fe（Ⅲ） reduction is an important process in the geochemical cycle of iron in anoxic environment. As the main products of dissimilatory iron reduction, the Fe（Ⅱ） species accumulation could indicate the reduction ability. The effects of different green manures on Fe（Ⅲ） reduction in paddy soil were explored based on a 31-year rice-rice-winter green manure cropping experiment. Four treatments were involved, i.e., rice-rice-milk vetch （RRV）, rice-rice-rape （RRP）, rice-rice-ryegrass （RRG） and rice-rice-winter fallow （RRF）. Soils were sampled at flowering stage of milk vetch and rape （S1）, before transplantation （S2）, at tillering （S3）, jointing （S4）, and mature （S5） stages of the early rice, and after the harvest of the late rice （S6）. The contents of TFeHa （HCI-extractable total Fe）, Fe（Ⅱ）HCI （HCI-extractable Fe（Ⅱ） species） and Fe（Ⅲ）HCI （HCI- extractable Fe（Ⅲ） species） were measured. The correlations among those Fe species with selected soil environmental factors and the dynamic characteristics of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation were investigated. The results showed that TFeHc~ in RRF was significantly higher than those in the green manure treatments at most of the sampling stages. Fe（II）Ha increased rapidly after the incorporation of green manures in all treatments and kept rising with the growth of early rice. Fe（Ⅱ）Ha in RRG was quite different from those in other treatments, i.e., it reached the highest at the S2 stage, then increased slowly and became the lowest one at the S4 and S5 stages. Fe（Ⅲ）Ha showed oppositely, and Fe（Ⅱ）HCI/Fe（Ⅲ）HCI performed similarly to Fe（Ⅱ）HCI The maximum accumulation potential of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI was significantly higher in RRF, while the highest maximum reaction rate of Fe（Ⅱ）Ha accumulation appeared in RRG. Significant correlations were found between the indexes of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation and soil pH, oxidation-reduction potential （Eh） and total organic acids, respectively. In together, we found that long-term application of green manures decreased the TFeHa in red paddy soils, but promoted the ability of Fe（lll） reduction, especially the ryegrass; Fe（Ⅱ）Ha increased along with the growth of rice and was affected by soil conditions and environmental factors, especially the water and redox ability.

Regional Advantages of Green Feed Production in China: Based on Panel Data of 31 Provinces in China from 2014 to 2016

The panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2014 to 2016 were subjected to production concentration ratio and scale comparative advantage index analysis combining explicit supply and implicit demand. It was found that the explicit supply of green feed production and the production areas of beef cattle and mutton sheep related to implicit demand of green feed production terminal are relatively concentrated and stable. The area of green feed production with scale comparative advantage accounts for a large proportion. The number of advantageous areas was less than that of beef cattle and mutton sheep. There were fewer matching advantageous areas between the explicit green feed supply and the implicit cattle and sheep consumption across China. According to the matching between explicit green feed supply and implicit beef and sheep consumption,China’s green feed production can be divided into four types. Therefore,based on grasping the current layout of green feed and beef cattle and mutton sheep production,according to the comparative advantages of each region,the government should make reasonable arrangements according to local conditions and adopt different development strategies for different regions.

新时期我国麻类产业科技创新的重点任务

麻类作物是重要的特色经济作物,为高端纺织、食品医药、生物材料等领域提供重要工业原料,持续加强麻类产业科技创新对我国农业农村现代化建设具有重要意义。针对新时期麻类产业发展承担的新职能,文章梳理了近年来我国麻类产业技术研发重要进展,分析了麻类产业发展面临的新挑战,并结合新兴技术研发态势,提出了我国麻类产业科技创新的重点任务。研究建议:新时期我国麻类产业科技创新应进一步夯实种质资源研究,推进现代生物育种技术应用;加快抗逆丰产技术创新,在盐旱渍涝污染等边际土地中拓展种植空间;研发全产业链绿色低碳技术,促进麻类生产高产高质高效;创新加强麻类新材料创制,带动麻类产业创新发展,赋能粮食安全与重要农产品有效供给。

Study on the Effect of "Crayfish-Rice Continuous Cropping" on Grain Production:A Case Study of Hubei Province

Taking Hubei Province as an example,starting with the present situation and existing problems of grain production,this paper expounds the great significance of"crayfish-rice continuous cropping"model in improving grain quality,and analyzes the beneficial influence of"crayfish-rice continuous cropping"on grain production and the difficulties it faces.This paper also puts forward some measures and suggestions for the further popularization of"crayfish-rice continuous cropping"in order to maintain food security.

Measures for Mitigating the Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production in Nigeria

This paper examined the causes, effects and measures for mitigating climate change to ensure adequate supply of food through crop production to address the food insecurity which has occupied a central focus of the Nigerian economy. Unfortunately, crop production is fraught with many ecological challenges including climate change. This climate change which occurs as a result of the buildup of Green House Gases (GHGs) occasioned by industrialization, technological modeling and agriculture, exert significant effects on crop yield, water availability, ecosystem disequilibrium resulting in cases of drought, flood earthquake among others. For crop production to be scaled-up to meet the food requirement of the ever growing Nigerian population amidst these challenges, there is need to mitigate these adverse effects of climate change through the adoption of sustainable land management practices that can reduce the atmospheric stock of GHGs such as zero-tillage, appropriate use of fertilizers, avoidance of bush burning, graze land management, improved water management among others. Achieving great success in these areas requires that Nigerian government should be more proactive in their policies that hold promise for sustainable cultures in agricultural production as well as evolving global partnerships on ecological issues.

西兰花复种绿肥-当归高效轮作种植技术规程

为进一步挖掘和发挥地区农业资源优势,推进高原夏菜和当归产业健康可持续发展,经过试验示范和生产实践,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、产地环境、西兰花栽培技术、绿肥复种技术、轮作当归栽培技术等方面制订了西兰花复种绿肥-当归高效轮作种植技术规程,以更好地指导生产。

河西灌区减氮条件下小麦复种绿肥的水分利用及经济效益

【目的】针对河西绿洲灌区作物生产中氮肥施用过量、水资源利用效率与经济效益较低等问题,探讨麦后复种绿肥及适量减施化学氮肥对小麦农田耗水特性及经济效益的影响。【方法】2019—2020年在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区进行裂区试验,主区设置麦后复种绿肥(W-G)和单作小麦(W)两种种植模式;副区为5个施氮水平,分别为不施氮肥(N_(0))、常规施氮(180 kg·hm^(-2),N_(4))、减施45%氮肥(N_(1))、减施30%氮肥(N_(2))和减施15%氮肥(N_(3))。测定不同处理下小麦绿肥体系产量、水资源利用效率及经济效益。【结果】麦后复种绿肥以及适量减施化学氮肥显著提高小麦籽粒产量和系统生物热能产,2019和2020年,W-G较W处理籽粒产量分别提高10.8%和12.4%,系统生物热能产分别提高37.8%和40.3%;麦后复种绿肥结合减氮15%(W-G-N_(3))较单作小麦结合减氮15%(W-N_(3))和单作小麦传统施氮(W-N_(4))处理小麦分别增产6.9%—16.7%和7.9%—13.6%,生物热能产提高52.0%—62.2%和27.1%—58.9%。W-G较W小麦生育阶段耗水量降低6.3%—16.0%,W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)小麦季耗水量分别降低13.4%—20.5%和20.8%—29.0%,W-G由于绿肥生长季消耗水分,总耗水量显著高于W。W-G较W小麦水分利用效率分别提高7.9%和19.2%;2019年度W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)小麦水分利用效率分别提高23.5%和5.1%,差异显著。W-G-N_(3)可有效提高系统单位耗水生物热能产,较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)分别提高2.7%—14.5%和9.3%—17.5%。W-G较W增加了成本投入,总产值也随之提高;2019年度W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)纯收益分别提高9.8%和9.5%,2020年度W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)纯收益则分别降低了15.6%和15.7%;2019和2020年W-G较W产投比分别降低20.7%和23.1%,W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)产投比降低比例均为14.8%—23.1%,W-G因较多的资源投入降低了系统单方水效益。【结论】在河西绿洲灌区,麦后复种绿肥结合适量减施化学氮肥能够提高作物产量和经济效益,水资源利用效率也随之提高,其中麦后复种绿肥结合减量15%施氮处理的综合效果最好,可作为提高水资源利用及农民收益的理想种植模式及施氮水平。

组态视角下我国薯类作物绿色生产效率提升路径研究——基于DEA-Malmquist与fsQCA方法

绿色生产是实现农业现代化、推动农业高质量发展的重要举措,薯类作为我国第四大主粮作物,其绿色生产效率是促进薯类作物稳产保供,实现绿色、高效可持续发展的重要保障。文章构建了薯类作物绿色生产效率测度的指标体系,运用DEA-Malmquist指数(曼昆斯特指数),本文选取我国31个省份(自治区、直辖市,不包括中国香港地区、澳门地区和台湾地区) 2000—2020年薯类作物绿色生产效率的演变趋势和空间差异进行分析,并从自然因素、技术因素、社会因素3个方面选择受灾率、有效灌溉面积、城镇化率、劳动力素质、农业财政支持力度5个条件变量,运用模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)对其提升路径进行研究,探究其核心因素、关键因素以及根本因素。研究结果表明:1)从演变趋势看,薯类作物绿色生产效率整体上增长幅度相对稳定,且增长动力存在显著的区域性差异。2)从空间上看,薯类作物绿色生产效率发展不平衡,且绿色生产率稳步增长的省份以黄淮地区和东北三省为主,大多集中在秦岭—淮河以北地区;绿色生产效率下降的省份分布相对分散,涉及华中、华南、西南部分省份。3)从提升路径看,主要有“城镇化水平”主导型、“农业基础设施+财政支持”主导型、“农业基础设施+受教育程度+技术创新”推动型、“受教育程度+城镇化水平+技术创新”推动型4条提升路径。其中,财政支持力度是提升薯类作物绿色生产效率的核心因素,技术创新是关键因素,人力资本是前提条件与根本保障。基于此,提出鼓励绿色新技术研发、加强基础设施建设、保障农业劳动力等建议,以此促进我国薯类作物绿色生产效率的提升。

农作物秸秆低碳墙体材料研究现状

综述了近年来国内外关于农作物秸秆在建筑墙体材料中的应用及研究进展,从生产技术、制备工艺、配合比设计等方面出发,重点介绍了农作物秸秆低碳墙体材料的力学性能、保温隔热性能、阻燃性能等优良特性,并对农作物秸秆低碳墙体材料现阶段所存在的缺陷和不足给出了合理建议,对其未来发展方向及应用前景做出了展望。

干旱灌区绿肥对多样化种植小麦玉米产量性能指标的影响

为探究插种豆科绿肥对传统小麦、玉米多样化种植模式产量性能指标的影响,通过配置豆科绿肥构建干旱灌区作物高产技术途径,依托2017年布设的田间定位试验,于2019—2021年对小麦、玉米传统种植模式及配置豆科绿肥后主栽作物叶面积指数(LAI)、叶日积(LAD)、作物生长率(CGR)、籽粒产量(GY)及产量构成要素的响应特征进行研究,明确基于绿肥提升作物多样化水平进而提高作物产量的理论基础。试验设单作玉米(M)、单作小麦(W)一年一收、小麦复种绿肥(W-G)和小麦间作玉米(W||M)一年两收、小麦复种绿肥间作玉米(W-G||M)一年三收共5种作物多样化水平不同的种植模式。结果表明,不同种植系统混合籽粒产量随作物多样化水平的提高而提高,一年两收模式W||M显著高于W和M,W-G显著高于W,一年三收模式W-G||M显著高于W||M和W-G;净占地面积下,两种组分作物籽粒产量随多样化水平的提高而提高。LAI、LAD和主栽作物生育后期CGR等产量性能指标也随作物多样化水平的提高而提高。产量构成要素方面,随作物多样化水平的提高,小麦穗粒数、玉米有效穗数随之提高;W-G在小麦穗粒数和千粒重方面显著高于W。通径分析显示,组分作物小麦主要通过穗粒数的增加而实现增产,组分作物玉米主要通过单位面积有效穗数的增加实现增产。本研究表明,随作物多样化水平的提升,主栽作物籽粒产量和产量性能指标也随之提升,干旱灌区可通过配置豆科绿肥提升种植系统作物多样化水平,从而实现增产。

绿肥作物种植翻压对苏打盐碱土壤改良效果的影响

为筛选出适宜松嫩平原苏打盐碱地修复的绿肥作物,以松嫩平原西部苏打盐碱地为研究对象,于2022-2023年通过田间试验比较4种绿肥作物(田菁、草木樨、高丹草、‘朝牧1号’稗子)在苏打盐碱地的生长适应性,及其翻压后对土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的影响,并对各指标进行相关性分析,旨在阐明不同绿肥作物种植翻压入土后对苏打盐碱土壤的改良效果和机理。结果表明:4种绿肥作物中,田菁的生物量干重和鲜重均为最高,在种植第二年产草量达30.35 t·hm^(-2),是其他绿肥作物的5~35倍;种植翻压第二年,田菁耕层土壤容重为1.17 g·cm^(-3),较裸地显著降低0.21 g·cm^(-3)、土壤pH显著降低0.15~0.50个单位、电导率显著降低32.22%~51.72%,其他绿肥作物0~20 cm土层土壤容重及pH与裸地无显著差异。在20~40 cm土层,‘朝牧1号’稗子和高丹草土壤电导率较裸地分别显著降低40.00%和31.11%,种植翻压田菁的土壤全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质含量高于其他绿肥处理;在0~20 cm土层,土壤养分提升33.98%~189.75%,种植翻压4种绿肥对耕层土壤酶活性的提升能力存在差异,其中田菁土壤酶活性提升表现优异,其土壤脲酶活性、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤β-木糖苷酶活性分别较对照处理显著提高685.95%、80.78%、63.42%、19.10%(P<0.05)。综上所述,种植翻压田菁更有利于苏打盐碱地降碱培肥及土壤酶活性的提升。

东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析

在保障粮食安全的前提下,东北黑土区作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进了农业绿色发展。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的吉林省农安县为研究区域,以农牧系统为研究边界,通过实地调研、统计数据和文献,结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER:NUtrient flows in Food chains,Environment and Resources use)定量分析1990—2020年农牧系统氮磷养分流动、利用效率和环境损失,探究气候和社会经济因素对氮磷排放的驱动作用,并设置平衡施肥(减少化肥施用)和有机肥替代(提升有机物料替代)两种情景评估该县减排潜力。结果表明,相对于1990年,2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷输入量分别下降45%和23%,其中化肥施用是最大的输入项。作物和农牧系统养分利用率波动增加,而畜禽系统养分利用率下降并逐渐趋于稳定。农牧体系氮磷损失量较1990年分别减少41%和增加29%。农田氨挥发、径流侵蚀和畜禽粪便直排为主要排放途径。通过平衡施肥和有机替代,土壤氮磷积累处于较低水平,至2030年农安县化学氮肥有80%的减施潜力,化学磷肥有85%的减施潜力,且氮磷养分环境排放均减少67%,作物和农牧系统养分利用率均增长50%以上。综上,农安县农牧体系未来可通过增加秸秆和粪便还田量提升化肥减施潜力。东北黑土区应继续深化化肥零增长政策,推行有机废弃物资源化利用,实现农牧系统协同优化发展。

绿肥对减量施氮小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用的补偿机制

针对西北绿洲灌区小麦连作普遍、化肥施用量较大及氮素利用率低等问题,探究麦后复种绿肥对减量施氮小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用的补偿效应,以期为构建减氮小麦高效生产技术提供理论依据。本研究依托始于2018年的定位试验进行,2020-2022年期间采集数据。试验采用裂区设计,主区设4种绿肥种植模式,即麦后分别复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆(HCV)、箭筈豌豆(CV)、油菜(R)和麦后休闲(F);副区为3种施氮水平:试区习惯施氮量(N3,180 kg hm^(–2))、习惯施氮减量20%(N2,144 kg hm^(-2))、习惯施氮减量40%(N1,108 kg hm^(-2))。研究表明,习惯施氮减量20%和40%显著降低了小麦籽粒产量和氮素吸收,但麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆可补偿因减量施氮40%造成的籽粒产量和氮素吸收损失,且麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆结合减量施氮20%提高小麦籽粒产量21.4%和氮素吸收6.9%(P<0.05)。麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆可补偿因减量施氮40%造成的氮素利用率损失,且其结合减量施氮20%氮素利用率提高13.4%(P<0.05)。其补偿机制归因于:(1)麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆在减量施氮40%条件下可补偿小麦氮素吸收速率,提高氮素净同化速率34.3%(P<0.05),维持穗部氮素分配,增加茎氮素转运率6.6%(P<0.05)。(2)与麦后休闲传统施氮量相比,麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆结合减量施氮20%提高氮素平均吸收速率和氮素净同化速率7.2%和34.1%(P<0.05),增加灌浆初期至成熟期穗氮素分配6.7%(P<0.05),提高叶、茎氮素对穗的转运贡献率17.8%、8.9%(P<0.05)。因此,在干旱绿洲灌区,麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆是实现小麦减氮40%的可行措施,麦后复种毛叶苕子混播箭筈豌豆结合减氮20%可通过提高小麦氮素吸收速率和氮素净同化率,提高叶、茎对穗的转运贡献率从而促进穗部氮素分配,实现小麦产量和氮素利用率双提升。

不同稻田冬茬绿肥对土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量的影响

本研究通过分析上海青浦地区不同稻田冬茬绿肥翻压后的土壤养分性质、酶活性和微生物数量等指标,采用灰色关联度分析,综合筛选出最有利于土壤培肥的、适宜当地种植的稻田冬茬绿肥轮作模式。本试验设置3个稻田冬茬绿肥处理:紫云英处理(ZY)、蚕豆处理(CD)、油菜处理(YC)。结果表明:(1)不同绿肥轮作模式对于土壤pH、土壤全氮和全磷含量影响均未达到显著性水平,CD和ZY处理土壤全钾含量无显著差异,但均显著高于YC处理;土壤有机质含量顺序为CD>YC>ZY;ZY处理土壤有效磷含量比CD和YC分别高出12.60%和28.70%,YC处理则速效氮和有效钾含量均为最高水平。(2)各绿肥处理的过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶活性无显著性差异,CD处理和YC处理下土壤脲酶活性均显著高于ZY处理,CD处理土壤蔗糖酶活性分别比ZY和YC高出22.10%和55.17%。(3)CD处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均处于最高水平,均显著高于ZY处理。(4)绿肥产量与土壤有机质含量、土壤脲酶活性、土壤真菌数量和放线菌数量均呈现显著正相关,其中与土壤脲酶活性的相关性较高(P<0.001);水稻产量与土壤有机质含量和土壤放线菌数量存在显著正相关(P<0.01)。(5)采用灰色关联度分析对16个指标进行综合评价,加权关联度顺序为CD>YC>ZY。综合比较,水稻蚕豆轮作是最适宜试验地区的稻田冬茬绿肥轮作模式。

轮作及减氮对绿洲灌区农田温室气体排放及土壤酶活性的影响

基于2018年在武威绿洲农业试验站布设的田间定位试验,设春小麦-冬油菜-箭筈豌豆(WRV)、春小麦-冬小麦-箭筈豌豆(WWV)、春小麦-箭筈豌豆-春小麦-箭筈豌豆(WV)、春小麦连作(W)4种种植模式,减氮25%(270 kg·hm^(-2),N 1)、传统施氮(360 kg·hm^(-2),N 2)两个施氮水平,共8个处理,于2020—2021年测定并分析不同轮作模式结合减氮对农田CO 2、N 2O排放的影响及其与春小麦产量和土壤酶活性的关系,以期为当地农业绿色高效发展提供理论依据。结果表明:轮作结合减氮处理可显著降低温室气体排放,增加作物产量,以WRVN 1处理增产减排效果最佳,其CO 2、N 2O排放总量分别较WN 2处理降低了15.2%、28.0%,全球增温潜势(GWP)、温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低15.7%和30.4%,作物产量增加16.7%。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性均表现为0~10 cm高于10~30 cm土层,轮作降低了小麦开花期土壤酶活性,以WRVN 1处理土壤酶活性最低;在N 1处理下土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性较N 2处理分别降低20.1%~28.7%、8.3%~12.2%,且CO 2、N 2O排放速率与土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈显著正相关关系。综上,春小麦-冬油菜-箭筈豌豆轮作模式结合减氮25%可作为实现绿洲灌区农业增效减排的合理种植模式与施氮制度。

填闲作物还田方式对烟田土壤轻重组有机碳的影响

为了提高多年连作烟田的土壤肥力,改善土壤生态环境,在烤烟冬闲期种植油菜、冬牧70、光叶紫花苕等3种作物,同时以冬季空闲不种植任何作物为对照,采取2种方式(掩青和收割)进行处理,通过测定不同处理不同土层的土壤轻、重组有机碳含量、比例及储量,探讨填闲作物收割和掩青处理对烟田土壤轻重组有机碳的影响。结果表明,不同填闲作物和不同还田方式下土壤总有机碳、重组有机碳、轻组有机碳含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。与对照相比,填闲作物掩青处理能够显著增加土壤总有机碳、重组有机碳、轻组有机碳含量,尤其是冬牧70在20~40 cm土层增加比较显著,分别增加了22.3%、21.98%、27.78%;填闲作物收割处理会降低土壤轻组有机碳比例和土壤轻组有机碳储量,而掩青处理则会增加土壤轻组有机碳比例和轻组有机碳储量,其中冬牧70掩青在0~20 cm土层增加比较明显,分别增加了18.14%、40.03%。填闲作物掩青处理增加了烟田土壤的含水量和持水量、降低了土壤容重以及增加土壤轻重组有机碳储量。综合来看,冬牧70掩青处理效果最好,能显著增加土壤总有机碳和轻重组有机碳含量,油菜次之。

间作绿肥对盐碱地土壤改良及青贮玉米产量的影响

为探明间作绿肥对盐碱地土壤改良及种植作物产量的影响,本研究于2019—2021年在山西省朔州市山阴县典型中度盐碱地开展为期3年的田间定位试验。试验设5个处理:青贮玉米单作(CK)、化学改良(脱硫石膏、生物炭、复合肥)+单作(L)、化学改良+间作2行绿肥(LC1,绿肥选用毛叶苕子)、化学改良+间作3行绿肥(LC2)和化学改良+间作4行绿肥(LC3)。结果表明:与L处理相比,LC1、LC2、LC3处理土壤有机质含量提高了2.34%~4.45%、全氮含量提高了22.46%~33.80%,0~20 cm土壤pH降低了1.00%~2.27%,含盐量降低了17.43%~21.64%,玉米产量显著提高6.76%~8.54%,其中LC2处理改良效果最佳。研究表明,化学改良+间作3行绿肥并翻压还田模式能有效改良盐碱土壤,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产,是较好的盐碱地综合改良利用技术模式。