Coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with desalination load: a review

Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.

Optimized PI controller for 7-level inverter to aid grid interactive RES controller

With the huge rise of energy demand,the power system in the current era is moving to a new standard with increased access to renewable energy sources(RESs)integrated with distribution generation(DG)network.The RESs necessitate interfaces for controlling the power generation.The multilevel inverter(MLI)can be exploited for RESs in two diverse modes,namely,the power generation mode(stand-alone mode),and compensator mode(statcom).Few works have been carried out in optimization of controller gains with the load variations of the single type such as reactive load variation in different cases.Nevertheless,this load type may be unbalanced hence,to overcome such issues.So,a sophisticated optimization algorithm is important.This paper aims to introduce a control design via an optimization assisted PI controller for a 7-level inverter.In the present technique,the gains of the PI controller are adjusted dynamically by the adopted hybrid scheme,grey optimizer with dragon levy update(GD-LU),based on the operating conditions of the system.Here,the gains are adjusted such that the error between the reference signal and fault signal should be minimal.Thus,better dynamic performance could be attained by the present optimized PI controller.The proposed algorithm is the combined version of grey wolf optimization(GWO)and dragonfly algorithm(DA).Finally,the performance of the proposed work is compared and validated over other state-of-the-art models concerning error measures.

Research on Control Strategy of Grid-connected Brushless Doubly-fed Wind Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Control

The brushless doubly-fed wind power system based on conventional power control strategies lacks ‘inertia’ and the ability to support grid,which leads to the decline of grid stability.Therefore,a control strategy of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator(BDFRG) based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG) control is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.The output characteristics of BDFRG based on VSG are similar to a synchronous generator(SG),which can support the grid frequency and increase the system ‘inertia’.According to the mathematical model of BDFRG,the inner loop voltage source control of BDFRG is derived.In addition,the specific structure and parameter selection principle of outer loop VSG control are expounded.The voltage source control inner loop of BDFRG is combined with the VSG control outer loop to establish the overall architecture of BDFRG-VSG control strategy.Finally,the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy are verified in the simulation.

Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART I

This paper presents design, analysis and simulation performance of an active power controller for stable and reliable operation of a micro-grid system. Power balance between generation and consumer is a critical issue for stable and reliable operation of the micro-grid systems. This issue becomes more critical when a micro-grid system contains stochastic nature distributed generations such as wind and solar because their output power changes non-uniformly. In order to achieve accurate and fast power balance in such a micro-grid system, power in the system has to be regulated continuously. Such an objective can be achieved using droop based alternating current control technique. Because the droop characteristic employed into the developed controller initiates determining the power deviation in the system which is continuously regulated by controlling the current flow into dump power resistors. The designed controller is simulated for the operation of a micro-grid system in stand-alone mode under various operating conditions. The simulated results show the ability of the developed controller for stable and reliable operation of the micro-grid that contains renewable sources. The experimental development of the micro-grid system and the testing of the developed active power controller are presented in PART II of this paper.

Power Transfer of PV Inverter from DC to AC Voltage Source

This paper presents a simple approach of a topology already known in the literature, applied in active power transfer from direct current source to any alternating current voltage source, whether the utility power or a voltage inverter that is forming an isolated AC grid. The photovoltaic inverter works as current controlled voltage source inverter that provides a sinusoidal current to the AC grid. The inverter is insulated from the grid by a transformer. The system is discussed and modeled. Simulation results of this application are presented and experimental results validate this topology.

Improved Interleaved Single-Ended Primary Inductor-Converter forSingle-Phase Grid-Connected System

The generation of electricity based on renewable energy sources,parti-cularly Photovoltaic(PV)system has been greatly increased and it is simply insti-gated for both domestic and commercial uses.The power generated from the PV system is erratic and hence there is a need for an efficient converter to perform the extraction of maximum power.An improved interleaved Single-ended Primary Inductor-Converter(SEPIC)converter is employed in proposed work to extricate most of power from renewable source.This proposed converter minimizes ripples,reduces electromagnetic interference due tofilter elements and the contin-uous input current improves the power output of PV panel.A Crow Search Algo-rithm(CSA)based Proportional Integral(PI)controller is utilized for controlling the converter switches effectively by optimizing the parameters of PI controller.The optimized PI controller reduces ripples present in Direct Current(DC)vol-tage,maintains constant voltage at proposed converter output and reduces over-shoots with minimum settling and rise time.This voltage is given to single phase grid via 1�Voltage Source Inverter(VSI).The command pulses of 1�VSI are produced by simple PI controller.The response of the proposed converter is thus improved with less input current.After implementing CSA based PI the efficiency of proposed converter obtained is 96%and the Total Harmonic Distor-tion(THD)is found to be 2:4%.The dynamics and closed loop operation is designed and modeled using MATLAB Simulink tool and its behavior is performed.

Control System Development and Test for the Operation of a Micro-Grid System—PART II

This paper presents experimental development and performance testing of an active power controller for stable and reliable operation of a micro-grid system. In order to achieve accurate and fast power balance in a micro-grid system that contains renewable energy sources, power in the system has to be regulated continuously. Such an objective can be achieved using droop based alternating current control technique. Because the droop characteristic employed into the developed controller initiates to determine the power deviation in the system which is continuously regulated by controlling the current flow into dump power resistors. The designed controller is tested and validated using a micro-grid prototype in the laboratory environment for stand-alone mode of operation under various operating conditions. The key development in the micro-grid prototype is the development of a wind turbine simulator. A dSPACE ds1104 DSP board is used to implement and interface the designed controller with the micro-grid system. The experimental investigation of the developed controller presents the significant capability to achieve continuous power balance in the micro-grid system, while it maintains stable and reliable operation of the system. Finally, the power quality of the isolated micro-grid system is presented and discussed under the operation of the developed controller.

虚拟同步机电流受限暂态电压支撑机理与改进故障穿越控制研究

针对虚拟同步机在电网低、过电压故障下所面临的无功电压支撑不足、特性差等问题,建立考虑电流限幅特性的虚拟同步机等效电路模型,并基于拓扑同伦原理,给出不同无功电压控制在等效电路相量图上的几何表征方法。利用该方法,揭示几种常见无功电压控制下的虚拟同步机电流受限暂态电压支撑机理,并由此提出一种改进的故障穿越控制策略,有效改善电网低电压、过电压故障下的暂态电压控制能力和支撑特性,进而缓解故障期间的暂态功角稳定问题。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真对所提机理和故障穿越控制方法进行详细验证,最后,在3机9节点系统中对其在近、远区电网故障下的支撑特性进行仿真验证。

不平衡电网下电流源型PWM整流器改进型无差拍控制

三相电流源型PWM整流器运行在电网电压不平衡情况下,引起直流侧及网侧电流存在大量低次谐波,势必对后级变换器供电稳定性、安全性等存在不利影响。针对该问题,首先建立整流器数学模型,推导出不平衡电网下直流侧电压和网侧电流表达式,揭示出系统直流侧和网侧电流产生低次谐波的机理。其次,根据瞬时功率理论设计内环电流参考指令,并利用无差拍控制实现网侧电流对参考电流的跟踪。然而传统无差拍控制存在延时问题,将影响网侧电流的跟随性能,造成电能质量下降。为解决该问题,提出了网侧电流内环改进型无差拍控制,利用两步预测法补偿系统延时。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台搭建仿真模型,验证所提控制策略的正确性与有效性。结果表明,所提方法能有效抑制直流侧和网侧电流低次谐波,实现网侧电流正弦化和直流侧电压稳定输出。

新能源并网系统引发的复杂振荡问题及其对策研究

受电力电子变流器的交互作用等因素影响,新能源并网系统存在复杂的振荡问题,因此分析了新能源并网系统引发的复杂振荡问题,并进行对策研究。结合振荡机制,分析了新能源并网系统引发的振荡问题主要表现形式,结合分析结果,将保持新能源并网系统稳定的前提——具有稳定的流形作为核心,构建合理的阻尼控制器,实现对振荡的抑制。在测试结果中,设计抑制对策下对应的有功功率振荡幅度最小,发生振荡的次数也最少,与对照组相比具有明显优势。

基于分层事件触发的混合微电网集中控制策略

针对混合微电网集中控制对中央控制器依赖严重、通信需求量大、扰动调节能力差的问题,提出一种微电网中央控制器(microgrid central control,MGCC)参与的分层事件触发控制策略,有效降低分布式集群的冗余通信并减少中央控制器计算负担,改进策略可靠性。该策略将控制系统分为2层,其中,设备层为本地控制层,采用分布式协同控制,所设计的本地控制器可就地控制更新输出状态,实现混合微电网的分散自治运行;另外,在控制层建立微电网控制层,引入事件触发策略,协调MGCC获取混合微电网的全局信息,从而向本地控制器发出预定义的调控指令,实现“源网荷储”灵活调度,尤其是应对突发事件而引发的电网振荡。最后,采用Matlab搭建混合微电网模型并进行仿真,利用Stateflow模块实现了事件触发算法,验证控制策略在满足并网/孤岛模式可靠性、稳定性的前提下,系统通信量可降低56.4%。

新一代低压直流供用电系统多工作模式下能量协调控制策略

新一代低压直流供用电系统(low voltage direct current supply and utilization system,LVDCSUS)强调了可再生能源的消纳以及直流用户侧电能产–销–储–用之间的协调统一,为推动直流用户侧灵活参与电力系统运行提供了全新思路。开展LVDCSUS用户侧电能的使用与生产相结合的研究,可有效挖掘直流用户侧的多元化电能资源灵活供给能力,为此该文首先依据LVDCSUS系统能量平衡关系将系统划分为全直流运行、余电上网运行、交流支撑运行3种运行模式;进而给出各模式下满足直流母线电压稳定、储能荷电状态均衡、灵活性电力资源利用三方面整体要求的协调策略;最后建立了多运行模式切换规则,实现通过切换多种运行模式改变能量协调控制策略,使LVDCSUS在稳定运行状态下主动参与电力系统能量互动。仿真结果验证了LVDCSUS多运行模式控制策略的有效性和可靠性。

坦克装甲车辆电力系统源网荷储协同优化与安全控制:架构设计及前沿思考

为保障坦克装甲车辆电力系统在复杂环境中的安全可靠、优质高效运行,发展以主动弹性、协调优化、灵活互动为主要特征的车载电力系统是未来一代全电战车的重要发展方向。聚焦于以全电化为特征的坦克装甲车辆电力系统源网荷储协同优化与安全控制研究。从内在要求和外在驱动2方面阐述发展坦克装甲车辆电力系统的必要性和挑战;从架构设计的角度介绍车辆电力系统源网荷储协同优化与安全控制的核心内容及关键技术,包括极端环境下的主动弹性安全控制技术、正常环境下的多时间尺度优化调度技术以及大扰动源场景下的灵活动态调控技术。继而结合弹性电力系统的内涵,探讨基于弹性优化控制的坦克装甲车辆电力系统在面对极端或突发事件时的性能特点。为未来我国坦克装甲车辆电力系统的发展提供参考。

构网型VSC暂态稳定机理及改进限幅策略

针对构网型变流器(grid-forming voltage source converter,GFM-VSC)系统在大扰动下暂态稳定问题,现有研究未能充分考虑电力电子电源暂态快速响应与控制可塑的特点。为此,以GFM-VSC为对象,借助等面积法原理与相平面图法,从能量角度揭示了其暂态响应机制与传统同步机系统的差异,分析了控制塑造下GFM-VSC系统的暂态稳定机理;然后,针对大扰动下易于触发的限幅环节,分析了系统无法自主退出限幅而失稳的机制,并提出了附带电流分配系数的改进限幅策略,有效增强了系统暂态稳定性。最后,通过仿真验证了理论分析与改进方法的正确性。

输电线路两端受控电压源失谐引发功率振荡的机理分析

随着构网型(grid-forming,GFM)变流器技术的成熟以及在维持弱电网稳定性方面的优势,其将广泛应用于新型电力系统中的柔直、储能等并网单元。受分布式GFM变流器频率测量和控制精度差异及电网频率时空分布特性的影响,易发生交流输电线路两端基于GFM型变流器的电压源型受控单元(voltage source controlled-unit,VSCU)输出频率长时间不一致的失谐现象。失谐是否会进一步引发线路异常的功率振荡问题,亟待研究。首先,该文基于GFM型变流器不同控制策略特点以及引发失谐诱因的分析,建立输电线路两端带失谐VSCU的等效电路模型;其次,从拓展新型电力系统稳态潮流研究的角度,推导线路单相瞬时电流和单相瞬时功率在失谐VSCU作用下的计算式,并定义反映失谐前后瞬时电流和瞬时功率振荡峰值倍增效应的峰值放大系数;最后,从VSCU间同步和同谐能力两方面,指出峰值放大系数和最大峰值出现时间受线路长度、失谐程度和初相位差影响的变化规律,并拓展分析频率测量精度对失谐型振荡的影响。研究表明,仅通过提高GFM型VSCU间的自同步能力或GFM型控制策略精度/频率测量精度无法从根本上解决失谐型功率振荡问题。

一种体现构网型控制特征的柔性直流机电暂态改进建模方法

总结柔性直流采用构网型控制呈现的新特性并提出相应的机电暂态建模方法。通过分析,提出构网型控制替代跟网型控制给柔性直流带来的主要变化是:电压源支撑,故障穿越切换措施以及电流限幅方法。相对应的,构网控制型柔性直流机电暂态模型是对跟网控制型柔性直流模型的改进,包括将换流器与交流网络的接口由传统的一个交流仿真步长内的平均功率改为平均电压;增加故障穿越措施切换逻辑以及增加基于用户自定义的电流限幅措施。通过交直流间接口方法仿真对比,以及机电、电磁暂态模型故障模拟验证所提模型的有效性。该模型能高精度模拟构网控制型柔性直流在交流电网中的动态行为,具有良好的应用价值。

基于无功源控制空间的自动电压控制系统聚类分区方法及关键节点选择

自动电压控制(AVC)系统在降低电网损耗、维护电网稳定等方面发挥重要作用。在应用AVC系统时,需要对电网进行分区控制从而达到全局最优的控制目标。该文提出一种基于无功源控制空间的AVC系统聚类分区方法,在构建节点导纳矩阵、建立无功源控制空间的基础上,实现聚类分区。在完成分区后,选择中枢节点和临界节点作为子分区的关键节点。通过保证关键节点的电压水平稳定,实现输电网的可靠运行。

基于改进双闭环的V2G并网逆变器直流母线电压控制

V2G双向功率变换器处于放电模式即作为并网逆变器使用时,具有非线性、强耦合、负载扰动大等特性,传统的PI双闭环控制难以取得很好的控制效果。针对直流母线电压控制易受多源干扰影响的问题,提出了一种自抗扰模型预测功率控制。模型预测功率控制作为功率内环,自抗扰控制作为电压外环;使用在工程中更具意义的线性自抗扰控制技术,并进行降阶处理,降低了系统的复杂度;对传统PI双闭环、模型预测功率控制以及以自抗扰模型预测功率控制进行了对比研究。仿真结果验证了所提出的改进双闭环控制策略在多源扰动下的暂态性能更好,抗扰性能更强。

适应辅助服务市场的网源协同调频控制技术

电力辅助服务市场下,燃煤火电机组参与调频辅助服务面临新的机遇和挑战。针对大容量超(超)临界燃煤火电机组锅炉蓄能有限和AGC调频响应性能较难适应辅助服务市场日益增长的调频需求,通过分析网源不同的能量状态对机组调频影响,设计了基于网源能量状态的自适应调频控制策略。该策略基于机组锅炉蓄能状态和电网调频需求,自适应地承担调频辅助服务市场中的AGC调频任务,充分发挥机组调频潜力的同时,有益于机组自身能量快速平衡和参数恢复平稳,实现机组安全稳定运行和提高机组综合调频性能指标的网源目标协同。

新能源并网换流器功率控制稳定机理分析及改进控制策略

在大规模新能源并网的背景下,作为并网接口的电压源型换流器得到了广泛应用。为了探究新能源并网换流器接入弱电网的功率控制稳定问题,对比分析了换流器在不同外环控制策略下自身的无功支撑能力对系统静态稳定极限的影响,基于关键电气量之间的数学关系,探究了有功控制的失稳机理,并提出了有功出力变化对无功输出的影响指标。研究结果表明:PQ控制更能适应变化的一次能源出力场景,面对有功出力变化,具有较强的抗扰能力;而PV控制由于具有更高的静态稳定极限,更适合弱电网。此外,为应对新能源出力波动的场景,提出了一种改进控制策略,该策略具有较高的静态稳定极限和无功控制响应速度快的特性,其抗扰能力相较于PV控制得到了提高,最后通过时域仿真进行了验证。