Spatiotemporal characteristics of cultivated land use eco-efficiency and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2020

Improving cultivated land use eco-efficiency(CLUE)can effectively promote agricultural sustainability,particularly in developing countries where CLUE is generally low.This study used provincial-level data from China to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of CLUE from 2000 to 2020 and identified the influencing factors of CLUE by using a panel Tobit model.In addition,given the undesirable outputs of agricultural production,we incorporated carbon emissions and nonpoint source pollution into the global benchmark-undesirable output-super efficiency-slacks-based measure(GB-US-SBM)model,which combines global benchmark technology,undesirable output,super efficiency,and slacks-based measure.The results indicated that there was an upward trend in CLUE in China from 2000 to 2020,with an increase rate of 2.62%.The temporal evolution of CLUE in China could be classified into three distinct stages:a period of fluctuating decrease(2000-2007),a phase of gradual increase(2008-2014),and a period of rapid growth(2015-2020).The major grain-producing areas(MPAs)had a lower CLUE than their counterparts,namely,non-major grain-production areas(non-MPAs).The spatial agglomeration effect followed a northeast-southwest strip distribution;and the movement path of barycentre revealed a"P"shape,with Luoyang City,Henan Province,as the centre.In terms of influencing factors of CLUE,investment in science and technology played the most vital role in improving CLUE,while irrigation index had the most negative effect.It should be noted that these two influencing factors had different impacts on MPAs and non-MPAs.Therefore,relevant departments should formulate policies to enhance the level of science and technology,improve irrigation condition,and promote sustainable utilization of cultivated land.

Insights from i-Tree Eco-efficiency Assessment Management of Urban Trees in Oxford,UK

In the era of stock development following the acceleration of urbanization,the revitalization of urban green space has assumed an increasingly significant role.Consequently,the management of urban trees has emerged as a critical focus of urban governance,contributing to the enhancement of livability in human settlements.This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the urban tree management system in Oxford,UK,identifying that its primary objective is to optimize and maintain a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural environment through the implementation of high-quality planting practices.The system emphasizes enhanced management practices and establishes a robust framework for the development of targeted policies and management regulations,utilizing i-Tree eco-efficiency assessment and real-time feedback mechanisms.China’s urban tree management is in its nascent stages,and there is an urgent need for the development of urban green space.By adopting the refined management assessment methodologies employed for urban trees in Oxford,UK,it is possible to enhance the ecological value of urban trees,which represent a significant green resource within cities,and contribute to the creation of more livable urban spaces.

盆底超声检查和Green分型诊断产妇产后早期盆底结构及压力性尿失禁

目的:探究盆底超声检查和Green分型在产妇产后早期盆底结构及压力性尿失禁(SUI)诊断中的价值。方法:选取2021年3月-2023年3月本院就诊经产妇204例,根据产后早期(6~8周)SUI发生情况分为SUI组(82例)和非SUI组(122例)。检查产妇静息和Valsalva动作状态下膀胱颈距耻骨联合下缘的距离(BSD)、膀胱尿道后角(PUA)、膀胱颈移动度(BND)和尿道旋转角(UR),对比Green分型;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析相关参数诊断SUI价值。结果:静息状态下,两组盆底超声参数无差异(P>0.05);SUI组Valsalva动作状态下的BSD、PUA、BND和UR值均大于非SUI组,Green分型Ι型占比(25.6%)低于非SUI组(59.8%)(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析,Green分型曲线下面积(AUC)0.579,对SUI诊断价值不佳(P=0.057),Valsalva动作状态下BSD(AUC=0.758)、PUA(AUC=0.743)、BND(AUC=0.769)和UR(AUC=0.705)对SUI诊断价值良好(均P<0.05)。结论:盆底超声检查和Green分型能有效评估经产妇早期盆底结构状况,前者可诊断SUI。

水禽细小病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为了建立水禽细小病毒(WPV)快速检测方法,根据序列比对结果在水禽细小病毒NS基因SF3保守区域内设计特异性引物,建立SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR通用检测方法。该方法的扩增效率(E)为90.0%,相关系数(R~2)=0.99,标准曲线方程为y=-3.607x+38.77;除WPV出现S形扩增曲线外,新城疫病毒(NDV)、H9亚型禽流感病毒(H9 AIV)、鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)、鸭肝炎病毒(DHAV)、鸭肠炎病毒(DEV)、鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)样品均未出现S形阳性扩增曲线;批内变异系数(CV)为0.15%~0.23%,批间变异系数为0.09%~0.28%。结果表明,SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法重复性好、灵敏度高和特异性强。临床样品检测结果表明,SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR与普通PCR的符合率达98.4%,灵敏度是普通PCR的1 000倍。SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法不仅能定性检测WPV,还可以进行定量检测,可用于种鸭场、种鹅场的WPV净化检测,也可用于WPV临床大量样品的快速检测。

猪流行性腹泻病毒SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立高效、灵敏的猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)检测方法,本研究从GenBank数据库中获取PEDV N基因序列,扩增出PEDV N基因标准质粒,并在N基因的保守区域内设计了一对特异性荧光定量引物,成功建立了SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。经过一系列试验表明,该检测方法线性关系良好,R^(2)值为0.99;特异性强,敏感性高,最低可检测至2.23 copies/μL,比普通PCR灵敏约100倍;重复性好,组内变异系数为0.25%~0.43%,组间变异系数为0.67%~0.97%;对于各地区96份临床样品检测出PEDV阳性率为25%。本研究建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法为PEDV的临床诊断、流行病学调查以及定量研究提供了有效的检测工具。

Comparative Analysis on Eco-Efficiency of Arable Land Ecological Footprint in Hubei

This paper uses the ecological footprint model to make comparison of the eco-efficiency of arable land ecological footprint in different years in Hubei Province, and makes comparison of that in Hubei and some countries. The results indicate that, since 1965, the eco-efficiency of arable land ecological footprint in Hubei has been improved year by year. However, the efficiency of arable land ecological footprint, compared with some other areas in the world, is much lower. In 1965, average eco-efficiency of world arable land ecological footprint is 3 421 US dollar/hm^2 while that of Hubei Province is 134 US dollar/hm^2, about 1/26 of the world＇s average level. The eco-efficiency of arable land ecological footprint for 2003 in Hubei Province, however, has become about 1/9 of the world＇s average level for the same year. Finally the author puts forward the ways to raise the eco-efficiency of arable land ecological footprint.

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency:A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes.Despite the popularity of the term"eco-efficiency"in business,limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers.Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency,an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study.The indicator system comprises 22 indicators,which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development,resources consumption, environmental pressure.As a promising statistical technique, principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao's Chengyang District.The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003.Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends.The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979,which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources.The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997,due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years.Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production,so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability.The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.

美洲鳗鲡腺瘤病毒(AEAdoV)普通PCR和SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立美洲鳗鲡腺瘤病毒(AEAdoV)的检测方法,根据AEAdoV福建株(AEAdoVFJ)的superfamily 3 helicases(S3H)序列,设计引物,建立了AEAdoV的普通PCR和qPCR检测方法;进一步评价检测方法的灵敏性、特异性及重复性,利用2种方法对美洲鳗鲡“出血性烂鳃”病料进行了检测,并对美洲鳗鲡体内不同组织的病毒含量进行分析。结果显示,普通PCR扩增的目的片段长度约300 bp,利用其构建的qPCR质粒标准品,其拷贝数与qPCR阈值循环数(C_(t))线性关系良好,线性范围广,标准曲线相关系数(R2)达到0.999,扩增效率为105.067%。建立的普通PCR法和qPCR的最低检测AEAdoV拷贝数分别为100个和10个。2种方法均可特异性检测AEAdoV,而对蛙虹彩病毒(RGV)、鳗鲡疱疹病毒(AngHV)、鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、日本鳗鲡内皮细胞坏死病毒(JEAdoV)和花鳗鲡腺瘤病毒(MEAdoV)均无扩增反应。qPCR法的组内和组间变异系数均小于2%,表明其重复性良好。临床应用结果显示,35份美洲鳗鲡“出血性烂鳃”病料,采用普通PCR法的AEAdoV检出率为82.8%,而qPCR法的AEAdoV检出率为97%。对美洲鳗鲡不同组织的病毒含量分析结果显示,心脏、肝脏、鳃、鳍的AEAdoV相对含量较高,而黏液、皮肤和脾脏的病毒含量相对较低。研究表明,建立的AEAdoV的灵敏度高、特异性强的普通PCR和qPCR检测方法,证实AEAdoV与美洲鳗鲡“出血性烂鳃”病密切相关,且在感染鳗鲡主要组织中都存在。实验结果对于研究AEAdoV的致病性,开展其流行情况和病原学情况分析具有重要意义。

约束Green函数与非线性地基梁模态分析

在生物和医学领域,微机电系统(MEMS)中的微梁结构在植入人体的使用时,由于体内的细胞环境类似于水凝胶,在这种环境下工作,设备和仪器的精度和稳定性很大程度上受到细胞弹性的影响.为了分析此类地基梁的动力学问题,本文建立了非线性基础上的梁振动模型,研究了任意位置弹簧和非线性弹簧基础上的梁模态.通过Laplace变换和线性叠加原理,得到了一种约束Green函数,利用数值计算验证方案的有效性,并研究了各种重要物理参数的影响,发现弹簧位置向跨中移动时,模态对称性被打破,弹簧刚度增加,模态阶数改变.

Agricultural Eco-efficiency Evaluation in Anhui Province: An Empirical Analysis Based on DEA Method

According to the eco-efficiency theory, combined with agricultural production characteristics, I point out the environmental impact and substance energy consumption characteristics of agricultural production. Based on this, I establish the eco-efficiency evaluation indicator system for agricultural production, and conduct a comprehensive analysis on the agricultural eco-efficiency of 17 prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province, using data envelopment analysis method.

SYBR GreenⅠ染料-实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法检测发酵乳中的霉菌和酵母含量

目的建立一种应用SYBR GreenⅠ染料的实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法快速检测发酵乳中的霉菌和酵母菌。方法本研究针对霉菌与酵母菌的保守序列设计引物,确定最优反应体系与反应条件。通过熔解曲线以及非目标菌株的检测验证该方法的特异性;通过菌悬液的梯度稀释检测确定该方法的灵敏度;通过菌悬液与发酵乳样品混合后进行检测,确定该方法的检出限,并得到标准曲线。结果该方法能够特异性的检测发酵乳中的霉菌、酵母菌,无交叉反应。该方法检测霉菌、酵母菌的灵敏度均为10^(2) CFU/mL,并且当菌悬液与发酵乳样品混合后,并没有降低该方法的检出限。在10^(2)~10^(6) CFU/mL浓度范围内,菌液浓度的对数值与循环阈值(cyclethreshold,Ct)具有良好的线性关系,可以在市售样品的检测中通过Ct值计算样品中目标菌的含量,更快的判断发酵乳是否被霉菌、酵母菌污染。结论该方法可用于发酵乳中霉菌和酵母菌的快速检测,为发酵乳的食品安全提供了技术保障。

3型哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒(MRV)是双链RNA病毒,可以感染自然宿主的哺乳动物和脊椎动物。为建立一种针对3型哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒(MRV-3)的特异且快速的检测方法,本研究根据Genbank登录的MRV-3(OQ627746-OQ627755)S1基因保守区设计1对特异性引物,并从MRV-3中扩增S1基因,构建重组质粒p MD18-S1,经PCR和测序鉴定正确后作为质粒标准品,经反应体系及反应条件优化后首次初步建立了检测MRV-3的SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR(q PCR)方法。将质粒标准品10倍倍比稀释后作为模板经该q PCR扩增,建立标准曲线,结果显示,质粒标准品在1.3×10^(8)拷贝/μL~1.3×10^(3)拷贝/μL与各自的Ct值均呈良好的线性关系,斜率为-3.1706,R^(2)为0.9999,熔解曲线为单峰。以牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、牛肠道病毒(BEV)、水牛匈爱病毒(Buf Hu V)、牛冠状病毒(BCo V)、牛细小病毒(BPV)和MRV-3的基因组DNA/c DNA为模板,利用本研究建立的q PCR方法检测,评估该方法的特异性;将质粒标准品10倍倍比稀释至1.3×10^(2)拷贝/μL~1.3×10^(8)拷贝/μL后作为模板,分别利用本研究建立的q PCR和常规PCR检测,比较两种方法的检测结果,评估本研究建立q PCR方法的敏感性;以1.3×10^(3)拷贝/μL~1.3×10^(7)拷贝/μL 5个不同浓度的质粒标准品为模板,利用该方法分别进行批内和批间的重复性试验,评估该方法的重复性。结果显示,该方法只能检测出MRV-3,其他相关病原的检测结果均为阴性;该q PCR对质粒标准品的检测限为1.3×10^(3)拷贝/μL,比常规PCR敏感性高10 000倍;批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数均小于或等于1.0%,表明该q PCR方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好。利用该方法检测220份牛粪便样品,结果显示MRV-3的检出率(3.64%,8/220)高于常规PCR的检出率(1.36%,3/220),两种检测方法的阳性符合率达100%,阴性符合率为97.75%,总符合率为97.78%。综上所述,本研究首次建立的检测MRV-3的SYBR Green I q PCR方法可以用于临床牛腹泻病原的检测,为MRV-3尤其是牛源MRV-3提供了一种快速灵敏的检测手段,也为MRV-3的后续研究奠定了基础。

三疣梭子蟹十足目虹彩病毒1 SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

为建立十足目虹彩病毒1(decapod iridescent virus 1,DIV1)的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法,根据DIV1的MCP和ATPase基因序列,设计并筛选出引物,以制备的DIV1阳性质粒标准品为模板构建标准曲线,建立DIV1的SYBR Green I qPCR方法,并对该方法进行临床初步应用。结果显示,建立的qPCR方法阈值循环数(cycle threshold value,Ct)与标准品拷贝数的对数线性关系良好,标准曲线相关系数(R^(2))为0.999;对DIV1阳性的虾蟹核酸样本能够进行特异性扩增,但对传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)和白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)阳性核酸样本均无扩增;最低检测限为9.77 copies/μL;Ct值的组内和组间变异系数均小于1%。运用该方法对70份疑似感染DIV1的虾蟹类样本进行DIV1检测,该方法阳性率为48.57%,与套式PCR检测方法的阳性率一致;利用建立的方法对DIV1阳性三疣梭子蟹的血淋巴、肝胰腺及心脏等组织进行定量检测分析,结果显示各组织中均存在DIV1,其中血淋巴中DIV1平均拷贝数最高。研究表明,建立的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于对DIV1的快速、定量检测,对十足目虹彩病毒病的诊断和防控具有重要意义。

香辛料SYBR GREENⅠ染料实时聚合酶链式反应检测方法的建立及应用

目的:本研究致力于建立香辛料真实性成分的分子鉴定方法,为香辛料的掺假提供有效的鉴定和检测方法,在不同的使用条件下分别实现定性或半定量分析,为建立相关标准提供一定的基础技术支撑。方法:研究采用SYBR GREENⅠ染料实时聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法,通过设计特异性引物成功建立了特异性检测八角、茴香、胡椒和花椒的分析技术。结果:该方法能够特异性检测出八角、茴香、胡椒、花椒,Ct值在标准品体积分数0.001%~10%范围内线性关系良好。针对八角标准品,检测限为1%;针对茴香、花椒、胡椒标准品,最检测限均为0.001%。利用该方法对5份实际样本进行检测,分别在样本1中未检测出八角、茴香、胡椒、花椒;样本2、3、5中检测出八角、茴香、胡椒;样本4中检测出八角、茴香、胡椒、花椒。结论:本实验建立的SYBR GREENⅠ染料实时PCR方法灵敏度高、重复性好,可应用于实际样品的检测。

Reviewing electrochemical stability of ionic liquids-/deep eutectic solvents-based electrolytes in lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries for green and safe energy

Sustainable energy is the key issue for the environment protection,human activity and economic development.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are dogmatically regarded as green and sustainable electrolytes in lithium-ion,lithium-metal(e.g.,lithium-sulphur,lithium-oxygen)and post-lithium-ion(e.g.,sodium-ion,magnesium-ion,and aluminum-ion)batteries.High electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs is one of the prerequisites for green,sustainable and safe energy;while easy electrochemical decomposition of ILs/DESs would be contradictory to the concept of green chemistry by adding the cost,releasing volatile/hazardous by-products and hindering the recyclability.However,(1)are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable when they are not used in batteries?(2)are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable in real batteries?(3)how to design ILs/DESs-based electrolytes with high electrochemical stability for batteries to achieve sustainability and green development?Up to now,there is no summary on this topic,to the best of our knowledge.Here,we review the effect of chemical structure and non-structural factors on the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in simulated conditions.More importantly,electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in real lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries is concluded and compared.Finally,the strategies to improve the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries are proposed.This review would provide a guide to design ILs/DESs with high electrochemical stability for lithium-ion,lithium-metal and postlithium-ion batteries to achieve sustainable and green energy.

Eco-efficiency evaluation of symbiotic network for environmental governance PPP projects

Under the goal of "double carbon " strategy,the government and enterprises collaborate to form an efficient environmental governance symbiosis network to reduce pollution and carbon.Based on the panel data of 30 provinces,the static and dynamic eco-efficiency of the symbiotic network of environmental governance PPP projects are measured by using the SBM model and Malmquist index considering the super-efficiency of non-expected output.The results show that:(1) 8 provinces,including Hebei,have efficiency values greater than 1;11 provinces,including Liaoning,have organizational technology and management levels conducive to efficiency improvement,and 12 provinces,including Zhejiang,are closest to optimal scale efficiency.(2) Redundancy of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditures,urban environmental infrastructure construction investment and new product development projects,insufficient waste gas treatment capacity,environmental emergencies and carbon emission redundancy are all significant factors affecting eco-efficiency.(3) The dynamic efficiency of 8 provinces,including Fujian,shows a decreasing trend,and the Malmquist index and its decomposition indicate that the utilization rate of environmental governance technology should be improved and environmental resources should be allocated rationally.

Deep eutectic solvents:Green multi-task agents for sustainable super green hydrogen technologies

While reliance on renewable energy resources has become a reality, there is still a need to deploy greener and more sustainable methods in order to achieve sustainable development goals. Indeed, green hydrogen is currently believed to be a reliable solution for global warming and the pollution challenges arising from fossil fuels, making it the resilient fuel of the future. However, the sustainability of green hydrogen technologies is yet to be achieved. In this context, generation of green hydrogen with the aid of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) as green mixtures has been demonstrated as a promising research area. This systematic review article covers green hydrogen generation through water splitting and biomass fermentation when DESs are utilized within the generation process. It also discusses the incorporation of DESs in fuel cell technologies. DESs can play a variety of roles such as solvent, electrolyte, or precursor;colloidal suspension and reaction medium;galvanic replacement, shape-controlling, decoration, or extractive agent;finally oxidant. These roles are relevant to several methods of green hydrogen generation, including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and fermentation. As such, it is of utmost importance to screen potential DES formulations and determine how they can function in and contribute throughout the green hydrogen mobility stages. The realization of super green hydrogen generation stands out as a pivotal milestone in our journey towards achieving a more sustainable form of development;DESs have great potential in making this milestone achievable. Overall, incorporating DESs in hydrogen generation constitutes a promising research area and offers potential scalability for green hydrogen production, storage,transport, and utilization.

Eco-Efficiency： Environmental Performance vs Economic Performance

The second half of the 20th century was characterized by an increasing interest in the pace of economic growth and its impact on the environment. As a result, the concept of eco-efficiency as a philosophy of management has arisen, which combines the excellence of the environment and business. This paper uses the distribution-free approach to provide empirical evidence in relation to the eco-efficiency paradigm by studying the relation between environmental performance （measured by the level of emissions of air-contaminating substances） and economic performance （approximated by economic efficiency）, in 199 companies from mineral manufacturing industry in Spain between 2004 and 2007. The empirical analysis shows that the results are consistent with the paradigm of eco-efficiency and therefore it can be concluded that being responsible for the environment is positively related to economic efficiency.

Assessment and Guidelines to Improve Eco-efficiency and Indoor Comfort at University of Passo Fundo, Brazil

The paper deals with the energy and indoor comfort on buildings of UPF （University ofPasso Fundo）, located in southern Brazil, in order to improve the eco-efficiency concepts in the university＇s building stock, reinforcing its responsibility towards sustainable development. The factors that affect thermal performance and the energy consumption of two case studies were identified, including the general characteristics of the envelope and the indoor conditions. The simulations with DesignBuilder software compare the energy and thermal performance of both cases： those results allow the identification of their positive and negative aspects, as well as making a co-relation with the students＇ sensations of comfort--obtained through PMV （predicted mean vote）. The research indicates that it will be possible to improve eco-efficiency of existing and new buildings and campuses by retrofitting and upgrading it with regard to better indoor conditions that really correspond to climate conditions （hot and humid summers, and cold and damp winters）, using passive strategies for heating and cooling and at the same time to improve rational use of natural resources and to reduce the environmental impact. Probably, giving comfortable conditions to the users will increase energy consumption, but there is a potential reduction of lighting and equipment that could minimize this impact.

Spatio-temporal Evolution of the Agricultural Eco-efficiency Network and Its Multidimensional Proximity Analysis in China

As a traditional agricultural country,China has always prioritized agricultural development,and has increasingly focused on green and sustainable agricultural development.Based on the inter-provincial panel data for China from 1997 to 2019,this study divided these data into five periods according to the Five-Year Plan(FYP)of China,measured the agricultural eco-efficiency(AEE)values using the Super-SBM model,and then determined the spatial association network of the inter-provincial AEE of China using the improved gravity model.Finally,social network analysis(SNA)was used to further analyze the evolution process of AEE,and we de-veloped a framework of how multidimensional proximity,which includes geographical,economic,technological,cognitive,and institutional proximity,made an influence on the formation of AEE spatial relation network.The findings indicated that:1)in 1997−2019,the AEE in China was present in some spatial and temporal differences characteristics at the provincial scale,and we specifically found that national macro-regulation and policy incentives played a positive role in the long-term development of AEE.2)The spatial correlation of AEE development among provincial regions were becoming closer and exhibits obvious spatial correlation and spillover effects.The evolution of the AEE network has clearly observable trends of hierarchization and aggregation,and the complexity of the correlation network continues to increase and exhibits spatial clustering characteristics that are dense in the east and sparse in the west.The network structure has changed from monocentric radiation to a multicentric network,and network nodes select the more advantageous nodes with which to connect.3)Finally,the geographical proximity had a significant negative effect;the economic,technological,and institutional proximities were all observed to contribute to the AEE network formation,and cognitive proximity did not significantly influence this network formation.