Green Networking Based Energy Efficient Communications

The mainstream approaches to green networking are discussed first from the view of engineering,including resource consolidation,server virtualization,selective connectedness,and proportional computing.A brief introduction to network virtualization techniques is given then and a virtual node embedding approach is provided.Finally,three kinds of enhanced green networking schemes by network virtualization are proposed,that is enhancement to sever virtualization,resource consolidation and Adaptive Link Rate(ALR).Examples are included to show the virtue of network virtualization to green networking in terms of energy efficient communications.

Interference Mitigation in D2D Communication Underlying Cellular Networks:Towards Green Energy

Device to Device(D2D)communication is emerging as a new participant promising technology in 5G cellular networks to promote green energy networks.D2D communication can improve communication delays,spectral efficiency,system capacity,data off-loading,and many other fruitful scenarios where D2D can be implemented.Nevertheless,induction of D2D communication in reuse mode with the conventional cellular network can cause severe interference issues,which can significantly degrade network performance.To reap all the benefits of induction of D2D communication with conventional cellular communication,it is imperative to minimize interference’s detrimental effects.Efficient power control can minimize the negative effects of interference and get benefits promised by D2D communication.In this work,we propose two power control schemes,Power Control Scheme 1(PCS 1)and Power Control Scheme 2(PCS 2),to minimize the interference and provide performance analysis.Simulation results observe improvements with PCS 1 and PCS 2 as compared to without using any power control scheme in terms of data rate in both uplink and downlink communication modes of Cellular User Equipment(CUE).

Traffic prediction enabled dynamic access points switching for energy saving in dense networks

To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.

5G Green Mobile Communication Networks

With the popularization of wireless multimedia communications,the wireless traffic is predicated to be increased more than 1000time in the next decade.Some new technologies,e.g.,massive multi.input multi.output antennas,millimeter wave and small

Project of “Three Networks Greening” based on optimal allocation in the Yellow River Delta,China (Dongying section)

We have used the Yellow River Delta （Dongying section） as our study area to address the project of ＂Three Networks Greening＂ （TNG）. With the use of GIS technology and from an ecological point of view, an optimal allocation scheme of land resources is constructed and applied to guide the adjustment of land resources. Given this scheme, we have calculated that the area of land suitable for forest and shrubs without greening is 2256 km^2. Simultaneously, acting on the layout of the TNG project, afforestation site types are prepared and improved. Soil types, microrelief, salinity and underwater levels are combined as major classification factors and irrigation conditions as a reference to classify sites into eight types. In this way, land suitable for forest and grass is afforested given particular planting patterns. Finally, by overlaying this forestry site type map with the TNG plan map, some suggestions and strategies are proposed and used to direct the TNG project. An ecological oasis of the Yellow River Delta should be the result.

Construction of Ecological Network for Urban Green Space System from the Perspective of Landscape Ecology:A Case Study of Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality

Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local area from the perspective of landscape ecology, and then established the landscape ecology-oriented ecological network construction, restructured green paces in Wanzhou District using the landscape composition of "patch–corridor–matrix", and connected the scattered green patches using green corridors, so as to form a reasonable ecological network of green spaces.

Optimal Cost-Aware Paradigm for Off-Grid Green Cellular Networks in Oman

Green wireless networks or energy-efficient wireless networks have gained popularity as a research topic due to the ecological and economic concerns of cellular operators.The specific power supply requirements for the cellular base station,such as cost-effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing the technological advances in renewable energy.There are numerous drivers for the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition towards green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.Accordingly,this work proposes a novel framework for energy-efficient solar-powered base stations for the Oman site,specifically for off-grid locations where fuel transportation for diesel generator(DG)is a serious concern.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for off-grid sites,the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables optimization software is adapted by considering real-time conditions and its technical feasibility.Different cost factors such as capital cost,salvage cost,replacement cost,operational,and maintenance cost of PV panels,inverters,and batteries also undergo extensive analysis.From the observed results,the total net present cost(NPC)of the proposed system is$27,887,while the net NPC of the DG is estimated at$32,900.Remarkably,the proposed scheme can potentially achieve considerable savings in the operational expenditure at approximately 15.24%.Indeed,these outcomes can provide profound economic,technical,and ecological benefits to the cellular operators of Oman.It also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas that supports sustainable green wireless network deployment in remote areas.

Powering Mobile Networks with Optimal Green Energy for Sustainable Development

Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies,especially academia and industry,in light of economic and ecological perspectives.Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enhance sustainability due to the adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmospheric circumstances.Moreover,the specific power supply requirements for a base station(BS),such as cost effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing technological advances in renewable energy.Numerous drivers and motivators are involved in the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition toward green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.In this work,a sustainable optimal stand-alone solarpowered model envisioning green cellular BSs for urban locations in Oman is proposed.This model can extend 24 h uninterrupted power supply support to a cellular BS that fully utilizes an integrated storage device.The system analysis is conducted using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables(HOMER)based on actual prevailing conditions of the regions and their technical feasibility.The results showed can be achieved operational expenditure savings up to 16%.These outcomes provide a huge benefit to the cellular operators of Oman economically,technically,and ecologically.

Green Multicast Grooming Based on Cross-Shared Protection in Optical WDM Networks

Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.

Green Architecture for Dense Home Area Networks Based on Radio-over-Fiber with Data Aggregation Approach

The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.

外部技术网络嵌入、知识重组能力与制造企业节能减排

在加快发展方式绿色转型的战略部署下,作为绿色转型的关键实施主体,制造企业不断利用网络嵌入和知识重组以促进其在能源消耗和污染排放工作的平稳、有序推进。本文以中国制造业A股上市公司为研究对象,收集整理企业联合申请发明专利数据,采用社会网络分析软件对外部技术网络嵌入的技术网络地位和网络有效规模进行测算,基于“外部合作-知识重组-节能减排”的逻辑思路分别探索外部技术网络嵌入对制造企业节能减排的直接效应,以及从知识重组视角探讨知识再创造和知识再利用在其中的中介作用。结果表明:技术网络地位和网络有效规模显著有利于降低合作企业的能源消耗和污染排放,知识重组能力在技术网络地位与网络有效规模对节能减排的影响中存在显著中介作用。据此提出相应的管理启示以提高制造企业节能减排成效,为推进“统筹发展与绿色低碳转型,深入实施绿色制造”提供一定的经验证据。

Optimization of the Conceptual Model of Green-Ampt Using Artificial Neural Network Model (ANN) and WMS to Estimate Infiltration Rate of Soil (Case Study: Kakasharaf Watershed, Khorram Abad, Iran)

Determination of the infiltration rate in a watershed is not easy and in empirical and theoretical point of view, it is important to access average value of infiltration. Infiltration models has main role in managing water sources. Therefore different types of models with various degrees of complexity were developed to reach this aim. Most of the estimating methods of soil infiltration are expensive and time consuming and these methods estimate infiltration with hypothesis of zero slope. One of the conceptual and physical models for estimating soil infiltration is Green-Ampt model which is similar to Richard model. This model uses slope factor in estimating infiltration and this is the power point of Green-Ampt model. In this research the empirical model of Green-Ampt was optimized with integrating artificial neural network model (ANN) and a model of geographical information system WMS to estimate the infiltration in Kakasharaf watershed. Results of the comparison between the output of this method and real value of infiltration in region (through multiple cylinders) showed that this method can estimate the infiltration rate of Kakasharaf watershed with low error and acceptable accuracy (Nash-Sutcliff performance coefficient 0.821, square error 0.216, correlation coefficient 0.905 and model error 0.024).

贸易自由化、企业生产网络与绿色贸易

本文研究了在具有企业间生产网络的背景下,贸易自由化对绿色贸易的影响规模及机制。本文采用HITS算法创新地构建了中国企业的生产网络中心度指标数据,建立了包含中间品进口、最终品出口和污染排放的生产网络理论模型,并进行理论与实证分析。研究发现:贸易自由化有利于企业降低出口排放强度,实现绿色贸易的发展,并且该促进作用随着企业网络中心度的上升而不断增强,主要影响渠道来自规模效应、结构效应和技术效应。区分行业上游度来看,处于最上游位置行业的生产网络调节作用不明显,处于最下游位置行业的网络中心度对出口贸易自由化的调节作用较为显著,而居中行业的网络中心度对进口中间品贸易自由化的调节作用较为显著,区分地区来看,生产网络的调节作用对东部企业显著,而对中西部企业不显著.

Cooperative wireless networks for better green services

In order to guarantee the overall return on investment (ROI), improve user experience and quality of service (QoS), save energy, reduce electra magnetic interference (EMI) and radiation pollution, and enable the sustainable deployment of new profitable applications and services in heterogeneous wireless networks coexistence reality, this paper proposes a cross-network cooperation mechanism to effectively share network resources and infrastructures, and then adaptively control and match multi-network energy distribution characteristics according to actual user/service requirements in different geographic areas. Some idle or lightly-loaded base stations (BS or BSs) will be temporally turned off for saving energy and reducing EMI. Initial simulation results show that the proposed approach can significantly improve the overall energy efficiency and QoS performance across multiple cooperative wireless networks.

A Study of Optimum Switching Problem for Production Systems Considering Efficiency, Delivery Time and Green Evaluation

This paper aims to derive the optimal switching strategy for production system considering efficiency, delivery time and green evaluation. Nowadays more and more manufacturing and logistics systems not only pursue better work efficiency, but also focus on green energy evaluation issues. Cost reduction and shortening of delivery time are always important management issues in pursuit of efficiency and optimization of the entire production system because of global production competition. In a market situation where customer needs change in various ways, in particular, due to inadequate quality, changes in the local environment, natural disasters and so on. Therefore, prompt planning of management measures such as switching work processes and changing production methods has become an important issue. On the other hand, since the Paris Agreement came into effect, the construction of an environment-friendly production system has been required as an approach to environmental problems such as global warming. In this paper, we propose an optimum switching model of production systems considering efficiency, delivery time and green evaluation using a green evaluation index (GEC: Green Energy Coefficient). We also discuss the optimal switching strategy by numerical observation.

区域绿色创新效率评价及空间网络特征分析

构建区域绿色创新网络是推动绿色发展的重要载体,更是推动经济转型、完成“双碳目标”的核心引擎。使用SBM模型对甘肃省12个城市的工业绿色创新效率进行了测量和评价,并运用引力模型和社会网络分析方法对其空间关联特征进行了分析。研究表明:定西、庆阳等地绿色创新效率较高,张掖和平凉绿色创新水平较低;甘肃省绿色创新网络关联程度不高,等级性较强;兰州和嘉峪关对全省的绿色创新资源具有吸附效应,处于创新网络的中心位置;甘肃省工业绿色创新网络形成受到城市间的地理临近性、经济基础和创新支持系统差异的影响。建议应重点完善产业和环境政策,并在全局寻找方向,加强区域空间关联,进而全面提升甘肃省绿色创新水平。

基于街区小气候环境冬夏协同优化的城市绿地生态网络精准修复

越来越多城市绿地生态网络建设进入存量更新和结构性优化并存发展的阶段,生态安全优先基础上如何进一步提升城市绿地生态网络的多种生态系统服务功能是当前风景园林实践研究的重要议题。应对全球气候变化、极端天气多发导致的人居环境宜居性下降问题,目前基于气候适应的城市绿地生态网络规划关注促进自然通风以缓解夏季热岛效应,尚忽视了其冬季可能带来的负效应。从气候调节视角切入,探讨城市绿地生态网络在协同冬夏季小气候环境中的低效空间识别与精准修复技术方法。以江苏省昆山市密集城区的189个街区单元为研究对象,通过遥感反演的方法对其冬、夏季小气候环境进行分析,聚类获得7类小气候特征街区。之后,叠加现状绿地生态网络与计算流体力学模拟风环境结果,提取现状适于通风的生态廊道,从宽度、方向、类型等方面分析其潜在通风效能,耦合街区冬夏小气候环境特征,识别研判现状绿地生态网络在冬夏温湿环境调节上存在的低效问题,并提出冬夏协同的精准修复策略,为优化人居环境宜居性、提升城市绿地生态网络生态系统服务综合效能提供技术参考。

无连接区域覆盖的绿色网格网与数字孪生验证

尽管“连接未连接”的挑战一直是研究热点,但最近发布的全球6G愿景中,泛在连接场景尚未直接包含仍处于实验阶段的5G非地面网络。该文认为,5G非地面网络架构上一个潜在的发展趋势是绿色和灵活性,它很有可能在后期的6G阶段发挥更大作用。为了增强空天地一体化系统的绿色和灵活性,该文特别考虑了一种地面上的绿色网格架构,采用数字孪生建模方法进行了概念验证,对微基站处的可再生能源、物联网设备运行和无线资源分配策略等进行了建模,并开发和评估了基于Transformer的精确数据驱动的能效预测方案。这一初步的网络架构和无线接入概念验证,将有益于推动早期阶段数字孪生卫星的可行性研究,为未来6G空天地一体化网络的发展提供参考。5G非地面网络目前尚处于前期探索阶段,但其在绿色、灵活、可持续等方面的创新理念,非常契合6G网络的发展方向。该文通过数字孪生建模的方法,验证了非地面网络在6G时代具有广阔的应用前景。