BACKGROUND Preoperative evaluation of future remnant liver reserves is important for safe hepatectomy.If the remnant is small,preoperative portal vein embolization(PVE)is useful.Liver volume analysis has been the prim...BACKGROUND Preoperative evaluation of future remnant liver reserves is important for safe hepatectomy.If the remnant is small,preoperative portal vein embolization(PVE)is useful.Liver volume analysis has been the primary method of preoperative evaluation,although functional examination may be more accurate.We have used the functional evaluation liver using the indocyanine green plasma clearance rate(KICG)and 99mTc-galactosyl human serum albumin single-photon emission computed tomography(99mTc-GSA SPECT)for safe hepatectomy.AIM To analyze the safety of our institution’s system for evaluating the remnant liver reserve.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 23 patients who underwent preoperative PVE.Two types of remnant liver KICG were defined as follows:Anatomical volume remnant KICG(a-rem-KICG),determined as the remnant liver anatomical volume rate×KICG;and functional volume remnant KICG(frem-KICG),determined as the remnant liver functional volume rate based on 99mTc-GSA SPECT×KICG.If either of the remnant liver KICGs were>0.05,a hepatectomy was performed.Perioperative factors were analyzed.We defined the marginal group as patients with a-rem-KICG of<0.05 and a f-rem-KICG of>0.05 and compared the postoperative outcomes between the marginal and not marginal(both a-rem-KICG and f-rem-KICG>0.05)groups.RESULTS All 23 patients underwent planned hepatectomies.Right hepatectomy,right trisectionectomy and left trisectionectomy were in 16,6 and 1 cases,respectively.The mean of blood loss and operative time were 576 mL and 474 min,respectively.The increased amount of frem-KICG was significantly larger than that of a-rem-KICG after PVE(0.034 vs 0.012,P=0.0273).The not marginal and marginal groups had 17(73.9%)and 6(26.1%)patients,respectively.The complications of Clavian-Dindo classification grade II or higher and post-hepatectomy liver failure were observed in six(26.1%)and one(grade A,4.3%)patient,respectively.The 90-d mortality was zero.The marginal group had no significant difference in postoperative outcomes(prothrombin time/international normalised ratio,total bilirubin,complication,post-hepatectomy liver failure,hospital stay,90-d,and mortality)compared with the not-marginal group.CONCLUSION Functional evaluation of the remnant liver enabled safe hepatectomy and may extend the indication for hepatectomy after PVE treatment.展开更多
The aim of this research was to explore the effect of fixation,rolling,and drying processing technology on the retention rate of green tea catechins components and tea polyphenol.Different fixation processes(rotary dr...The aim of this research was to explore the effect of fixation,rolling,and drying processing technology on the retention rate of green tea catechins components and tea polyphenol.Different fixation processes(rotary drumfiring,microwave,steam-blasting),rolling process(weight of rolling,gently press rolling and traditional rolling),drying process(stove drying,roasting dehydration,baked fried drying) were adopted.The effect of different tea processing technology on the retention rate of catechins component and tea polyphenol was analyzed.It showed that the microwave fixation process,gently press rolling process,baked fried dry process were beneficial to keep high levels of EGCG,C,EGC,EC,ECG.展开更多
Office buildings constitute a significant proportion of the non-residential building stock.In recent years,various rating tools have been developed to foster green office building development.The Green Building Counci...Office buildings constitute a significant proportion of the non-residential building stock.In recent years,various rating tools have been developed to foster green office building development.The Green Building Council of Australia(GBCA)has devel-oped the Green Star-Office rating tools for this purpose.There are an increasing number of stakeholders adopting these tools to showcase their efforts in sustain-able development.This research focuses on the challenges and barriers in obtain-ing GBCA ratings in Australian Office buildings.To accomplish this,the scoring sheets from the rating of 264 certified office buildings were collected and critically analysed.The findings indicated that credits related to the attributes of innovation,ecology and energy are comparatively difficult to achieve.It was also found in this study that a large number of projects did not apply for the specific credits of refrig-erant global warming potential,re-use of façade,topsoil and fill removal from site,and individual comfort control.This study provides a useful reference to both the property developer and the Green Building Council of Australia for green building developments in the future.In particular,the findings provide useful inputs to the development of the next generation of green building rating tools.展开更多
Green building rating tools used for planning and assessing the impact of buildings on the environment are continually revised in line with user needs. The appropriateness of tools for the Zambian building industry de...Green building rating tools used for planning and assessing the impact of buildings on the environment are continually revised in line with user needs. The appropriateness of tools for the Zambian building industry depends on whether the tools adequately meet minimum green buildings standards and the country’s environmental aspirations. The utilization of green building rating tools is important if Zambia is to achieve the real benefits of green buildings, however very little is known about the levels of utilization in Zambia. A cross-sectional study of 115 professionals from the building industry in Zambia was undertaken using a sequential mixed method approach, to investigate the level of utilization, preferred criteria and, the barriers and drivers to the utilization of tools. The significance of the study was that it demonstrated the association between utilization of green building rating tools and environmental, technological, economic, and social green buildings practices by selected professionals in the Zambian building industry. There is a need to use materials and practices that are locally based and promote the local economy. The technical needs were met in tools, that were considered easy to use, interesting and comprehensive. Some of the green building rating tools were considered unsuitable due to the absence of appropriate criteria and the main economic challenge was the high cost of certification. The association was significant between utilization and those involved in a variety of projects than those who were involved in only residential buildings. Barriers to utilization were a lack of government regulations on green buildings designs and the high cost of certification. The drivers were environmental benefits, the interest of developers in green buildings, and having technical skills. The study recommends a review of the current building regulations to include green buildings practices and materials and adaptation of appropriate rating tools.展开更多
This paper reviews the major North American and Australian sustainability rating tools to determine how they measure building energy performance.It then reviews the major building energy simulation software packages.T...This paper reviews the major North American and Australian sustainability rating tools to determine how they measure building energy performance.It then reviews the major building energy simulation software packages.The paper then details some of the literature surrounding predicted vs.actual energy performance in green buildings,and concludes with an argument for a more performance-orientated ratings regime.展开更多
Storing thermal energy in mass concrete floors would have a major impact on the stability of the temperature in buildings.The concept of a thermal battery refers to storing the supplied radiant heat and releasing this...Storing thermal energy in mass concrete floors would have a major impact on the stability of the temperature in buildings.The concept of a thermal battery refers to storing the supplied radiant heat and releasing this heat the next day through radiation and convection.In this study,an approach is introduced to examine the idea of thermal battery in thick concrete flooring(1.22 m)using the earth as a heat source.Controlled experiments were built and conducted on an instrumented 3000 m 2 industrial facility.The heating radiant floor combining with ground source system was operated during off-peak hours and the air conditioning system was disabled for 24 h during the test period.The heat pumps were operated in single stage using less power compared to when operated on demand.Indoor air temperature showed that 100(37.78℃)supply temperature at the ground source heat pump would be enough to maintain a stable warm temperature during cold days.Two weather conditions in the winter were selected to do the tests.The second test had a colder ambient temperature to verify the procedure.The indoor air temperature showed that the night heating system performs well for both cases because it maintained a constant temperature for the entire operational day even in the daytime when every heating unit was off.This approach of applying the heating at nighttime with lower electricity rates would lead to significant operational cost savings in the building.展开更多
LEED Canada for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance(LEED Canada EB:O&M)and Building Owners and Managers Association’s Building Environmental Standards(BOMA BESt)are complex green rating systems that off...LEED Canada for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance(LEED Canada EB:O&M)and Building Owners and Managers Association’s Building Environmental Standards(BOMA BESt)are complex green rating systems that offer owners,managers,consultants,and tenants distinct value propositions for existing buildings.Upon close examination,significant variations between the systems are evident in certification process,cost,rigor,engagement,marketing,accessibility,transparency,management,and program philosophy.Despite the many differences between the systems,they are often seen to be complementary programs and are sometimes used in tandem for the same building.This paper reports on a survey of the industry perceptions of the value and strengths of the LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt rating systems with respect to the above criteria.As a result of the fundamentally different nature of the programs,preferences for LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt are determined by stakeholder values and the programs are used for a variety of reasons.展开更多
There are multitudes of sustainability rating systems and guidelines,and it is difficult to decide which ones to use and how to use them.In addition,multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated ratin...There are multitudes of sustainability rating systems and guidelines,and it is difficult to decide which ones to use and how to use them.In addition,multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated rating systems related to each mode or other aspect of the project.Five green ratings systems representative of aspects of a multi-modal ferry facility had previously been selected and were used in a four step methodology to synthesize into a strategic decision making platform.This current research focuses on how to make more detailed decision making harmonization amongst the credits in the rating systems.Using an analytical hierarchy process(AHP)of the credits in the rating systems,it was determined that the two main groups of information that could be used for harmonization were key intents or goals(KI)and key strategies or practices(KS).A short cursory case study example of how these KIs and KSs might be further cross-coded in an open database with the credit subcategories and corresponding rating systems is also presented.The database can filter the credit subcategories across the rating system for a specific key intent or key strategy.The harmonized lists and database may facilitate decision makers and construction managers in correlating intents and methodologies for a project across multiple rating systems.展开更多
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)for New Construction and Major Renovations v3(NC)and LEED for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance v3(EB)schemes were studied to examine the application ...The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)for New Construction and Major Renovations v3(NC)and LEED for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance v3(EB)schemes were studied to examine the application of the shearing layer concept to green buildings.The manners in which(i)rating systems in their current configurations and(ii)certified projects in their practical applications treated the long life-expectances in buildings and short life-expectancies in systems were questioned.To maximally reduce nondemonic intrusion,we studied only those states in the United States in which statistically viable numbers of projects had been completed in 2016.A two-way mixed analysis of variance(ANOVA)model was used to evaluate the interaction between two types of buildings(i.e.,NC vs EB)and two sets of sub-layers(i.e.,Site,Structure,and Skin from the Building layer and Services,Space Plane,and Stuff from the Service layer).The discrepancy in the case of a new building and the similarity in the case of a renovated building between rating schemes and certified projects were revealed:(i)the NC rating scheme prefers to emphasize the Service layer(SL),whereas newly constructed projects prefer to emphasize the Building layer(BL)due to the high performance of the Site and Structure sub-layers;(ii)the EB rating scheme prefers to emphasize the Service layer,as do renovated building projects,due to the high performance of the Stuff sub-layer.展开更多
In this paper, we study the convergence rates of solutions for second order elliptic equations with rapidly oscillating periodic coefficients in two-dimensional domain. We use an extension of the "mixed formulati...In this paper, we study the convergence rates of solutions for second order elliptic equations with rapidly oscillating periodic coefficients in two-dimensional domain. We use an extension of the "mixed formulation" approach to obtain the representation formula satisfied by the oscillatory solution and homogenized solution by means of the particularity of solutions for equations in two-dimensional case. Then we utilize this formula in combination with the asymptotic estimates of Green or Neumann functions for operators and uniform regularity estimates of solutions to obtain convergence rates in L^p for solutions as well as gradient error estimates for Dirichlet or Neumann problems respectively.展开更多
When attempting to achieve sustainability goals for integrated facilities,many green rating systems are available to guide the design,construction,operations and maintenance of a project.Due to the large number of sus...When attempting to achieve sustainability goals for integrated facilities,many green rating systems are available to guide the design,construction,operations and maintenance of a project.Due to the large number of sustainability tools that are available or mandated,it can be confusing to determine which set of guidelines to follow.For the Washington State Ferries(WSF),there is no green rating system which correlates perfectly with the unique intermodal challenges presented by ferry terminals.This paper focuses on five rating systems applicable to WSF:GreenLITES,LEED,Sustainable Sites Initiative,The Port Authority of NY/NJ Sustainable Infrastructure Guidelines(draft),and the draft Marine Vessel Environmental Performance Assessment(MVeP).These rating systems are integrated with a developing set of sustainable ferry guidelines in a green rating integration platform(GRIP).The GRIP readily relates credits and guidelines across multiple systems,aiding WSF in making decisions in accordance with sustainability goals.The GRIP format might similarly be applied to other integrated projects to more effectively and economically address sustainability across all aspects of projects and facility operations.展开更多
Green Building rating systems are the main vehicles for commercial application of ecologically sustainable design for buildings.Using less materials,modular design for deconstruction,long life structure,using recovera...Green Building rating systems are the main vehicles for commercial application of ecologically sustainable design for buildings.Using less materials,modular design for deconstruction,long life structure,using recoverable materials are emerging concepts to reduce environmental impacts and increase the resource and economic efficiency of buildings.It has been argued that because of recent emergence of these concepts,Green Building rating systems do not fairly recognise the environmental benefits gained.This paper quantifies the impacts of the building reuse concept on the environment and the Green Building rating system scores and compares this with the energy category.It was found that lifecycle embodied greenhouse gas emission of approximately 20 kg CO_(2)-e/m^(2)/annum could be saved,if 80%of the office building components(structure,façade,wall,floor and roof)were reused in Australia.A second finding was that the current BREEAM 2008 and LEED 2009 tools do not provide fair recognition of the potential lifecycle embodied greenhouse gas emission reduction of building reuse compared to operational greenhouse gas emission reduction.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Preoperative evaluation of future remnant liver reserves is important for safe hepatectomy.If the remnant is small,preoperative portal vein embolization(PVE)is useful.Liver volume analysis has been the primary method of preoperative evaluation,although functional examination may be more accurate.We have used the functional evaluation liver using the indocyanine green plasma clearance rate(KICG)and 99mTc-galactosyl human serum albumin single-photon emission computed tomography(99mTc-GSA SPECT)for safe hepatectomy.AIM To analyze the safety of our institution’s system for evaluating the remnant liver reserve.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 23 patients who underwent preoperative PVE.Two types of remnant liver KICG were defined as follows:Anatomical volume remnant KICG(a-rem-KICG),determined as the remnant liver anatomical volume rate×KICG;and functional volume remnant KICG(frem-KICG),determined as the remnant liver functional volume rate based on 99mTc-GSA SPECT×KICG.If either of the remnant liver KICGs were>0.05,a hepatectomy was performed.Perioperative factors were analyzed.We defined the marginal group as patients with a-rem-KICG of<0.05 and a f-rem-KICG of>0.05 and compared the postoperative outcomes between the marginal and not marginal(both a-rem-KICG and f-rem-KICG>0.05)groups.RESULTS All 23 patients underwent planned hepatectomies.Right hepatectomy,right trisectionectomy and left trisectionectomy were in 16,6 and 1 cases,respectively.The mean of blood loss and operative time were 576 mL and 474 min,respectively.The increased amount of frem-KICG was significantly larger than that of a-rem-KICG after PVE(0.034 vs 0.012,P=0.0273).The not marginal and marginal groups had 17(73.9%)and 6(26.1%)patients,respectively.The complications of Clavian-Dindo classification grade II or higher and post-hepatectomy liver failure were observed in six(26.1%)and one(grade A,4.3%)patient,respectively.The 90-d mortality was zero.The marginal group had no significant difference in postoperative outcomes(prothrombin time/international normalised ratio,total bilirubin,complication,post-hepatectomy liver failure,hospital stay,90-d,and mortality)compared with the not-marginal group.CONCLUSION Functional evaluation of the remnant liver enabled safe hepatectomy and may extend the indication for hepatectomy after PVE treatment.
文摘The aim of this research was to explore the effect of fixation,rolling,and drying processing technology on the retention rate of green tea catechins components and tea polyphenol.Different fixation processes(rotary drumfiring,microwave,steam-blasting),rolling process(weight of rolling,gently press rolling and traditional rolling),drying process(stove drying,roasting dehydration,baked fried drying) were adopted.The effect of different tea processing technology on the retention rate of catechins component and tea polyphenol was analyzed.It showed that the microwave fixation process,gently press rolling process,baked fried dry process were beneficial to keep high levels of EGCG,C,EGC,EC,ECG.
文摘Office buildings constitute a significant proportion of the non-residential building stock.In recent years,various rating tools have been developed to foster green office building development.The Green Building Council of Australia(GBCA)has devel-oped the Green Star-Office rating tools for this purpose.There are an increasing number of stakeholders adopting these tools to showcase their efforts in sustain-able development.This research focuses on the challenges and barriers in obtain-ing GBCA ratings in Australian Office buildings.To accomplish this,the scoring sheets from the rating of 264 certified office buildings were collected and critically analysed.The findings indicated that credits related to the attributes of innovation,ecology and energy are comparatively difficult to achieve.It was also found in this study that a large number of projects did not apply for the specific credits of refrig-erant global warming potential,re-use of façade,topsoil and fill removal from site,and individual comfort control.This study provides a useful reference to both the property developer and the Green Building Council of Australia for green building developments in the future.In particular,the findings provide useful inputs to the development of the next generation of green building rating tools.
文摘Green building rating tools used for planning and assessing the impact of buildings on the environment are continually revised in line with user needs. The appropriateness of tools for the Zambian building industry depends on whether the tools adequately meet minimum green buildings standards and the country’s environmental aspirations. The utilization of green building rating tools is important if Zambia is to achieve the real benefits of green buildings, however very little is known about the levels of utilization in Zambia. A cross-sectional study of 115 professionals from the building industry in Zambia was undertaken using a sequential mixed method approach, to investigate the level of utilization, preferred criteria and, the barriers and drivers to the utilization of tools. The significance of the study was that it demonstrated the association between utilization of green building rating tools and environmental, technological, economic, and social green buildings practices by selected professionals in the Zambian building industry. There is a need to use materials and practices that are locally based and promote the local economy. The technical needs were met in tools, that were considered easy to use, interesting and comprehensive. Some of the green building rating tools were considered unsuitable due to the absence of appropriate criteria and the main economic challenge was the high cost of certification. The association was significant between utilization and those involved in a variety of projects than those who were involved in only residential buildings. Barriers to utilization were a lack of government regulations on green buildings designs and the high cost of certification. The drivers were environmental benefits, the interest of developers in green buildings, and having technical skills. The study recommends a review of the current building regulations to include green buildings practices and materials and adaptation of appropriate rating tools.
文摘This paper reviews the major North American and Australian sustainability rating tools to determine how they measure building energy performance.It then reviews the major building energy simulation software packages.The paper then details some of the literature surrounding predicted vs.actual energy performance in green buildings,and concludes with an argument for a more performance-orientated ratings regime.
文摘Storing thermal energy in mass concrete floors would have a major impact on the stability of the temperature in buildings.The concept of a thermal battery refers to storing the supplied radiant heat and releasing this heat the next day through radiation and convection.In this study,an approach is introduced to examine the idea of thermal battery in thick concrete flooring(1.22 m)using the earth as a heat source.Controlled experiments were built and conducted on an instrumented 3000 m 2 industrial facility.The heating radiant floor combining with ground source system was operated during off-peak hours and the air conditioning system was disabled for 24 h during the test period.The heat pumps were operated in single stage using less power compared to when operated on demand.Indoor air temperature showed that 100(37.78℃)supply temperature at the ground source heat pump would be enough to maintain a stable warm temperature during cold days.Two weather conditions in the winter were selected to do the tests.The second test had a colder ambient temperature to verify the procedure.The indoor air temperature showed that the night heating system performs well for both cases because it maintained a constant temperature for the entire operational day even in the daytime when every heating unit was off.This approach of applying the heating at nighttime with lower electricity rates would lead to significant operational cost savings in the building.
文摘LEED Canada for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance(LEED Canada EB:O&M)and Building Owners and Managers Association’s Building Environmental Standards(BOMA BESt)are complex green rating systems that offer owners,managers,consultants,and tenants distinct value propositions for existing buildings.Upon close examination,significant variations between the systems are evident in certification process,cost,rigor,engagement,marketing,accessibility,transparency,management,and program philosophy.Despite the many differences between the systems,they are often seen to be complementary programs and are sometimes used in tandem for the same building.This paper reports on a survey of the industry perceptions of the value and strengths of the LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt rating systems with respect to the above criteria.As a result of the fundamentally different nature of the programs,preferences for LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt are determined by stakeholder values and the programs are used for a variety of reasons.
文摘There are multitudes of sustainability rating systems and guidelines,and it is difficult to decide which ones to use and how to use them.In addition,multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated rating systems related to each mode or other aspect of the project.Five green ratings systems representative of aspects of a multi-modal ferry facility had previously been selected and were used in a four step methodology to synthesize into a strategic decision making platform.This current research focuses on how to make more detailed decision making harmonization amongst the credits in the rating systems.Using an analytical hierarchy process(AHP)of the credits in the rating systems,it was determined that the two main groups of information that could be used for harmonization were key intents or goals(KI)and key strategies or practices(KS).A short cursory case study example of how these KIs and KSs might be further cross-coded in an open database with the credit subcategories and corresponding rating systems is also presented.The database can filter the credit subcategories across the rating system for a specific key intent or key strategy.The harmonized lists and database may facilitate decision makers and construction managers in correlating intents and methodologies for a project across multiple rating systems.
文摘The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)for New Construction and Major Renovations v3(NC)and LEED for Existing Buildings:Operations and Maintenance v3(EB)schemes were studied to examine the application of the shearing layer concept to green buildings.The manners in which(i)rating systems in their current configurations and(ii)certified projects in their practical applications treated the long life-expectances in buildings and short life-expectancies in systems were questioned.To maximally reduce nondemonic intrusion,we studied only those states in the United States in which statistically viable numbers of projects had been completed in 2016.A two-way mixed analysis of variance(ANOVA)model was used to evaluate the interaction between two types of buildings(i.e.,NC vs EB)and two sets of sub-layers(i.e.,Site,Structure,and Skin from the Building layer and Services,Space Plane,and Stuff from the Service layer).The discrepancy in the case of a new building and the similarity in the case of a renovated building between rating schemes and certified projects were revealed:(i)the NC rating scheme prefers to emphasize the Service layer(SL),whereas newly constructed projects prefer to emphasize the Building layer(BL)due to the high performance of the Site and Structure sub-layers;(ii)the EB rating scheme prefers to emphasize the Service layer,as do renovated building projects,due to the high performance of the Stuff sub-layer.
基金Supported by the NNSF of Chian(11626239, 11626238) Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(152300410227)
文摘In this paper, we study the convergence rates of solutions for second order elliptic equations with rapidly oscillating periodic coefficients in two-dimensional domain. We use an extension of the "mixed formulation" approach to obtain the representation formula satisfied by the oscillatory solution and homogenized solution by means of the particularity of solutions for equations in two-dimensional case. Then we utilize this formula in combination with the asymptotic estimates of Green or Neumann functions for operators and uniform regularity estimates of solutions to obtain convergence rates in L^p for solutions as well as gradient error estimates for Dirichlet or Neumann problems respectively.
文摘When attempting to achieve sustainability goals for integrated facilities,many green rating systems are available to guide the design,construction,operations and maintenance of a project.Due to the large number of sustainability tools that are available or mandated,it can be confusing to determine which set of guidelines to follow.For the Washington State Ferries(WSF),there is no green rating system which correlates perfectly with the unique intermodal challenges presented by ferry terminals.This paper focuses on five rating systems applicable to WSF:GreenLITES,LEED,Sustainable Sites Initiative,The Port Authority of NY/NJ Sustainable Infrastructure Guidelines(draft),and the draft Marine Vessel Environmental Performance Assessment(MVeP).These rating systems are integrated with a developing set of sustainable ferry guidelines in a green rating integration platform(GRIP).The GRIP readily relates credits and guidelines across multiple systems,aiding WSF in making decisions in accordance with sustainability goals.The GRIP format might similarly be applied to other integrated projects to more effectively and economically address sustainability across all aspects of projects and facility operations.
文摘Green Building rating systems are the main vehicles for commercial application of ecologically sustainable design for buildings.Using less materials,modular design for deconstruction,long life structure,using recoverable materials are emerging concepts to reduce environmental impacts and increase the resource and economic efficiency of buildings.It has been argued that because of recent emergence of these concepts,Green Building rating systems do not fairly recognise the environmental benefits gained.This paper quantifies the impacts of the building reuse concept on the environment and the Green Building rating system scores and compares this with the energy category.It was found that lifecycle embodied greenhouse gas emission of approximately 20 kg CO_(2)-e/m^(2)/annum could be saved,if 80%of the office building components(structure,façade,wall,floor and roof)were reused in Australia.A second finding was that the current BREEAM 2008 and LEED 2009 tools do not provide fair recognition of the potential lifecycle embodied greenhouse gas emission reduction of building reuse compared to operational greenhouse gas emission reduction.