Transient synchronous stability analysis and enhancement control strategy of a PLL-based VSC system during asymmetric grid faults

The stability of a voltage source converters(VSC)system based on phase-locked loop(PLL)is very important issue during asymmetric grid faults.This paper establishes a transient synchronous stability model of a dual-sequence PLL-based VSC system during low voltage ride-through by referring to the equivalent rotor swing equation of syn-chronous generators.Based on the model,the synchronization characteristics of the VSC system under asymmetric grid faults are described,and the interaction mechanisms,as well as the transient instability phenomena of positive and negative sequence PLL during asymmetric faults are explained.Using the equal area criterion,the influences of sequence control switching action,detection delay,and interaction between the positive and negative sequence PLL on the transient synchronous stability of the VSC system are analyzed,respectively.In addition,a transient stabil-ity assessment criterion based on the critical fault clearance angle and time and an enhancement control strategy based on the improved positive and negative sequence PLL are proposed.Finally,the analytical results are validated through simulation and experiments.

Optimization of Wind Farm Collection Line Structure under Symmetrical Grid Fault

A power-transmission collection line is connected to each wind turbine of a wind farm and then connected to the incoming switchgear at the low-voltage side of the booster station at a certain distance.Therefore,the grouping of the wind turbines in the wind farm determines the layout of the lines and affects the line impedance.The line structure and composition of the wind farm are analyzed,and the relationship between the impedance of the collection line and reactive power generated by the wind turbine at low-voltage ride through is derived.We conclude that the smaller the equivalent impedance of the wind farm collection line structure is,the greater the reactive power at the wind farm collection line point is.In addition,the economic aspect of the collection line needs to be considered in the design.The economic aspect and impedance values have contrasting characteristics.Therefore,according to the condition of minimum impedance and optimized economic aspect,an optimization model of a wind-farm collector-circuit structure is proposed.The optimal structure of the wind farm collector circuit is calculated using the Monte Carlo method,and the theoretical analysis is verified by simulation.

Improving low-voltage ride-through capability of a multimegawatt DFIG based wind turbine under grid faults

Large integration of doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind turbines(WTs)into power networks can have significant consequences for power system operation and the quality of the energy supplied due to their excessive sensitivity towards grid disturbances.Under voltage dips,the resulting overcurrent and overvoltage in the rotor circuit and the DC link of a DFIG,could lead to the activation of the protection system and WT disconnection.This potentially results in sudden loss of several tens/hundreds of MWs of energy,and consequently intensifying the severity of the fault.This paper aims to combine the use of a crowbar protection circuit and a robust backstepping control strategy that takes into consideration of the dynamics of the magnetic flux,to improve DFIG’s Low-Voltage Ride Through capability and fulfill the latest grid code requirements.While the power electronic interfaces are protected,the WTs also provide large reactive power during the fault to assist system voltage recovery.Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of dynamic response and robustness against parametric variations.

Transient Characteristics and Quantitative Analysis of Electromotive Force for DFIG-based Wind Turbines during Grid Faults

For doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind turbines(WTs),various advanced control schemes have been proposed to achieve the low voltage ride through(LVRT)capability,whose parameters design is significantly reliant on the rotor electromotive force(EMF)of DFIG-based WTs.However,the influence of the rotor current on EMF is usually ignored in existing studies,which cannot fully reflect the transient characteristics of EMF.To tackle with this issue,this study presents a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of EMF during grid faults considering various control modes.First,the DFIG model under grid faults is established.Subsequently,the transient characteristics of EMF are analyzed under different control modes(that is,rotor open-circuit and connected to converter).Furthermore,the EMF transient eigenvolumes(that is,accessorial resistance item,transient decay time constant,and frequency offset)are quantitatively analyzed with the typical parameters of MW-level DFIG-based WT.The analysis results contribute to the design of the LVRT control scheme.Finally,the analysis is validated by the hardware-in-the-loop experiments.

An Online Fault Detection Model and Strategies Based on SVM-Grid in Clouds

Online fault detection is one of the key technologies to improve the performance of cloud systems. The current data of cloud systems is to be monitored, collected and used to reflect their state. Its use can potentially help cloud managers take some timely measures before fault occurrence in clouds. Because of the complex structure and dynamic change characteristics of the clouds, existing fault detection methods suffer from the problems of low efficiency and low accuracy. In order to solve them, this work proposes an online detection model based on asystematic parameter-search method called SVM-Grid, whose construction is based on a support vector machine(SVM). SVM-Grid is used to optimize parameters in SVM. Proper attributes of a cloud system's running data are selected by using Pearson correlation and principal component analysis for the model. Strategies of predicting cloud faults and updating fault sample databases are proposed to optimize the model and improve its performance.In comparison with some representative existing methods, the proposed model can achieve more efficient and accurate fault detection for cloud systems.

Influencing Factors of the Power Fluctuation on the Ultra High Voltage Transmission Line Caused by Faults at the Remote Ends of the Interconnected Grid

After the North China grid and the Central China grid get into connection with the UHVAC demonstration, a new phenomenon is discovered according to some simulations. That is, the faults at the remote end of the UHV interconnected grid will result in significant power fluctuation and voltage drop on the UHV transmission line and even system splitting. But the faults near the UHV line only have marginal effects. Further, the simulation results also indicate that the short-circuit current of the buses near the UHV line is larger than that of the buses far away from the UHV line. This phenomenon is divergent from the traditional view. In this paper, the detail will be introduced, and the factors influencing the system stability after faults are presented and analyzed. The results indicate that transmission power of the UHV line and of the lines between the remote end and the major grid influence the fluctuation on UHV line. The load model and the grid structure of the remote end also have effect on it. Finally, corresponding control scheme is presented to improve the operation conditions of the UHV interconnected grid and ensure its security and stability.

Revised Fault Free Analysis Method for Reliability Evaluation of Smart Grids

Smart grid was proposed as a practical form of future power distribution system. Evaluating the reliability of smart grids was of great importance and significance. A revised fault tree model was proposed to distinguish and separate grid-connected operation mode and islanded operation mode of smart grids,focusing on the perspective of the consumers. A hierarchical Monte Carlo simulation method for reliability evaluation was also proposed based on the proposed fault tree model. A case of reliability evaluation for the future renewable electric energy delivery and management( FREEDM) system was carried out and analyzed. The proposed methods can be applicable to other forms of smart grids.

Fault Identification and Islanding in DC Grid Connected PV System

Nowadays, the DC distribution system has been suggested, as a replacement for the AC power distribution system with electric propulsion. This idea signifies a fresh approach of issuing energy for low-voltage installations. It can be used for any electrical application up to 20 MW and works at a nominal voltage of 1000 V DC. The DC distribution system is just an extension of the multiple DC links that previously available in all propulsion and thruster drives, which typically comprise more than 80% of the electrical power consumption on electric propulsion vessels. A fault detection and islanding scheme for DC grid connected PV system is presented in this paper. Unlike traditional ac distribution systems, protection has been challenging for dc systems. The goals of this paper are to classify and detect the fault in the PV system as well as DC grid and to isolate the faulted section so that the system keeps operating without disabling the entire system. The results show the measured values of power at PV panel and DC grid side under different fault condition, which indicates the type of fault that occurs in the system.

Review of Fault Types, Impacts, and Management Solutions in Smart Grid Systems

Fault management study in smart grid systems (SGSs) is important to ensure the stability of the system. Also, it is important to know the major types of power failures for the effective operation of the SGS. This paper reviews diverse types of faults that might appear in the SGS and gives a survey about the impact of renewable energy resources (RERs) on the behavior of the system. Moreover, this paper offers different fault detection and localization techniques that can be used for SGSs. Furthermore, a potential fault management case study is proposed in this paper. The SGS model in this paper is investigated using both of the Matlab/Simulink and the Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) to compute the fault management study. Simulation results show the fast response to a power failure in the system which improves the stability of the SGS.

基于广域信息分析的智能配电网故障自愈技术研究

针对传统电网接地故障检测和自愈方法存在识别速度慢且精确度较低的问题,文中结合信号广域信息提出了一种配电网故障自愈方法。该方法构建了单相接地故障模型,并将零序电流作为分析的对象。将零序电流信号分解为时域、频域以及小波域分量来作为广域特征向量,并采用随机森林算法对其权重进行分类,利用LightGBM算法对分类后的广域特征向量加以训练,进而得到故障预测结果。在仿真测试中,所提算法能够抵抗过渡电阻与初始相位角变化对预测结果的影响,且其故障分析准确率的平均值为98.9%,在对比算法中为最优,表明该算法可为配电网故障自愈提供有效的技术支撑。

电网故障下含直驱风电机组的电力系统频率动态响应分析

电网受扰后基于模型解析的频率响应分析对电力系统安全评估与紧急控制具有重要意义。电网发生故障时,直驱风电机组(DDWT)并网点电压幅值跌落引发控制器暂态响应,同时电压相位突变引发锁相暂态响应,锁相暂态响应又通过变流器控制传导产生功率控制误差,可能导致现有以负荷突变场景为对象的频率特性分析产生较大偏差。为此,提出了电网故障下DDWT锁相偏差的量化方法;解析了锁相偏差经DDWT变流器控制的传导路径,提出了锁相暂态响应导致DDWT功率控制误差的机理及其计算方法;建立了电网故障下含DDWT的电力系统频率响应模型,提出了锁相暂态响应影响下系统频率变化率和最大频率偏差的计算方法,解析了电网故障下考虑DDWT功率控制误差的电力系统频率动态响应特性,并通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于Gridsearch-SVM梯形区域极点分类的故障诊断

针对一类线性定常系统,基于梯形区域极点配置,给出了执行器部件故障诊断的一种方法。首先,利用极点观测器,通过测量系统的状态,得到极点的动态信息;其次,根据模拟各通道执行器故障,实时采集闭环系统的极点信息,形成极点分类数据库;最后,利用支持向量机算法(Support Vector Machine,SVM)根据不同通道发生故障时极点所处位置不同,设计极点分类器,对极点进行分类,实现对系统的故障诊断。针对SVM中惩罚因子和核宽度系数需要依靠先验知识的缺陷,采用Grid search优化其参数,缩小寻优范围。仿真结果表明设计方案的可行性以及故障诊断的有效性。

基于单端分支系数的四端柔直环网线路保护方案

为提升直流线路保护在柔性直流环网中的速动性与可靠性,提出一种基于单端分支系数的保护方案。分析了不同故障位置下各换流阀提供的故障电流分量,并根据单端换流阀极线电流突变量构造分支系数,结果表明线路保护区内故障下的单端分支系数小于区外故障,利用该特征构造区内、外故障识别元件。在线路高阻接地致使主保护失效时,根据桥臂最大允许电流决定线路纵联后备保护的开放时限,以优化现有主、后备保护方案之间的时序配合方案,保障各种直流线路故障工况下,换流阀不间断运行。保护方案不依赖线路边界元件,算法简单,大量仿真结果表明,该方案有良好的耐受过渡电阻能力,能在换流阀闭锁前实现故障区域可靠识别。

不对称短路故障下永磁直驱风电机组并网控制策略研究

电网侧发生不对称故障时,永磁直驱风电机组并网电流会发生三相不平衡的问题。针对这一问题,提出一种基于自适应陷波器的网侧换流器控制策略。该控制策略基于解决机组并网电流二倍频分量的思想,在电网侧发生不对称短路故障时,将进入逆变器的dq坐标系下的二倍频电压分量去除,从而使得网侧换流器输出的电流达到三相平衡。本文首先分析了电网侧发生不对称短路故障后永磁直驱风力发电机组的动态响应;然后建立了机侧和网侧换流器的模型,并分别采用了双闭环矢量控制技术和基于自适应陷波器的控制策略;最后进行仿真分析,验证了改进后的控制策略相较于传统控制策略,有效解决了不对称短路故障下并网电流三相不平衡问题。

柔性直流电网故障电流复合抑制策略

柔性直流电网在直流侧发生短路故障后,故障电流迅速达到较大峰值,严重时会危及整个系统电气设备的安全运行。为了在故障发生后的短时间内限制故障电流影响,提出一种不利用附加装置的电流抑制策略。首先,分析了直流电网结构与故障初期电流上升规律。然后,根据所得规律提出一种包含两个环节的电流复合抑制策略,给出电流抑制参数选取的原则,并分析了抑制策略下短路电流的发展规律。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建四端柔性直流电网模型进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提电流抑制策略可以有效减小直流线路过流倍数,降低换流器闭锁的概率,且故障切除后恢复阶段电流平衡度更好。

基于MMC闭锁与负直流电压无闭锁的综合直流故障限流策略

基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的柔性直流电网存在抗直流故障扰动能力弱的问题。为此,在无闭锁和闭锁限流的基础上,提出了一种适用于柔性直流电网的无闭锁与闭锁的综合直流故障限流策略。故障发生后,各换流站首先根据直流侧出口电流进行基于负直流电压控制的无闭锁限流,若某换流站由于无闭锁降压限流失效而发生过流,则主动将该换流站闭锁。故障消失或隔离后,无闭锁换流站第一时间恢复正常工作模式,而无须等待重启过程较长的闭锁换流站,以尽量减小系统功率损失。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果表明,所提综合直流故障限流策略可快速阻断故障电流,并兼顾限流过程的安全性和快速性,最大限度保证系统功率传输,提高了直流电网的抗故障扰动能力。

基于耦合电感的直流故障限流器

柔性直流电网存在故障电流上升速度快、幅值高,感性元件储存能量大等问题,这造成故障电流难以分断,并且使得直流断路器的耗能支路承受巨大压力。为了限制故障电流峰值并且降低直流断路器耗能压力,提出一种基于耦合电感的直流故障限流器。当发生短路故障时,该故障限流器利用电感耦合特性等效投入电阻与电容组成的限流支路,以实现无延时的故障限流;当直流断路器分断故障电流时,该故障限流器利用耗能电阻耗散耦合电感储存的能量,从而分担直流断路器耗能压力,以达到降低避雷器容量需求、加快故障电流分断速度的目的。大量电磁暂态仿真结果表明,所提故障限流器具有良好的限流效果,能极大降低直流断路器的耗能压力。且该故障限流器制造成本低,易于实现。