Green Processes： Transforming Waste into Valuable Resources

1.引言未来几年,随着有限的原材料供应不断减少,低价的化石燃料越来越少,全球制造业将面临严峻挑战。许多传统制造工艺将会因环境问题而被淘汰。对于工程师和科学家来说,这些相互关联的问题也提供了巨大的契机。我们需要强大的新技术:这些新技术必须具备较高的成本效益和能效,必须最大限度地减少污染。应对挑战的解决方案可能藏在另一个全球性问题中——工业废物(包括有毒废物)的快速积累。

Green‑Solvent Processed Blade‑Coating Organic Solar Cells with an Efficiency Approaching 19%Enabled by Alkyl‑Tailored Acceptors

Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE drop when the bladecoating and/or green-solvents toward large-scale printing are used instead,which hampers the practical development of OSCs.Here,a new series of N-alkyl-tailored small molecule acceptors named YR-SeNF with a same molecular main backbone are developed by combining selenium-fused central-core and naphthalene-fused endgroup.Thanks to the N-alkyl engineering,NIR-absorbing YR-SeNF series show different crystallinity,packing patterns,and miscibility with polymeric donor.The studies exhibit that the molecular packing,crystallinity,and vertical distribution of active layer morphologies are well optimized by introducing newly designed guest acceptor associated with tailored N-alkyl chains,providing the improved charge transfer dynamics and stability for the PM6:L8-BO:YRSeNF-based OSCs.As a result,a record-high PCE approaching 19%is achieved in the blade-coating OSCs fabricated from a greensolvent o-xylene with high-boiling point.Notably,ternary OSCs offer robust operating stability under maximum-power-point tracking and well-keep>80%of the initial PCEs for even over 400 h.Our alkyl-tailored guest acceptor strategy provides a unique approach to develop green-solvent and blade-coating processed high-efficiency and operating stable OSCs,which paves a way for industrial development.

Green process for hydrogenation of methyl ricinoleate to methyl 12-hydroxystearate over diatomite supported Cu/Ni bimetallic catalyst

A series of diatomite supported Cu/Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared using the co-impregnation method to improve the efficiency and selectivity toward methyl 12-hydroxystearate in the hydrogenation of methyl ricinoleate.The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDS),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and temperature programmed reduction(H2-TPR).All the characterization results verified the formation of highly dispersed Cu/Ni alloy on support.Moreover,by subtly regulating the Ni/Cu molar ratio as well as the reaction parameters,the hydrogenation of methyl ricinoleate to methyl 12-hydroxystearate proceeded efficiently and selectively,affording 97%yield of methyl 12-hydroxystearate and nearly equivalent conversion of methyl ricinoleate under 2 MPa H2 pressure and at 130 C in 4 h with only 1 wt%of the catalyst Ni7Cu1/diatomite(based on methyl ricinoleate).Besides,the supported Cu–Ni bimetallic catalyst is stable during recycle and reuse.After five cycles of reuse,much catalytic activity is still preserved.Therefore,this low-cost and stable bimetallic catalyst would be promising for the hydrogenation of methyl ricinoleate to methyl 12-hydroxystearate,representing an example of green catalysis for efficiently conversion of biomass to value-added chemicals and materials.

Challenges and innovations in green process intensification

Process intensification is one of the most significant trends in current chemical engineering and process industries.In recent years,the desire to become more "green" in processing has always been tied to the requirement of being profitable.This review discusses the challenges of process engineering and summarizes the key role of fundamentals for green process intensification.

Green process to recover magnesium chloride from residue solution of potassium chloride production plant

The green process to recover magnesium chlor-ide from the residue solution of a potassium chloride pro-duction plant,which comes from the leach solution of a potash mine in Laos,is designed and optimized.The res-idue solution contains magnesium chloride above 25 wt-%,potassium chloride and sodium chloride together below 5 wt-%and a few other ions such as Br-,SO_(2)-4and Ca2+.The recovery process contains two steps:the previous impurity removal operation and the two-stage evapora-tion-cooling crystallization procedure to produce magnes-ium chloride.The crystallized impurity carnallite obtained from the first step is recycled to the potassium chloride plant to recover the potassium salt.The developed process is a zero discharge one and thus fulfills the requirements for green chemical industrial production.The produced magnesium chloride is up to industrial criteria.

Spatial Process of Green Infrastructure Changes Associated with Rapid Urbanization in Shenzhen,China

Through a case study of Shenzhen City,China,this study focused on a quantitative method for analyzing the spatial processes involved in green infrastructure changes associated with rapid urbanization.Based on RS,GIS and SPSS statistics software,the approach includes selection of the square analysis units and representative landscape metrics,quantification of the change types of landscape metrics in all analysis units through two indices and hierarchical cluster analysis of the above analysis units with different landscape metric change types(i.e.spatial attributes).The analyses verify that there is a significant sequence of continuous changes in green infrastructure in Shenzhen.They are the perforation,the segmentation,the fragmentation,the evanescence and the filling-in processes,which have a good spatio-temporal correspondence with urbanization and reflect the synthetic influence of urban planning,government policies and landforms.Compared with other studies on quantifying the spatial pattern,this study provides an alternative probe into linking the spatial pattern to spatial processes and the corresponding ecological processes in the future.These spatio-temporal processes offer many opportunities for identifying,protecting and restoring key elements in an urban green infrastructure network for areas in the early stages of urbanization or for non-urbanized areas.

A Novel Application in Green Chemical Processing Using Reject Brines and Carbon Dioxide as Raw Materials

In this paper, the concept of “green processing” will be applied, while explaining the role of sustainable development strategy with respect to the environmental issue. Two parameters are considered in the study by utilizing carbon dioxide and reject brine from desalination plants as raw materials to produce valuable chemical products and partially desalinated water.

A decision-making model of gear process for green manufacturing

A decision-making model of gear process for green manufacturing is presented, which integrates the five objectives including the time, quality, cost, resource consumption and environmental impact of gear process together into the development of a strategy. Mathematical description is provided for the multi-objectives decision-making model. The expert judgment and the multi-fuzzy assessment theory are introduced to do sensible comparisons and give quantitative results. A case study on practical cutting tool selection in gear machining demonstrates that the proposed model is applicable.

Study on the Retention Rate of Green Tea Catechins Components and Tea Polyphenol by Different Processing Technology

The aim of this research was to explore the effect of fixation,rolling,and drying processing technology on the retention rate of green tea catechins components and tea polyphenol.Different fixation processes(rotary drumfiring,microwave,steam-blasting),rolling process(weight of rolling,gently press rolling and traditional rolling),drying process(stove drying,roasting dehydration,baked fried drying) were adopted.The effect of different tea processing technology on the retention rate of catechins component and tea polyphenol was analyzed.It showed that the microwave fixation process,gently press rolling process,baked fried dry process were beneficial to keep high levels of EGCG,C,EGC,EC,ECG.

绿色加工技术在农业机械制造中的应用

随着现代化农业的快速发展,农业机械需求量日益增加。在国家“节能减排”“碳中和”“碳达峰”的政策要求下,绿色加工技术是现代化农业机械生产发展的新方向。该文通过介绍绿色加工技术的概念和意义,说明农业机械制造中利用绿色加工技术的作用,从原料、加工方式、切削技术等角度出发,阐述绿色加工技术在农业机械制造中的具体应用,并进行展望,为绿色加工技术在农业机械制造的发展提供一定的思路。

Assessment of Effects of Green Construction by Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Synthetic Judgment Method

The index system, code system, and weights of indexes are established to assess the effects of green construction. The index system consists of index level, factor level and sub-factor level. The analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the weights of indexes, and the consistency test indicate that the weight assignment is reasonable. Using fuzzy synthetic judgment method, the assessment model is built, which includes factor set, weight set and conclusion set. An example is given to demonstrate the assessment procedures.

我国绿色化工技术现状与发展建议

化学工业的快速发展,促进了全球的经济增长,提高了人民的生活质量,但随着化工生产过程中化石能源的大量消耗,也带来无法忽视的环境污染和气候变化等问题。中国主动提出“双碳”目标,要求各行各业走绿色高质量发展之路,促进我国化工行业的绿色转型。绿色化工应包括从化工原料、催化剂、反应工程、能源到产品的全产业链和创新链的绿色化,是行业发展的大势所趋。建议加强对绿色化工技术应用基础研究导向性支持,提倡将绿色指标纳入技术先进性评价标准,推动绿色发展理念融入化工产业技术开发与应用全过程,加速我国化工行业通过数字化转型和一体化发展,早日实现更多绿色化工技术革新和行业的可持续发展。

食品绿色加工原理与技术课程思政教学改革与实践

针对食品绿色加工原理与技术的课程特点,系统挖掘思政元素,从思政目标、思政元素融合设计思路及教学方式改进等方面进行改革与实践探索。将课程思政贯穿于专业课程教育教学全过程,实现知识传授、能力培养与价值引领的有机统一,以期为其他专业课程的课程思政教学改革提供参考。

电解锰行业清洁生产评价指标体系研究与应用

清洁生产评价指标体系研究对行业深入推进清洁生产具有重要意义,提出了适用于一般工业行业的“源头控制-过程减排-末端治理-循环利用”全过程清洁生产评价框架模型;构建了由生产工艺及装备等9个一级指标、45个二级指标组成的电解锰行业清洁生产评价指标体系,采用专家咨询-层次分析法确定各指标权重,其中电解锰渣无害化处理率和直流电耗指标的权重分别为0.092和0.050,反映出行业清洁生产的重点和关键点。对3家典型企业的清洁生产水平评价结果表明,案例企业对标Ⅰ级基准得分为40.78~77.26,与清洁生产Ⅰ级水平有差距,指标体系能有效反映电解锰企业的清洁生产水平。结合企业1实际情况,从生产工艺及装备等方面提出10项针对性的清洁生产改造措施建议,为企业推进清洁生产提供参考,也可为行业绿色低碳政策制定提供依据。

大型连续绿茶精制加工生产线研发

茶叶加工技术与装备是茶叶产业发展的基础,对行业发展起着举足轻重的作用。为实现绿茶加工机械自动化生产,设计了大型连续绿茶精制加工生产线,阐述了该生产线系统结构、主要生产环节及安装调试应用。基于PLC控制的大型连续绿茶精制加工生产线,主要由鲜叶上料输送机、大型滚筒杀青机、冷却回潮机、四机协同联动式揉捻机组、并列连续预烘干机组、储料仓、计量分料装置、茶叶炒干与抛光机组、筛分装置、风选装置及配套的测控系统等组成。针对绿茶加工工艺的各个环节,采用模块化设计,根据茶叶加工企业的厂房实际情况,灵活安装组线,满足企业个性化需求。基于模糊PID温度控制的大型滚筒杀青机双模糊控制技术,解决了传统杀青温度与时间无法实现精确控制的难点问题。采用链式刮板输送智能加料装置与多机联动协同连续揉捻控制技术,实现多机协同联动式自动加料连续揉捻,边进料边揉捻,揉捻均匀度高。生产线上杀青机、理条机和烘干机各环节温度采用模糊PID控制,解决了茶叶加工温度、投叶量与杀青、理条、烘干时间实时配合的问题,输入不同等级、不同重量的鲜叶可输出相适应的杀青温度和时间,实现对茶叶生产过程的精确控制,减少人为因素的干扰,实现绿茶的智能化生产。近年来,生产线用户遍布皖、苏、浙、云、贵、川、豫、湘、鄂和陕等10多个省份200余家茶叶生产企业。该生产线的推广应用,实现了茶叶规模化生产,保证了茶叶品质,对茶产业发展具有重要意义。

基于BIM技术的全过程绿色建筑设计应用研究

旨在探索建筑信息模型技术在绿色建筑设计中的应用,推进建设绿色施工。通过对BIM在整个流程中的运用进行了剖析,并对其在各个阶段的实施进行了探讨。在建筑设计中,引入BIM可以提高设计效率,优化施工方案,实现设计全过程的集成,是实现建筑设计的重要手段。研究表明:BIM在全程绿色施工设计中的应用,对工程项目的整体品质有明显的提升。在此基础上,实现团队协作与信息共享,对能耗、物料选择及系统效能进行仿真优化,以达到更高的节能与环境保护目标。

城镇净水厂提标改造的主要问题及对策

城镇净水厂作为城市基础设施的重要组成部分,提供人们日常生活所需用水。由于部分水厂建成年代久远,净水工艺落后,难以处理水源中出现的新兴污染物,特别是《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022)发布实施,对于出厂水水质提出了更高要求。为优化处理工艺,提高运行管理成效,保障人民群众饮用水安全达标,已成为净水厂当前面临的重要任务。

浙江省优质颗粒形绿茶产业发展现状与思考

颗粒形绿茶是浙江省绿茶的重要品类,团队在调研浙江省优质颗粒形绿茶生产状况、加工工艺和设备、品质现状及标准建设的基础上,研制了浙江省茶叶学会颗粒形绿茶团体标准,对浙江省优质颗粒形绿茶产业的后续发展进行了思考和建议,可为浙江省颗粒形绿茶产业健康有序发展提供参考。

禾虫酶解液脱腥的工艺优化

通过比较活性炭、绿茶、酵母3种不同脱腥处理对禾虫酶解液的脱腥效果,研究最佳的脱腥工艺。以禾虫酶解液为主要原料,进行活性炭吸附脱腥处理、绿茶掩盖脱腥处理、酵母发酵脱腥处理后,测定禾虫酶解上清液的澄清度、蛋白损失率,进行腥味感官评价,根据感官评价的模糊数学法评定出3种脱腥处理后腥味去除效果的强弱顺序。在此基础上,应用正交试验探究脱腥组合的禾虫酶解液脱腥效果,最终确定禾虫脱腥的最优工艺。结果表明,绿茶的脱腥效果最好,但蛋白质损失率较高;酵母的脱腥效果次之,而蛋白质损失率最低;活性炭的脱腥效果差且蛋白质损失率最高。对比绿茶和酵母的正交试验结果,确定禾虫酶解液最佳的脱腥方法是酵母处理,最优工艺为酵母用量0.6 g,温度35℃,时间30 min,经该工艺处理后,得到的禾虫酶解上清液澄清透亮、腥味较小、蛋白质损失率低。

纺织科技发展前沿

随着科学技术的创新和进步,纺织行业不断迭代升级。前沿技术的跨界与融合,在理论、应用领域不断推动纺织科技取得重大进步与突破。通过介绍先进技术在纺织纤维材料、纺织智能制造、纺织绿色加工和先进纺织品领域的应用,综述了纺织行业从纤维到制造,再到后道加工和应用的全流程研究进展,总结了纺织纤维先进制备技术、计算机数字化技术在纺织制造领域的应用,和以环保为核心的纺织绿色加工技术、高科技纺织品在各大产业的应用。随着科技的进一步革新以及对绿色纺织品的更高要求,以高效化、数字化、智能化、绿色化为导向的多元发展仍是纺织技术革命的方向。