A Data Analytics Study on Building Characteristics Impacting Energy Consumption in Single-Family Attached Homes

San Antonio, Texas is the seventh largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million people, and ranked among the fastest growing cities. To assess the implications of past and present building practices within the residential sector on future energy consumption, the energy utilization of single-family attached homes (SFAH) in Bexar County, Texas is studied. The available dataset includes 3932 SFAH records representing about 33% of the total number of SFAHs within the county. The study is based on pairing and analyzing data at the individual building level from a variety of sources including the buildings’ physical characteristics, access to fuels, and monthly energy consumption. The results indicate that the area of conditioned space, presence of swimming pools, number of stories, presence of fireplaces, fuel-type, and number of shared walls are a significant factor on the energy consumption of single-family attached homes. In terms of energy consumption, all-electric two-story homes sharing two walls are the most energy efficient among SFAHs. This study can aid comprehensive master planning efforts for developing sustainable communities by highlighting key features of SFAHs and making the case for higher density housing as a viable and more energy efficient alternative to single-family detached homes (SFDH).

Efficiency-based Pareto Optimization of Building Energy Consumption and Thermal Comfort:A Case Study of a Residential Building in Bushehr,Iran

In Iran,the intensity of energy consumption in the building sector is almost 3 times the world average,and due to the consumption of fossil fuels as the main source of energy in this sector,as well as the lack of optimal design of buildings,it has led to excessive release of toxic gases into the environment.This research develops an efficient approach for the simulation-oriented Pareto optimization(SOPO)of building energy efficiency to assist engineers in optimal building design in early design phases.To this end,EnergyPlus,as one of the most powerful and well-known whole-building simulation programs,is combined with the Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization(MOACO)algorithm through the JAVA programming language.As a result,the capabilities of JAVA programming are added to EnergyPlus without the use of other plugins and third parties.To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed method,it was performed on a residential building located in the hot and semi-arid region of Iran.To obtain the optimum configuration of the building under investigation,the building rotation,window-to-wall ratio,tilt angle of shading device,depth of shading device,color of the external walls,area of solar collector,tilt angle of solar collector,rotation of solar collector,cooling and heating setpoints of heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)system are chosen as decision variables.Further,the building energy consumption(BEC),solar collector efficiency(SCE),and predicted percentage of dissatisfied(PPD)index as a measure of the occupants'thermal comfort level are chosen as the objective functions.The single-objective optimization(SO)and Pareto optimization(PO)are performed.The obtained results are compared to the initial values of the basic model.The optimization results depict that the PO provides optimal solutions more reliable than those obtained by the SOs,owing to the lower value of the deviation index.Moreover,the optimal solutions extracted through the PO are depicted in the form of Pareto fronts.Eventually,the Linear Programming Technique for Multidimensional Analysis of Preference(LINMAP)technique as one of the well-known multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)methods is utilized to adopt the optimum building configuration from the set of Pareto optimal solutions.Further,the results of PO show that although BEC increases from 136 GJ to 140 GJ,PPD significantly decreases from 26%to 8%and SCE significantly increases from 16%to 25%.The introduced SOPO method suggests an effective and practical approach to obtain optimal solutions during the building design phase and provides an opportunity for building engineers to have a better picture of the range of options for decision-making.In addition,the method presented in this study can be applied to different types of buildings in different climates.

eQUEST Based Building Energy Modeling Analysis for Energy Efficiency of Buildings

Building energy performance is a function of numerous building parameters.In this study,sensitivity analysis on twenty parameters is performed to determine the top three parameters that have the most significant impact on the energy performance of buildings.Actual data from two fully operational commercial buildings were collected and used to develop a building energy model in the Quick Energy Simulation Tool(eQUEST).The model is calibrated using the Normalized Mean Bias Error(NMBE)and Coefficient of Variation of Root Mean Square Error(CV(RMSE))method.The model satisfies the NMBE and CV(RMSE)criteria set by the American Society of Heating,Refrigeration,and Air-Conditioning(ASHRAE)Guideline 14,Federal Energy Management Program(FEMP),and International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol(IPMVP)for building energy model calibration.The values of the parameters are varied in two levels,and then the percentage change in output is calculated.Fractional factorial analysis on eight parameters with the highest percentage change in energy performance is performed at two levels in a statistical software JMP.For building A,the top 3 parameters from the percentage change method are:Heating setpoint,cooling setpoint and server room.From fractional factorial design,the top 3 parameters are:heating setpoint(p-value=0.00129),cooling setpoint(p-value=0.00133),and setback control(p-value=0.00317).For building B,the top 3 parameters from both methods are:Server room(pvalue=0.0000),heating setpoint(p-value=0.00014),and cooling setpoint(p-value=0.00035).If the best values for all top three parameters are taken simultaneously,energy efficiency improves by 29%for building A and 35%for building B.

Comparison and analysis of energy consumption of energy-efficient office buildings in different climate regions in China： case studies

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy consumption （EC） and find out the determining factors of energy-efficient office building cases according to specific case studies in typical cities of different climate zones in China. The investigated building cases were located in four cities （Beijing, Ningbo, Nanjing and Shenzhen） of three architecture thermotechnical design zones （cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone）. The analysis indicates that the energy consumption index （ECI） of these four cases ranges from 41.06 to 74.23kW.h/（m^2.a）. Besides, the outdoor climate can change the EC of air conditioning/ heating systems, and further determine the monthly volatility of the total EC of the whole building.

MOHAWK COLLEGE’S NET ZERO ENERGY AND ZERO CARBON BUILDING-A LIVING LAB FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN BUILDINGS

In recent years,large high efficiency and Net-Zero Energy Buildings(NZEB)are becoming a reality that are setting construction and energy benchmarks for the industry.As part of this significant effort,in 2018,Mohawk College opened the 8,981 m^(2)(96,670 ft2)Joyce Centre for Partnership and Innovation(JCPI)building in Hamilton,Ontario;becoming Canada’s largest NZEB and zero-carbon institutional facility.The building integrated a high-efficiency design,construction materials,and technologies;as well as renewable energy technologies to significantly reduce its annual energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Furthermore,the JCPI building was also designed as a living lab where students,faculty,researchers and industry are able to monitor and validate the performance of this state-of-the-art facility.The building was designed to have an energy use intensity of 73 kWh/m^(2)·year(0.26 GJ/m^(2)·year);hence,potentially consuming approximately 80%less energy than the average educational service building in Ontario.This paper gives an overview of the design criteria and technologies that were considered to achieve this innova-tive building.

A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING AIR-CONDITIONED BUILDINGS IN KUWAIT

In Kuwait air-conditioning systems consume approximately 70%of the grid energy during the long summer months.In this paper,various practical approaches are investigated to enhance the energy efficiency and decrease the energy consumption of five existing air-conditioned(AC)buildings in Kuwait City.The process of energy management in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait is overwhelming due to high energy consumption in the building sector.This study proposed an optimization technique for the proper energy management of installed AC systems to target energy-efficient buildings.In this study the aim is to explore the effect of different operating parameters,both theoretically and experimentally,and to contribute to the reduction of AC energy consumption.Consequently,the relationship between the thermal load in the air-conditioned buildings and the actual electrical energy consumption is determined,and remedial measures,along with different recom-mendations for energy saving,are presented.The actual thermal loads of each selected building were calculated and compared with the installed cooling capacity of the AC systems.From the results obtained it was concluded that,by implement-ing the suggested remedial measures,the predicted load in the selected buildings could be decreased significantly from the existing installed capacity of the cooling systems.Most of the remedial measures suggested for energy management lead to a reduction in power consumption and increased energy efficiency at different levels based on the specifications of the buildings considered and the AC systems installed,resulting in improved in economy,a reduced carbon footprint,and a cleaner environment.

EnergyPlus在建筑节能降耗中的应用

以贯彻落实“十四五”规划节能减排为目标,介绍建筑全能耗分析软件EnergyPlus所能发挥的作用,并利用EnergyPlus对某一实际玻璃幕墙建筑空调系统进行多工况能耗模拟及经济分析,得出影响玻璃幕墙建筑空调能耗及经济效益的主要因素,最后总结与展望建筑全能耗分析软件EnergyPlus在建筑节能降耗发展任务中的重要作用与应用前景。

基于DeST和EnergyPlus的某被动式办公建筑能耗浅析

本文论述使用DeST软件和EnergyPlus软件对比验证河南省某园区一栋办公建筑全年逐时负荷和能耗。通过相同的工况设置及空调能效,计算建筑综合节能率,应用能耗模拟软件来分析被动式建筑相对于一般建筑的节能优势。

Energy Audit in the Meat Processing Industry—A Case Study in Hermosillo,Sonora Mexico

The meat processing industry, due to its high energy consumption, needs to be assessed in an energy usage basis. This paper reports the results and implications of an energy audit in a meat processing industry. In addition, this work provides a comprehensive and practical approach to energy saving measures in the assessed company to recognize factors that can determine a possible transition to sustainable patterns of electricity consumption. The paper described the application to energy auditing, developed by AFNOR (2014) for efficient energy management along with ISO 50001 (energy management systems). For a more specific energy auditing the guide described by Dall “O” (2013) was used. In this case, a study of an integrative characterization of the company’s energy consumption is made. The research has been divided in two main sections: the first includes an analysis about the characterization of the energy consumption within a meat processing company in the three sustainable approaches such as economical, societal and mainly environmental implications;second, a proposal for strategic energy management measures focusing on high consumer types of facilities. The results obtained allow the identification of main processes with significant correlations in terms of energy consumption within the company. This data has the potential for energy savings. The data acquisition process prompts the development of practical and accessible energy efficiency measures. In addition, a benchmarking analysis with several tools is performed. Altogether, this work gives guidance on the implementation of energy auditing in industries within its geographical and industrial sector limitations.

STRATEGIES FOR PRACTICAL GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS IN THE EXISTING BUILDING STOCK

The Stern Report found that Climate Change is the world’s greatest market failure,and the United Nations concluded it is likely to be the most significant environmental challenge of our time.This paper aims to illustrate building Greenhouse Gas(GHG)and energy trends,and to provide practical strategies and best practice examples in international low-and high-rise building refurbishments to lower GHG emissions,energy use and operating costs,across building types and Australian Climate Zones.These can be adopted by policy-makers,owners,investors and occupiers.It also aims to provide examples of government policies and important stakeholder behaviour to reduce GHGs,and evaluates one recent project for strategies that proved successful and those that could be improved.The method used was to review international strategies that lower building GHG emissions in countries with more advanced building regulations than Australia,and to discover affordable and effective strategies from associations that publicise case studies.This paper shows that the operational phase of buildings is a significant contributor to global GHG emissions;that Passive building refurbishments are current best practice strategies;and that occupant behaviour is another surprisingly significant contributor to GHG emissions.The paper forms part of the author’s higher research degree literature review.

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Building Passive Houses

The research presents an improved method of rational design of energy-efficient low-rise residential buildings according to their life cycle. The mathematical model for finding the optimal version of draft power-efficient residential building has been developed. For conditions of Ukraine the optimization problem has been set and solved （finding the optimal version of the draft energy-efficient buildings）. The calculations prove the fact that the construction of passive houses in Ukraine today is economically feasible. Scientific and practical regulations, outlined in the research, can be used by all participants of the investment programs, and energy-efficiency projects, renovation projects and developing normative-technical documents.

严寒地区超低能耗教学建筑新风系统适用性分析

目的 解决严寒地区超低能耗建筑中人员密集场所供暖期新风系统的适用性问题。方法 以沈阳市某小学教学楼中三种典型教室为例,应用Designbuilder软件建立能耗模型,分析自然通风、有无热回收的定(变)风量机械通风五种工况下超低能耗建筑的各项能耗、相对节能率和本体节能率,以及室内CO_(2)体积分数变化。结果 无热回收的变风量、有热回收的定(变)风量与无热回收的定风量机械通风相比,节能率分别为12%~30%、32%~46%、38%~57%;有热回收的变风量机械通风总能耗最低,且接近自然通风工况;五种工况室内CO_(2)体积分数均小于0.09%。结论 人员密集场所中有热回收的定(变)风量机械通风节能效果显著;建筑气密性的提高导致机械通风系统新风能耗增加,经济性和节能性下降。

基于能耗模拟的湖北地区既有农宅围护结构改造方案比选研究

为了改善湖北地区现有农村住房结构老化、围护结构热工性能不佳导致的住宅能耗增加及室内热环境差等问题,本研究致力于对湖北地区典型农宅的围护结构进行改造。研究采用能耗模拟软件Ecotect对不同围护结构改造方案的节能效率进行定量分析,并运用熵值法和多因素正交实验分析了16种具有代表性的改造方案,优选出兼顾节能性和经济性的最佳方案。结果表明,单因素改造方案的节能效果排序为:屋顶改造>门窗改造>外墙改造。在熵值法下的多因素组合改造方案初选中,节能率、节能改造方案初投资、节能改造收益、静态投资回收期及净现值(NPV)的所占权重分别为0.2、0.26、0.21、0.14和0.19。该研究为湖北地区现有农宅的节能改造提供了新的思路,并在围护结构改造方案优选中具有一定的参考价值。

河南农村建筑能效提升改造

为了解目前河南省农村建筑的节能发展现状,对河南省农村现有建筑围护结构的热工性能进行了调研和总结。结果表明,既有农村建筑的墙体、屋面和门窗等的热工性能整体较差,导致供暖和制冷能耗很大。选取典型河南省农村建筑进行了围护结构改造设计,利用PKPM软件对改造前后的建筑能效提升率和经济性进行了计算和对比,分析得出可依据屋面、外墙、外门窗的优先顺序来确定既有农村建筑能效提升路线。其中:对屋面进行改造,其能效提升率相对较高、成本较低,保温层厚度可选取大于50 mm;对外墙进行改造,保温层厚度可选取大于40 mm,当有多面外墙需要改造时,优先改造北面墙。该改造方案可为既有农村建筑的节能改造提供参考,达到节能的目的。

某调度通信楼空调系统节能减碳改造设计实践

重点介绍了某调度通信楼空调系统的节能减碳改造设计,通过综合运用余热回收、可再生能源、固体蓄热、高效制冷机房等多项技术,构建了安全可靠、绿色低碳、高效节能的空调系统。采用HDY-SMAD空调负荷计算及分析软件模拟了建筑物全年的空调能耗,并对优化前后空调系统的运行能耗和碳排放进行了测算。结果显示,优化方案空调系统全年节约电量100万kW·h,全年碳减排573 t,节能减碳效果显著。

基于超低能耗建筑窗结构设计的研究与应用

为了促进超低能耗建筑保温隔热性能,对建筑外围护结构所使用的铝材、玻璃等材料进行了优化,对门窗的结构设计、拼装加工、安装技术进行创新,提升了建筑整体的密封性能,满足了超低能耗设计要求。以中建八局建筑科技(山东)有限公司办公楼为工程背景,研发设计了103系列被动窗,降低了门窗传热系数,提高了建筑节能效果,从绿色与经济两方面带来巨大价值,可为超低能耗建筑的发展提供有益借鉴。

近零能耗建筑电气设计简析

结合实际工程项目,依据GB/T 51350-2019《近零能耗建筑技术标准》相关设计标准要求,从电气管线气密层敷设、光伏发电、LED光电玻璃、监测和控制、能效指标判定等方面论述近零能耗建筑电气的相关设计,简析标准要求的电气技术措施。

基于BP神经网络的建筑能耗预测研究

建筑能耗是建筑物运营管理的重点,会直接影响建筑物的使用成本。利用BP神经网络预测原理,可以对建筑的能耗状况进行预测分析,分析建筑能耗情况,实现能量的均衡分布,从而为建筑节能设计和绿色建筑发展提供支撑。因此,本文针对耗电量、燃气消耗和建筑面积等因素,进行建筑能耗预测,旨在根据预测结果合理分配能源,提高能源利用率。

机械设备在绿色建筑材料和建筑施工技术中应用

通过研究建筑业绿色建材,并结合机械设备在施工中的应用,对绿色建材进行分类与分析,论述了绿色建材在节能减排、环保方面的优越性。同时,对建筑结构、外墙及屋顶防水材料的具体应用进行了探讨。研究结果表明:利用机械设备,采用绿色建材,可有效提高建筑节能与环境效益,推动建筑业的可持续发展;在此基础上,建议建筑业采用绿色建材,加大研发力度,推广绿色建材。

夏热冬冷地区东西向住宅低能耗更新改造设计策略研究——以浙江省新昌县某住宅为例

从夏热冬冷地区东西向住宅的能耗特性出发,以浙江省新昌县某东西向住宅为例,对其进行全年能耗分析,针对围护结构保温隔热性能差、西晒严重和通风采光不佳等现存问题,提出相应的低能耗更新改造设计策略,在保证室内热舒适的前提下,有效降低能耗,提高住宅居住质量。