Life-Cycle Analysis of Bio-Ethanol Fuel Emissions of Transportation Vehicles in Greater Houston Area

Study is conducted on the life cycle assessment of bio-ethanol used for transportation vehicles and their emissions. The emissions that are analyzed include greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, particulate matter with the size less than 10 and 2.5 microns. Furthermore, various blends of bio-ethanol and gasoline are studied to learn about the impacts of higher blend on emissions. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model software are used to simulate for emissions. The research analyzes two pathways of emissions: Well-to-Pump and Pump-to-Vehicle analyses. It is found that the fuel cell vehicles using 100% bio-ethanol have shown the most reduction in the amount of all the pollutants from the Pump-to-Vehicle emission analysis. The Well-to-Pump analysis shows that only greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduce with higher blends of bio-ethanol. All other pollutants VOC, CO, NOx, SOx, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions increase with the higher blending ratios. The Pump-to-Vehicle analysis shows that all the pollutant emissions reduce with the percentage increase of bio-ethanol in the fuel blends.

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK IN CHINA AND MITIGATION OPTIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CARBON NEUTRALITY

Animal husbandry is a major source of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in agriculture.Mitigating the emissions from the livestock sector is vital for green development of agriculture in China.Based on National Communication on Climate Change of United Nations,this study aims to investigate the characteristics of GHG emissions of animal husbandry during 1994 to 2014,introduce major emission reduction technologies and their effectiveness,and investigate options for emission reduction for the livestock sector in China.It proposes that control of pollution and carbon emissions can be realized through increased animal productivity,improved feed quality and recycling of animal manure.This paper thus concludes with suggestions of green and lowcarbon development of animal husbandry,including the research and development of new technology for emission reduction and carbon sequestration of the livestock sector,enhancement of monitoring and evaluation,and establishment of emission reduction and carbon sequestration standards.

Greenhouse Gas(GHG)Emission Mitigation and Ecosystem Adaptation along Belt and Road Initiative

Since its launch in 2013,the Chinese Road and Belt Innitiative(BRI)has grown into a platform for any countries and regions that wish to participate,with global connectivity as the orienting goal.However,since its inception,concerns over the BRI’s potential impacts on ecology,environment and resilience,as well as its implications for global climate change and sustainability,have gathered force.As this thematic issue goes to press,these already complex BRI issues have been compounded by challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic.Whether and how the BRI can meet these challenges are questions worthy of deep exploration.This emerging BRI scholarship studied various aspects of BRI activities.However,major knowledge gaps remain regarding BRI impacts on GHG emission and on climate adaptation and sustainable resource management more broadly.To this end,this thematic issue aims to contribute to deeper understandings of climate and environmental changes along the BRI by bringing together state-of-art research and views on climate change patterns,trends,risks,impacts and adaptation.

SOIL NITROGEN CYCLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE SUBTROPICAL HILLY REGION OF CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING

The subtropical hilly region of China is a region with intensive crop and livestock production,which has resulted in serious N pollution in soil,water and air.This review summarizes the major soil N cycling processes and their influencing factors in rice paddies and uplands in the subtropical hilly region of China.The major N cycling processes include the N fertilizer application in croplands,atmospheric N deposition,biological N fixation,crop N uptake,ammonia volatilization,N_(2)O/NO emissions,nitrogen runoff and leaching losses.The catchment nutrients management model for N cycle modeling and its case studies in the subtropical hilly region were also introduced.Finally,N management practices for improving N use efficiency in cropland,as well as catchment scales are summarized.

Consideration of some optimization techniques to design a hybrid energy system for a building in Cameroon

To solve the problem energy deficit encountered in developing countries,Hybrid Renewable Energy System(HRES)appears to be a very good solution.The paper presents the optimal design of a hybrid renewable energy system considering the technical i.e Loss of Power Supply Probability(LPSP),economic i.e Cost of Electricity(COE)and Net Present Cost(NPC)and environmental i.e Total Greenhouse gases emission(TGE)aspects using Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO),hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Grey Wolf Optimization(PSOGWO),hybrid Grey-Wolf Optimization-Cuckoo Search(GWOCS)and Sine-Cosine Algorithm(SCA)for a Community multimedia center in MAKENENE,Cameroon;where inhabitants have to spend at times 3 to 4 days of blackout.Seven configurations(Scenarios)of hybrid energy systems including PV,WT,Battery and Diesel generator are analyzed considering an average daily energy load of 50.22 kWh with a peak load of 5.6 kW.Four values of the derating factor i.e 0.6,0.7,0.8 and 0.9 are used in this analysis and the best value is 0.9.Scenario 3 with LPSP,COE,NPC,TGE and RF of 0.003%,0.15913$/kWh,46953.0485$,2.3406 kg/year and 99.8%respectively when using GWOCS is found to be the most appropriate for the Community multimedia center.The optimal Scenario is obtained for a system comprising of 18 kW of P_(pv-rated)corresponding to 69 solar panels,3 days of AD corresponding to a total battery capacity of 241 kWh and 1 of N_(dg).