Mitigating ethyl carbamate production in Chinese rice wine:Role of raspberry extract

This study investigated the use of raspberry extract(RBE) for mitigating ethyl carbamate(EC) accumulation in Chinese rice wine(Huangjiu), a traditional fermented beverage. It focused on the addition of RBE to the fermentation mash and its effects on EC levels. The results showed a significant reduction in EC production that could be attributed to RBE's role in altering urea and citrulline catabolism and inhibiting arginine metabolism, thus preventing EC precursors from reacting with ethanol. Additionally, RBE enhanced the rice wine's flavor profile, as shown by volatile component and amino acid analysis. This study also explored RBE's impact on the metabolism of arginine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a simulated fermentation environment, and found increased arginine, reduced urea and citrulline levels, altered enzyme activities, and gene expression changes in the arginine metabolism and transport pathways. In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrated RBE's efficacy in reducing the EC content in Chinese rice wine, offering valuable insights for EC reduction strategies.

Modifications in aroma characteristics of'Merlot'dry red wines aged in American,French and Slovakian oak barrels with different toasting degrees

Aging in oak barrels is widely used in enology which could bring flavor changes and aromatic complexity to wines.In the present study,the aroma compounds were analyzed from the‘Merlot’dry red wines,which were fermented in two types of fermenters(stainless steel tank and rotated oak barrel)and aged in six types of oak barrels(three geographic origins×two toasting degrees)for different time(0,3,6 and 9 months,respectively).Results showed that 30 volatiles were associated with barrels and increased during oak aging.The fermenters could influence the intensities of the toast,leathery,smoky,fruity,floral and caramel aromas.The concentration of whisky lactone,eugenol,cis-isoeugenol,and the intensities of the toast and spicy aromas were highest in the wines aged in American oak and were lowest in the wines aged in French oak barrels.The concentrations of guaiacol,syringol,trans-isoeugenol,furfural alcohol,vanilla,cis-whisky lactone enabled the medium toasting barrels to be distinguished from the light toasting ones.The compounds originating from the barrels could be used to distinguish the types of different barrels,but the other general grape-derived and fermentation-derived volatiles could not.The fermenters,oak species and toasting degrees of the barrels all had significant effects on the aroma profiles of the aged‘Merlot’dry red wines,but the influence of the geographic origin was not obvious.

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

Correlation of Microbiological Stability with Redox Processes in White Wines

In this paper, the authors analyzed the correlation between the microbiological stability of white wines and the content of sulfur dioxide, which influences the main redox processes that take place in the technological stages of the wine. The consecutive, parallel and spontaneous development of several redox processes and their impact on the quality, microbiological and crystalline stability of white wines were examined. The reduction of additive and subtractive technological interventions, of the amounts of adjuvants (sulphurous anhydride) is essential for the production of organic wines.

基于Wine的国产操作系统对医院信息系统的适配改造实践

目的:筑牢医院信息安全基础,提升自主可控能力,对医院操作系统进行国产化替代。方法:选择国产自主可控服务器、终端和操作系统,基于Wine应用兼容器的API转换技术对医院各应用软件进行适配改造。结果:原Windows环境下的应用软件进行一定的改造适配即可在国产环境中正常运行,使用相同配置的国产终端和非国产终端分别运行国产操作系统和Windows操作系统,其CPU使用率、内存使用率和首屏时间在用户体验层面均无明显差异。结论:采取Wine应用兼容器的API转换技术改造Windows应用,能够大幅提升国产化替代的进程,降低应用系统的改造成本,具有较高的安全可控性,也能满足实际应用需求。

Quality Evaluation of Fermented Mulberry Wine

[Objectives]This study to conducted to clarify various nutritional components and the composition and contents of aromatic substances in mulberry wine prepared by fermentation,and promote the quality improvement and product development of mulberry wine.[Methods]Mulberry wine was prepared with mulberry Shengguo 1 as the material using Saccharomyces cerevisiae,and its contents of total sugars,total phenols,total acids,resveratrol,protein,dry extract,ethanol content,Fe,methanol,sulfur dioxide,volatile acids,total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were determined.Aromatic substances were extracted by n-hexane,and their components and relative contents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).[Results]The physical and chemical indexes of the mulberry wine prepared by fermentation were in accordance with the national standards,and it was rich in resveratrol(10.5±0.6 mg/L),protein(381±11 mg/L),total flavonoids(406±18 mg/L)and proanthocyanidins(855±22 mg/L),which were 8.95,19.49,3.76 and 1.63 times higher than those of grape wine,respectively.The aromatic substances were mainly composed of ethyl formate(9.9%),ethyl acetate(7.6%),acetal(6.2%),propanol(5.7%),isobutanol(5.6%)and isoamyl acetate(5.3%).[Conclusions]The results of this study demonstrated that mulberry wine was rich in active substances,which suggested that mulberry wine has great potential in the fruit wine market.

Acute Toxicity of Jinchuan Formula Plum Wine Extract and Its Protective Effect on Mice with Liver Injury

[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.

发酵方式对苹果草莓酒理化成分和抗氧化活性的影响研究

该研究采用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、德尔布有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii)和异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)为发酵菌株,探讨了五种不同发酵方式(酿酒酵母单一发酵、酿酒酵母和非酿酒酵母混合同时发酵及顺序发酵)对苹果草莓酒理化成分和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,先接种酿酒酵母,24 h后接种异常毕赤酵母的顺序发酵方式在提升糖代谢效率、增加有机酸、总酚及总黄酮含量,以及增强果酒抗氧化能力方面表现出显著优势。其葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量分别降至0.36 g/L、75.00 g/L和4.58 g/L,乳酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸含量分别增加至804.87 mg/L、2 720.45 mg/L和560.25 mg/L,总酚和总黄酮含量最终增至0.95 g/L和0.42 g/L,铁离子还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP)、1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)及2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基清除能力分别达到4.34μmol Trolox/mL、3.38μmol Trolox/mL和6.60μmol Trolox/mL。酿酒酵母与异常毕赤酵母的顺序发酵对苹果草莓酒的理化成分和抗氧化活性影响显著,为生产高品质苹果草莓酒提供了科学依据。

山东胶东半岛产区不同葡萄品种葡萄酒香气成分差异性研究

为了研究山东胶东半岛产区不同葡萄品种葡萄酒香气成分的差异性,本研究利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS),对产自山东胶东半岛产区的雷司令、霞多丽、小芒森、马瑟兰、小味尔多葡萄酒中的香气成分及含量进行检测。结果表明,香气成分总量最多的是小味尔多,最少的是霞多丽;酯含量最多的是小芒森,最少的是马瑟兰;高级醇含量最多的是小味尔多,最少的是雷司令;脂肪酸含量最多的是雷司令,最少的是小味尔多;萜烯含量最多的是马瑟兰,最少的是霞多丽;醛酮含量最多的是雷司令,最少的是小味尔多。不同葡萄品种葡萄酒香气成分总量以及不同种类香气成分含量的不同,造成了其香气的差异性。

利用WINE实现Windows到Linux的转换

提出了利用Wine实现Windows到Linux的转换的原因,阐述了Wine的体系结构及其功能,并且详细阐述Wine的安装过程及配置过程,举例说明Windows应用程序在Linux上的实现,最后对Wine的前景作了简要的分析。

Analysis of Sugar Components of Fermented Rice Wine by Ion Chromatography

[Objective] The aim was to analyze sugar components in fermented rice wine by ion chromatography. [Method] The optimal condition for chromatography system of sugar analysis was selected by measuring sugars in fermented rice wine with ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. [Result] The optimal measurement conditions were as follows： Leacheate （Leachate）, consisting of NaOH and CH3COONa, was eluted by gradient concentrations, with column temperature at 35 ℃ and flow rate at 0.4 ml/min. In the condition, sugars in rice wine were ana- lyzed and the results showed that the method is featured by low detection limit, good repetition and high recovery rate. [Conclusion] The research establishes and determines the approaches and optimum conditions for sugar analysis in rice wine by ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection, providing references for advancement of research on quality improvement of fermented rice wine.

Breeding of Ferment Bacteria and Control of Methanol and Higher Alcohols in Jujube Wine

Jujube wine is a health drink with local characteristics and is worth pro- moting. Jujube wine fermentation can be divided into alcoholic fermentation and mal- olactic fermentation. Yeast is the key of alcoholic fermentation while lactic acid bac- teria is the key of malolactic fermentation, and therefore the breeding of yeast and lactic acid bacteria is crucial for the quality of jujube wine. Besides, the control of methanol is a major problem in production, and the control of higher alcohol is also difficult. Thus, we summarized the research related with the breeding of yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and the control of methanol and higher alcohols, and proposed that breeding specialized yeast and lactic acid bacteria was the future research di- rection. Moreover, the production mechanism of methanol and higher alcohols was investigated, and the content of methanol and higher alcohols was effectively con- trolled on the basis of quality guarantee, providing references for the production technology of jujube wine.

基于电子鼻的酿酒葡萄果实香气鉴定评价

为探究酿酒葡萄果实香气成分,为酿酒葡萄香气评价和品质改良提供参考,通过PEN 3.5电子鼻系统,对123份酿酒葡萄进行果实香气检测,并利用雷达图、主成分(PCA)、聚类和差异性等分析方法,深入研究这些香气物质。结果显示,传感器贡献率由高到低为W5S(氮氧化合物)、W2S(醇和醛酮类)、W1S(烷类)和W2W(芳烃化合物,硫的有机化合物);PCA分析表明不同葡萄品种在香气物质含量及组成之间存在较大差异,筛选出‘波宋尼’‘凯番西亚♀’和‘烟73’3个香气(氮氧化合物、醇类、烷类、硫的有机化合物)较强的特殊种质。本研究证实,电子鼻技术依据香气组成可对不同品种的酿酒葡萄进行有效区分。该结果可为酿酒葡萄的育种工作提供了一定的数据资源。

不同采收期下负载量对赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒品质的影响

本研究以生产上主栽品种赤霞珠葡萄为材料,设置3个葡萄负载量水平(15、20、25穗/m架面),重点分析不同采收期(E-L35(浆果开始转色并大)、E-L36(浆果具有中等白利糖度值)、E-L37(浆果不太成熟)、E-L38(浆果完全成熟))对葡萄酒有机酸、单体酚、挥发性化合物组成以及感官评价品质的影响。结果表明,在成熟末期,负载量为20穗/m架面处理组的果实总酸质量分数显著增加,而其余两组果实则呈现下降的趋势。各负载量处理组葡萄酒的总酸质量浓度均在E-L35阶段达到最高,并在E-L37阶段达到最低。各处理组葡萄酒中的酚类物质总质量浓度在E-L36阶段达到峰值,之后迅速下降。低负载量条件下早采所酿葡萄酒的感官品质优于晚采,较高负载量条件下推迟采收果实所酿的葡萄酒感官品质更优。葡萄酒的典型性和浓郁度随着采收时间的延长得到了显著提升,其中J-20-6和J-20-7样品表现最为突出。总体来看,负载量为20穗/架面E-L36阶段酿制的葡萄酒(J-20-5)综合感官评价得分最佳,J-25-7葡萄酒样品总挥发性化合物含量和感官浓郁度得分均为最高。综上,在酿酒葡萄栽培过程中,精确调控葡萄负载量和采收时间能显著提升葡萄酒的品质。

民勤产区自然发酵与接种发酵霞多丽干白葡萄酒香气成分及感官品质的对比分析

为研究自然发酵与接种发酵两种方式对甘肃民勤产区霞多丽干白葡萄酒的香气成分和感官品质影响,以当地栽种的‘霞多丽’葡萄为试材,分别进行自然发酵和商业酵母VL1接种发酵,检测基本理化指标,使用GC-MS和气相色谱-嗅闻法(gas chromatography olfactometry,GC-O)分析挥发性香气化合物成分,进行感官评价,通过PLRS分析关键挥发性化合物和特征香气之间的关系。结果表明,VL1接种发酵酒样的基本理化指标和口感表现更好。两种酒样具有不同特点的香气表现,共检测出57种香气化合物,27种重要香气化合物,其中醇类、酯类含量的高低对不同风味的塑造起到关键作用。该产区霞多丽葡萄酒表现出浓郁的热带水果、柑橘类风味,部分核果类、花香风味,自然发酵具有更明显的菠萝、香瓜香气,VL1接种发酵具有更明显的香蕉、荔枝香气,丁二酸二乙酯、乙酸香叶酯、香茅醇对香蕉、荔枝香气有较大贡献,金合欢醇、芳樟醇、丁酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、丙醇对菠萝、香瓜香气有较大贡献。研究结果为指导民勤产区葡萄酒酿造生产与酵母选用提供一定的帮助。

多糖对红葡萄酒颜色稳定性的影响研究进展

红葡萄酒颜色是判断葡萄酒品质的重要指标之一,在葡萄酒酿造和存储过程中由于光照、温度和pH等各种因素导致葡萄酒的颜色消退品质下降。多糖是存在于葡萄酒中的一大类复杂大分子,来源于葡萄细胞壁破碎和酵母细胞壁自溶。研究发现多糖对葡萄酒颜色稳定具有潜在应用价值,如何利用多糖在不影响葡萄酒品质的前提下提高葡萄酒颜色稳定性,对提升葡萄酒品质具有重要意义。该文针对多糖对葡萄酒颜色稳定性影响的相关研究进展进行综述,阐述了葡萄酒中多糖种类、结构及多糖对葡萄酒颜色影响的作用机制研究进展,最后对未来研究重点进行展望,旨在为利用多糖稳定红葡萄酒颜色工艺开发提供参考。

新疆主要酿酒葡萄种质资源的SSR标记分析及数字指纹构建

新疆酿酒葡萄种质资源丰富,存在遗传背景复杂及品种混杂等问题,为有效区分和合理利用新疆主栽酿酒葡萄种质资源,汇集新疆110份种质为试材,利用筛选出多态性好的SSR引物进行PCR扩增,对多态性、遗传多样性和遗传距离进行分析,并构建种质数字指纹。结果表明:从76对SSR引物中筛选出30对多态性丰富的引物,共扩增出等位基因位点391个,多态率高达97.164%,其中引物VVIV67条带数最多,为22条。各位点平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.671,期望杂合度(He)为0.790,Shannon多样性指数(I)在1.142~2.627,PIC平均值为0.766。遗传距离变化主要在0.500~1.000,占整体的92.399%。聚类树将供试材料分为6组,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组多来源于由法国、苏联、美国、意大利等国家引进的酿酒葡萄品种,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组多来源于中国山葡萄品种种间和种内杂交种;第Ⅵ组基本为中国自主选育的山葡萄品种。数字指纹能够将各种质进行准确鉴定,其中‘11-22-16’和‘12-10-60’‘克里木波西’和‘赤霞珠170’‘盖吾沙’和‘塔夫里斯’‘紫晶梦露’和‘1-5-7’可能存在同物异名。新疆主栽酿酒葡萄SSR位点丰富,可用性较强,试材具有丰富的遗传多样性,可为酿酒葡萄种质资源利用和品种选育提供参考依据。

基于客户端软件渲染优化Wine图形性能的方法

针对Wine操作设备无关位图(DIB)存在性能瓶颈的问题,提出一种客户端软件渲染的方法。该方法首先分析操作DIB的GDI API函数,然后确定客户端软件渲染的加载点,再以链表形式将不同设备上下文环境及其对应的GDI API函数串联,在此基础上实现GDI API函数的客户端软件渲染。性能测试表明,经客户端软件渲染优化后的Wine与未优化的Wine相比,其操作DIB的性能平均至少提高了10倍,且接近本地Windows XP下操作DIB的性能,有效地避免了操作DIB的性能瓶颈。

酵母及其衍生物在果酒酿造中的特性及应用进展

在果酒生产中,酵母及其衍生物具有关键作用。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)与非酿酒酵母(non-Saccharomyces)通过不同代谢途径共同参与并决定果酒的风格与品质;酵母衍生物在果酒发酵阶段可提高酵母活力、增强发酵效率,在发酵后阶段可促进酒体协调、提升感官品质。因此,酵母及其衍生物在果酒酿造过程中有天然不可分割的关系。目前,有关酵母及其衍生物在果酒酿造过程中的协同应用主要集中在葡萄酒上,在其他果酒上的系统研究仍鲜见报道。该文综述果酒酿造常用酿酒酵母、非酿酒酵母种类、特性、功能及在果酒酿造中的应用,介绍酵母衍生物的酿造特性及功能作用,旨在为我国果酒产业高质发展提供理论依据。

天山北麓葡萄酒苹乳发酵阶段乳酸菌的筛选及性能评价

利用改良MRS培养基和模拟葡萄酒培养基,从新疆天山北麓赤霞珠葡萄醪和自然苹乳发酵的葡萄酒中筛选出10株疑似乳酸菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化、16S rDNA基因同源性分析等,初步确定其归属于Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、Streptococcus gallolyticus、Lactococcus lactis和Ligilactobacillus salivarius。通过对各菌株苹果酸降酸性能比较,发现5株菌具有一定苹乳发酵能力,并对菌株酿酒耐受性分析,发现菌株MR-1在16%体积分数乙醇、17℃发酵温度和70 mg/L SO_(2)质量浓度条件下仍表现较强的耐受性,略优于商业菌株FM1。向酒精发酵结束后的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中添加MR-1菌株(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum),结果显示葡萄酒样中L-苹果酸含量下降了2.368 g/L,L-乳酸含量上升了1.08 g/L,显示出较好的葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵效果,研究结果为进一步开发利用产区特色本土乳酸菌改善葡萄酒的酸度,提升葡萄酒品质提供了理论依据。