The Distribution of Green Algal Micro-Propagules and Macroalgae at the Early Stage of Green Tide in the Coastal Area of South Jiangsu Province in 2014

An integrated investigation was carried out during late April to late May of 2014 in the coastal area of South Jiangsu Province to understand the early development of green tide in the Yellow Sea and discover the temporal and spatial distribution of green algal micro-propagules and macroalgae at the early stage of green tide. The results showed that green algal micro-propagules distributed in all stations from late April to late May, and micro-propagules of high density(> 300 ind. L^(-1)) concentrated in the adjacent Porphyra aquaculture area. Floating macroalgae were initially observed in the northern survey areas, and increased gradually. The dominant species was U. prolifera in the floating macroalgae, ranging between 90% and 100%. The seawater surface temperature and salinity in the above mentioned time period were suitable for the growth of macroalgae. This work can help government to strengthen management to reduce the blooms of macroalgae in the coastal area of South Jiangsu Province and also facilitate the decision-making for managers at the early stage of green tide.

Pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of the marine green tide macroalgae, Enteromorpha prolifera

The marine macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera was one of the main algal genera that occurred in the widespread green tides in Qingdao, China, during the summers of 2007, 2008 and 2010. It is thus a plentiful source of biomass and could be used as a biofuel. In this study, the pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of E. prolifera were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. Cornstalk and sawdust were used as comparisons. Pyrolytic characteristics were studied using TG-DTG (thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry) curves. Three stages in the pyrolytic process were determined: dehydration, dramatic weight loss and slow weight loss. E. prolifera was pyrolyzed at a lower initial temperature than the two terrestrial biomass forms. The apparent activation energy values for the three types of biomass were calculated and the mechanism functions were determined using 16 different mechanism functions, frequently used in thermal kinetics analysis. Activation energy values varied with mechanism function and the range of activation energy values for E. prolifera, cornstalk, and sawdust were 25-50 kJ/mol, 60-90 kJ/mol and 120-155 kJ/mol, respectively. This indicates that E. prolifera has low thermal stability for pyrolysis and good combustion characteristics.

Distribution of green algae micro-propagules and their function in the formation of the green tides in the coast of Qinhuangdao,the Bohai Sea, China

Since 2015, a novel green tide has been recurring in the coastal areas of Qinhuangdao at the western coast of the Bohai Sea in China, threatening the environment and ecosystem of the Beidaihe seaside holiday resort along the coast. Micro-propagules of the green algae including gametes, spores, micro-germlings and micro-vegetative fragments play an important role in the formation of green tides. They serve as a "seed source" of green macroalgae, and their distributions could reflect and influence the "algae source" of green tides. In this study,monthly surveys in the inshore and offshore areas of the Qinhuangdao coast were conducted from April to September 2016 and in January 2017 to investigate the tempo-spatial distribution patterns and the biomass variations of the green algae micro-propagules. The obtained results show that micro-propagules were mainly distributed in the inshore areas with a significantly decreasing abundance towards offshore areas. Their biomass was highest in July and August, and lowest in winter. The areas that were affected by the green tides showed a remarkably higher abundance of micro-propagules compared to other areas. These micro-propagules could serve as the "seed" source of green tides. Their distribution patterns indicate that the green tide in the coastal areas of Qinhuangdao originated locally.

Antioxidant system responses in two co-occurring green-tide algae under stress conditions

Green tides have occurred every year from 2007 to 2014 in the Yellow Sea. Ulva prolifera （Mtiller） J. Agardh has been identified as the bloom-forming alga, co-occurring with U. intestinalis. We observed distinct strategies for both algal species during green tides. U.prolifera exhibited a high abundance initially and then decreased dramatically, while U. intestinalis persisted throughout. The antioxidant system responses of these two macroalgae were compared in the late phase of a green tide （in-situ） and after laboratory acclimation. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system responses differed significantly between the two. Malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents increased significantly in-situ in U. prolifera, but not in U. intestinalis. In U. prolifera, we observed a significant decrease in total antioxidant ability （T-AOC）, antioxidant enzymes （SOD and Apx）, and non-enzyme antioxidants （GSH and AsA） in-situ. U. intestinalis showed the same pattern of T-AOC and SOD, but its Gpx, Apx, and GSH responses did not differ significantly. The results suggest that U. prolifera was more susceptible than U. intestinalis to the harsh environmental changes during the late phase of a Yellow Sea green tide. The boom and bust strategy exhibited by U. prolifera and the persistence of U. intestinalis can be explained by differences in enzyme activity and antioxidant systems.

Acute toxicity of live and decomposing green alga Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera to abalone Haliotis discus hannai

From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coast of Qingdao and led to mass mortality of cultured abalone and sea cucumber. However, the mechanism for the mass mortality of cultured animals remains undetermined. This study examined the toxic effects of Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, the causative species of green tides in the Yellow Sea during the last three years. The acute toxicity of fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent of U. prolifera to the cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai were tested. It was found that both fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent had toxic effects to abalone, and decomposing algal effluent was more toxic than fresh culture medium. The acute toxicity of decomposing algal effluent could be attributed to the ammonia and sulfide presented in the effluent, as well as the hypoxia caused by the decomposition process.

Increased diversity and environmental threat of harmful algal blooms in the Southern Yellow Sea,China

Harmful algal blooms(HABs)in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef fects.While the Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of HABs since the 1980s,the Yellow Sea provides a relatively healthy ecological environment in which fewer HABs have been documented before the 21s t century.Yet largescale blooms of the green macroalga Ulva prolifera(so-called“green tides”)have occurred annually since 2007 in the Yellow Sea.Six people were poisoned and one person died in Lianyungang in 2008 due to ingestion of algal toxins.Moreover,the Yellow Sea experienced co-occurrence of harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides in 2017.This combination of events,rare worldwide,indicates the potential for further deterioration of the marine environment in the Yellow Sea,which may be related to climate change,aquaculture,and other human activities.Using the SYS as an example,we collected data of the frequency and scale of HABs over the years,as well as that of marine algal toxins,and analyzed the trend in the diversity of HABs in the SYS,to explore the causes and impacts of HABs,as well as the interrelationships among dif ferent types of HABs,including harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides.We also attempted to improve our understanding of HAB evolution under the influence of global climate change and intensified human activities.

基于VOSviewer文献计量的浒苔研究进展分析

浒苔属植物为广盐性和广温性藻类,其引发的绿潮灾害成为全球性的海洋生态问题,严重影响沿海地区的生态环境和经济发展。基于文献计量学方法,以Web of Science核心数据库收录的文献为基础,利用VOSviewer软件对浒苔的研究热点、动态趋势进行可视化分析。结果发现:1)1962年以来,关于浒苔研究的发文量与被引频次整体呈现上升趋势,2007年后呈指数式增长;2)主要涉及的学科有海洋与淡水生物学、环境科学、海洋学等,主要发文期刊包括《Harmful Algae》《Science of The Total Environment》《Marine Pollution Bulletin》等;3)开展研究的国家主要分布于美洲、亚洲、欧洲等地区,美国发文量和国际合作频次均为世界之首;4)研究热点包括环境因子对浒苔生理生态及其暴发的影响、绿潮的危害、防治以及对浒苔的应用等。结合研究现状,建议加强对浒苔绿潮的暴发机制、气候变化及人类活动对绿潮的影响进行研究,同时加强对绿潮的长时序、高精度的技术监测并建立预警机制。

海洋生态预报的研究进展与发展应用

从介绍海洋生态预报的概念和作用开始,根据赤潮、绿潮、水母暴发、珊瑚白化等海洋生态灾害的致灾种类和涉及的富营养化、低氧和致病菌等灾害指标,阐述了国内外近年来海洋生态预报的研究进展,进而探讨了河口区、陆架海以及全球大洋等不同海域差异所涉及的海洋生态预报的发展应用,论述了经验预报、统计预报和数值预报等海洋生态预报的国内外研究进展与实际应用,最后展望提出海洋生态预报在未来发展中面临的挑战和亟需解决的关键科学问题。

黄海浒苔绿潮及其溯源研究进展

2007-2012年,黄海连续6a暴发了大规模绿潮。分析了过去5a国内外对黄海绿潮以及绿潮形成种浒苔的研究进展,并总结了对黄海绿潮浒苔溯源的主要观点。结合国内外对绿潮浒苔生物学研究结果,深入分析了大规模黄海绿潮暴发的关键要素(绿潮形成种、近海海水富营养化和其它海洋环境因子)以及生物生态学机制,根据已知的结果推演黄海绿潮全年发生发展过程。据此,认为黄海绿潮大暴发与江苏省近岸海域海水富营养化密切相关,辐射沙洲的浒苔微观繁殖体(孢子、配子及其不同发育程度的显微个体)在绿潮暴发过程中扮演重要角色。

近海藻华灾害对渔业直接经济损失评估方法研究

近年来我国近海海洋灾害频发,其中海洋有害藻华灾害对我国沿海社会经济发展造成重大的社会经济影响。本文运用资源经济学相兲理论对近海藻华灾害导致渔业直接经济损失的评估斱法迚行研究,幵以2013年浒苔绿潮对青岛市即墨田横镇的海参苗养殖直接经济损失为例迚行实证研究,应用本文所研究的评估斱法计算得出当地海参苗养殖受浒苔直接损失的粗略结果。

HY-1C卫星CZI载荷的黄海绿潮提取研究

海洋一号C(HY-1C)卫星是中国首颗海洋水色业务卫星,其搭载的海岸带成像仪(CZI)在近海海洋环境监测中正发挥越来越重要的作用;随着搭载有相同传感器的HY-1D卫星发射,双星组网观测,可形成3天2次的高频次、大范围对海观测能力,在海洋漂浮藻类、海洋溢油等目标探测方面具备优异的效能。高空间分辨率光学数据中包含了丰富的海洋环境信息,给特定目标的识别提取带来一定干扰。本研究面向HY-1C卫星CZI载荷开展中国近海漂浮藻类识别提取的业务化应用需求,发展基于藻类缩放指数与虚拟基线高度融合的海洋漂浮藻类识别提取算法,算法优选适用于无短波红外波段国产数据的虚拟基线高度指数来增强藻类信号,通过藻类缩放指数滑动窗口运算,有效剔除高空间分辨率光学数据中的复杂干扰信息,实现了基于CZI数据的海洋漂浮藻类高精度提取,且具有较好的计算运行效率。此外,结合准同步高分卫星16 m多光谱数据,开展CZI数据含藻像元的不确定性分析,发现CZI数据反演结果对近海小斑块漂浮藻类存在不可忽视的高估现象。研究还指出,光学数据用于漂浮藻类监测,其不确定性不仅来源于传感器的空间分辨率差异,还与海洋漂浮藻类形态特征的空间分异性有关。明晰海洋漂浮藻类的形态学空间分异特征,将有助于提高光学数据反演结果的精度,并阐明不确定性。

Allelopathic growth inhibition of Heterosigma akashiwo by the three Ulva spcieces(Ulva Pertusa,Ulva Linza,Enteromorpha intestinalis) under laboratory conditions

Allelopathic effects of several concentrations of fresh tissue,dry powder and dry tissue of three bloom-forming green macroalgae Ulva pertusa,Ulva linza and Enteromopha intestinalis on the red tide microalga Heterosigma akashiwo were evaluated in microcosms systems.The effects of macroalgae culture medium filtrate were investigated on H.akashiwo using initial or semi-continuous filtrate addition.Preliminary studies on the algicidal effects of one aqueous and four organic solvent extracts from the macroalgae on the microalga were carried out to confirm the existence of allelochemicals in the tissue of these macroalgae.The dry powder of U.pertusa was extracted with methanol,and the methanol extracts were partitioned to petroleum ether phase,ethyl acetate phase,butanol phase and distilled phase by liquid-liquid fractionation.The bioassays of the activity of every fraction were carried out on H.akashiwo.The resultant microcosms assay showed that the growth of H.akashiwo was strongly inhibited by using fresh tissues,dry powder or dry tissue of these three macroalgae,while aqueous and methanol extracts of both macroalgae had strong inhibitory effects on the growth of H.akashiwo,and the EC50 values for methanol extract of U.pertusa,U.linza or E.intestinalis were 0.016,0.028× 10-12 or 0.033× 10-12,respectively.While the other three organic solvent extracts (acetone,ether and chloroform) had no apparent effect on its growth,this suggests that the allelochemicals from these three maeroalgae had relatively high polarities.The activity of petroleum ether phase,ethyl acetate phase,butanol phase and distilled phase of U.pertusa methanol extract was carried out on H.akashiwo indicating that petroleum ether phase and ethyl acetate phase had stronger algicidal effect on H.akashiwo.The inhibition effect of the ethyl acetate phase was not as strong as that of petroleum ether phase,and effective concentration of petroleum ether phase was 17 mg/L for H.akashiwo.However,no significant algicidal effects were observed on the butanol phase and distilled water phase.These three macroalgae's culture medium filtrate exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on the microalga under initial filtrate addition whereas the growth of H.akashiwo was significantly inhibited under semi-continuous filtrate addition,which suggests that continuous release of small quantities of rapidly degradable allelochemicals from the fresh tissue of both macroalgae was effective in inhibiting the growth of H.akashiwo.

Decadal characteristics of the floating Ulva and Sargassum in the Subei Shoal,Yellow Sea

The data of field surveys during 2009 to 2018 was analyzed to understand the seasonality and inter-annual variability of the floating Ulva and Sargassum in the Subei Shoal,the southwestern Yellow Sea of China on decadal scale.The floating Ulva biomass was consistently originated from the central region of the Subei Shoal in middle to late April,increased rapidly,drifted and extended into the offshore water in May and June.The average floating Ulva biomass in the shoal generally increased over the years with evident inter-annual fluctuations.In contrast,pelagic Sargassum was accumulated in the Subei Shoal and formed the spring bloom only in 2013,2017 and 2018,and the biomass was higher than the co-occurring Ulva during the survey in these three years.Compared to the raft-origin floating Ulva,genesis and development of the pelagic Sargassum was distinct.Based on the current research,the Sargassum biomass was exotic and often initiated in the offshore water in March,and intruded into the shoal in April and May.The analysis on the environmental parameters was inconclusive since multiple anthropogenic and non-indigenous factors could influence the green tides in this region.Further research covering both the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea is needed to trace the origin of the floating Sargassum and to understand the interactions between these two co-occurring seaweeds.

山东近岸海域典型生态灾害的特征和变化趋势

在全球气候变化和人类活动加剧的背景下,赤潮、绿潮、褐潮、水母暴发和泥螺入侵等生态灾害已成为近年来海洋生态系统异常的主要表现形式。为科学管理和防治山东近岸海域生态灾害,文章汇总1999-2018年山东近岸海域典型生态灾害的特征和变化趋势。研究结果表明:赤潮是山东近岸海域最主要的生态灾害,研究期内共发生赤潮69起,累计面积为7141km2,发生海域主要集中在滨州-东营近岸、潍坊小清河口、莱州近岸、长岛近岸、烟台四十里湾、青岛胶州湾、威海乳山近岸和日照近岸,以夜光藻为主;自2007年以来,绿潮在我国南黄海海域每年均有发生,持续时间70余天,此外烟台套子湾、四十里湾和蓬莱近岸以及潍坊近岸等海域也相继发生绿潮,主要种类包括缘管浒苔、石莼、管浒苔和束生刚毛藻;褐潮是由抑食金球藻引起的生态灾害,山东近岸海域仅2011年和2012年有褐潮发生;水母暴发种主要包括海月水母、沙海蜇和白色霞水母,其中海月水母是山东半岛近岸海域种群数量最大、分布范围最广和暴发频率最高的种类;泥螺入侵是由于2001年的人为引种而导致的生物入侵灾害,近年来泥螺数量大幅减少,目前仅在滨州、东营和潍坊局部潮间带有少量分布。

南黄海绿潮和金潮灾害的异同性分析及研究方向探讨

近几年大型藻类的暴发在南黄海海域造成了较大的灾害及经济损失。绿潮和金潮虽形态不同,但经常伴生在一起,卫星遥感观测中容易混淆。为准确认识上述两种藻类,对其进行异同性分析。首先分析其不同的形态和分布,以江苏海域水质状况说明环境对藻类暴发的影响,以历年黄海海域浒苔绿潮灾害和典型年份江苏马尾藻灾害数据说明产生的经济损失,借助遥感技术描述其发生、分布和输移过程。然后探讨在灾害预警防控、资源化利用、近岸海域水环境改善等方面研究方向。

蓝藻病毒噬藻体的感染特性与应用前景

介绍了蓝藻病毒噬藻体的分类、命名,论述了蓝藻病毒噬藻体的感染特性,并分析了这类病毒在赤潮和水华生物防治方面的应用前景。

漂浮大型藻运移高分辨率遥感观测:以黄海浒苔绿潮为例

遥感是海表漂浮大型藻监测的重要手段。本研究基于无人机、高分辨率卫星(Sentinel-2 MSI、GF-6 WVF、HY-1C/D CZI)获取的3组像对,对不同尺度的黄海漂浮大型藻浒苔斑块及其精细化运移过程进行了观测。其中,基于HY-1C/D双星组网实现了2.45 h内50 m分辨率级别的斑块点对点跟踪,在观测时段,风与海洋潮流的方向较为一致,二者效应叠加,使得浒苔的运移速度相对较高,平均运移速度为0.380 m/s。在10 m级分辨率的MSI、WVF影像上,浒苔斑块的水团锋面或辐聚区在不同观测角下,会导致更多或更少的入瞳太阳耀光呈现出亮、暗的区域由太阳耀光异常表征的这类辐聚区在近30 min内持续存在,且发生了明显迁移,其平均速度约为0.2 m/s。基于厘米级超高分辨率无人机图像可实现秒级至分钟级别的漂浮大型藻运移观测,平均速度为0.066 m/s,小斑块浒苔受风的影响,沿风向呈链条状分布特征,两者夹角小于15°。结果显示,浒苔斑块多呈条状,其延伸方向在不同尺度上表现出与风向的一致性,显示出风对浒苔斑块运移的影响;基于太阳海表耀光表征的海流辐聚区及浒苔斑块的空间位置变化,体现了海流动力过程对浒苔运移的影响。本研究显示,通过高时空分辨率的光学像对可对海表漂浮大型藻的运移精准观测,可望用于其运移物理动力机制的研究。

一种新的海水中石莼属海藻显微阶段个体数定量方法及在黄海绿潮爆发过程中的应用

本文介绍了一种准确定量海水中石莼属(Ulva)海藻显微阶段个体数的方法,同时应用这一方法在2009年黄海绿潮形成的初期、爆发期和后期对黄海海域水样进行了4个航次的调查研究.结果表明,表层海水的显微阶段个体数量较多,随着深度的增加,有逐渐递减的趋势;8月份平均每升海水中的显微阶段的个体数量较5月份多.这一定量方法将在预测海水中潜在绿潮海藻生物量和预测绿潮爆发规模方面有广阔的应用前景.

江苏如东近海绿潮藻分子检测与类群演替分析

2007年以来,中国青岛、连云港、如东等黄海沿海连续4年爆发绿潮现象,尤其2008年青岛爆发了世界最大规模绿潮,造成了严重的生态危害.2009年,我们对江苏省如东海域绿潮藻进行了调查和监测,选取紫菜养殖架和防波堤坝上的11个固着样品以及海区15个漂浮样品,对其ITS及5.8S rDNA和叶绿体rbcL基因序列进行了分子系统发育和类群演替分析.结果显示,如东沿岸堤坝和紫菜养殖筏架具有大量固着生长的浒苔类绿潮藻,其海区漂浮绿潮藻团出现时间也最早,并逐渐北移;ITS序列分析将如东样品聚为5个类群,即Ulva compressa类群(6个样品)、Ulva linza-procera-prolifera(LPP)复合体类群(12个样品)、Ulva flexuosa类群(3个样品)、Blidingia sp.类群(3个样品)以及Urospora spp.类群(2个样品),而rbcL序列较为保守,26个样品只聚为4个类群.DNA序列分析表明,如东海区漂浮与固着绿潮藻类群构成相同,亲缘关系较近,漂浮绿潮藻优势类群先后出现次序为:U.compressa,U.flexuosa及LPP,最终漂浮种与2008年黄海绿潮优势种的ITS序列完全相同.本研究为今后黄海绿潮溯源及其预测防控奠定了重要基础.

我国近海藻华灾害现状、演变趋势与应对策略

有害藻华是近海常见的灾害性生态异常现象,不仅包括微藻形成的"赤潮"和"褐潮",也包括大型藻类形成的"绿潮"。在许多海域,有害藻华问题一旦出现,就会持续很长一段时间,对海水养殖、生态安全和人类健康构成威胁。在我国,有害藻华已成为一类突出的海洋生态灾害问题。渤海海域、长江口及其邻近海域和南海近岸海域是3个典型的赤潮高发区,大规模暴发的赤潮对海水养殖业造成了严重破坏,也威胁到海域生态安全和人类健康。近期在南黄海和渤海海域还出现了绿潮和褐潮等灾害性有害藻华现象,受到高度关注。综合分析我国近海的有害藻华问题可以看出,我国近海藻华原因种呈现出多样化、有害化和小型化的演变趋势,这给藻华的监测和管理带来了许多困难。为有效防控有害藻华,有必要加强针对有害藻华的基础研究,阐明藻华原因种的多样性状况、藻华发生与生态系统健康的关系、藻华的演变趋势及其驱动因子、藻华演变可能造成的生态效应等基础问题,同时,应进一步加强对藻华的观测预警和控制防范能力。