Low Voltage Ride through Control Capability of a Large Grid Connected PV System Combining DC Chopper and Current Limiting Techniques

This paper presents the development and performance capability of a comprehensive Low voltage ride through (LVRT) control scheme that makes use of both the DC chopper and the current limiting based on the required reactive power during fault time. The study is conducted on an 8.5 MW single stage PV power plant (PVPP) connected to the Rwandan grid. In the event of fault disturbance, this control scheme helps to overcome the problems of excessive DC-link voltage by fast activation of the DC chopper operation. At the same instance, AC current is limited to the maximum rating of the inverter as a function of the injected reactive current. This helps overcome AC-over- current that may possibly lead to damage or disconnection of the inverter. The control scheme also ensures voltage support and power balance through the injection of reactive current as per grid code requirements. Selected simulations using MATLAB are carried out in the events of different kinds of fault caused voltage dips. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LVRT control scheme.

Control Strategy of DC Link Voltage Flywheel Energy Storage for Non Grid Connected Wind Turbines Based on Fuzzy Control

The large-scale development of wind power is an important means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, alleviate environmental pollution and improve the utilization rate of renewable energy. At the same time, large-scale non grid connected wind power generation theory avoids the technical difficulties of wind power integration [1]. However, due to the randomness and uncontrollability of wind energy, the output power of the wind power generation system will fluctuate accordingly [2]. Therefore, the corresponding energy storage devices are arranged in the non-grid-connected wind power generation system to ensure the power quality, and it has become the key to full utilization of renewable energy. In the case of wind speed fluctuation, the DC bus control strategy of the wind turbine is proposed in this paper. It can reduce the impact on the unit converter and the power load;this ensures safe and stable operation of non-grid connected wind turbines.

H6 Non-isolated Full Bridge Grid-connected PV Inverters With Low Leakage Currents

为满足非隔离光伏并网发电系统对共模漏电流的限制，提出一种六开关逆变器拓朴（H6拓扑）。所提出的H6拓扑在功率传输模态时，进网电流半个工频周期流过3支开关管，而另半个工频周期流过2支开关管，故相对于H5拓扑，降低了通态损耗，有利于热应力均衡，且仍满足续流阶段光伏电池输出端与电网脱离的要求。详细分析拓扑的工作原理，并推论给出H6非隔离光伏并网逆变器的其它3种拓扑结构；比较分析了H5拓扑、Heric拓扑和H6拓扑的损耗和成本。通过1kW通用样机平台对比验证了上述3种拓扑的效率和共模特性。实验结果表明，H6拓扑的变换效率高于H5拓扑、但略低于Heric拓扑，共模特性优于Heric拓扑、但略劣于H5拓扑。

Comparison the Performances of Three Earthing Systems for Micro-Grid Protection during the Grid Connected Mode

This paper presents, tests and compares three earthing systems (TT, TN and IT) for Micro-Grid (MG) protection against various fault types during the connected mode. The main contribution of this work is including the models of all the micro sources which interfaced to the MG by power electronic inverters. Inverters in turns are provided with current limiters and this also included in the inverter models to exactly simulate the real situation in the MG during fault times. Results proved that the most suitable earthing system for MG protection during the connecting mode is the TN earthing system. That system leads to a suitable amount of fault current sufficient to activate over current protection relays. With using TN system, Touch voltages at the faulted bus and all other consumer’s buses are less than the safety limited value if current limiter is included with the transformer of the main grid which connects MG. For the two others earthing systems (TT and IT), fault current is small and nearly equal to the over load current which make over current protection relay can not differentiate between fault current and overload current. All models of micro sources, earthing systems, inverters, main grid and control schemes are built using Matlab?/Simulink? environment.

Grid-connected inverter for wind power generation system

In wind power generation system the grid-connected inverter is an important section for energy conversion and transmission, of which the performance has a direct influence on the entire wind power generation system. The mathematical model of the grid-connected inverter is deduced firstly. Then, the space vector pulse width modulation （SVPWM） is analyzed. The power factor can be controlled close to unity, leading or lagging, which is realized based on H-type current controller and grid voltage vector-oriented control. The control strategy is verified by the simulation and experimental results with a good sinusoidal current, a small harmonic component and a fast dynamic response.

Managing New PV Plant Connection to Available Grids to Stay within Standard Limits with a Case Study

PV plants are increasing all over the world and they are becoming a distinct part of electric grids.Due to abundance of solar irradiation and almost constant amount of it in certain geographical latitudes,selection of proper capacity of PV plants depends mostly on available places for the site.In this paper,important measures for safe connection of a PV plant in terms of voltage requirements are addressed and several guidelines are introduced for this purpose.In addition,simulation results are included to prove some of the mentioned suggestions.A general algorithm is fi nally proposed to show the directions for safe connection of PV plants.

Power Transfer of PV Inverter from DC to AC Voltage Source

This paper presents a simple approach of a topology already known in the literature, applied in active power transfer from direct current source to any alternating current voltage source, whether the utility power or a voltage inverter that is forming an isolated AC grid. The photovoltaic inverter works as current controlled voltage source inverter that provides a sinusoidal current to the AC grid. The inverter is insulated from the grid by a transformer. The system is discussed and modeled. Simulation results of this application are presented and experimental results validate this topology.

基于RBF神经网络的光伏并网系统自适应等效建模方法

针对广义负荷建模中的光伏并网系统模型难以适应不同逆变器控制和频率扰动的动态响应问题,提出了一种基于径向基函数(radialbasisfunction,RBF)神经网络的光伏并网系统自适应等效建模方法。首先,建立了光伏并网逆变器不同控制策略响应波形的检测判据。然后,构建了以电压-频率扰动为输入,有功功率和无功功率为输出的光伏并网系统RBF神经网络模型。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了光伏并网系统模型,并将其接入IEEE14节点配电网进行仿真验证。结果表明,构建的光伏并网自适应等效模型能够有效辨识电压频率给定控制、有功无功给定控制、下垂控制策略类型,能够准确反映光伏并网系统在不同电压、频率扰动下的有功功率、无功功率的动态响应特性。

引入参数辨识的并网变换器事件触发预测控制

经典的三电平并网变换器模型预测算法具有计算资源占用度高、开关损耗大、控制精度受模型参数影响较大等缺点。为提高预测控制精度并降低系统损耗,此处提出一种引入参数辨识的三电平并网变换器的事件触发型有限控制集模型预测算法,该算法通过构建系统状态和动态事件触发条件之间的解析表达方程,利用系统状态实时反馈设置跟踪电流误差阈值的事件触发条件以减少系统计算损耗,同时,引入参数在线辨识,有效提高了系统参数鲁棒性,并实现了在尽量保持较小计算量的情况下还具有改善并网电流质量的优点。最后,构建了一台三电平T型并网变换器平台,实验结果表明,此处所提算法较之经典的模型预测方法有较大改善,具有较大的应用价值。

二阶LADRC在风电并网逆变器网侧直流母线电压控制中的运用

为提高风电并网系统中电网侧逆变器直流母线电压的稳定性和动态响应速度,文中设计一种无对象模型辅助的二阶线性自抗扰控制技术(linear active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)以取代电压外环的PI控制器,从而形成一种新的双闭环控制结构。文中利用频域分析法分析了ADRC控制器的稳定性、跟踪性和抗扰能力;最后在3.6 MW直驱永磁同步风力发电机组的物理实验平台中验证了该控制结构的可行性,将传统PI控制和文中所提出的控制模式在不同工作条件下的控制效果进行比较。实验结果表明,该文章设计的控制方案优于传统的PI控制器,具有良好的抗干扰性和鲁棒性,大大减少直流侧母线电压波动所造成的影响。

超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统仿真

储能过程中,相电压、相电流的频繁变化是导致电力功率无法保持稳定状态的主要原因,为解决上述问题,针对超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统进行仿真设计。在主电路传输回路中,设置有源滤波器与并网逆变器,实现对储能功率的调节,完成电力储能功率调节系统硬件单元的仿真设计。定义超级电容模型,并将其串联在电力回路中,从而在控制电力脉冲功率的同时,实施对电功率的等效调试,完成对电力系统储能功率的全面调节。

基于虚拟阻抗的光伏高电压穿越控制策略

提出了一种增加功率解耦环节的高电压穿越(HVRT)控制策略,对传统双环控制进行改进。通过对电网电压抬升幅度进行检测,超出阈值时对控制策略进行切换使逆变器吸收电网无功。基于光伏并网逆变器数学模型,分析线路阻抗对功率耦合性的影响,采用虚拟阻抗解耦技术实现对有功和无功的分别控制,进而减小控制策略切换时因输出功率耦合造成的功率波动问题。通过实验对比分析采用所提控制策略和传统控制下高电压穿越过程中直流母线电压和有功、无功功率的变化情况,实验表明虚拟阻抗控制策略可以减小功率波动,有效提高高电压穿越控制策略性能。

基于KPCA特征量降维的风电并网系统暂态电压稳定性评估

针对电力系统暂态电压稳定性评估中所需特征量数据庞大,影响模型训练时间,降低计算效率等问题,提出了一种基于核主成分分析方法KPCA和CPSO-BP组合的风电并网系统暂态电压稳定性评估方法.首先根据输入特征采集原始特征集,采用核主成分分析算法对特征量进行非线性数据处理,提取出最优的特征集.然后将降维后的特征集作为CPSO-BP神经网络输入量进行监督学习,将得到的模型按照临界故障切除时间裕度值的大小进行分类,将分类后的样本进行风电并网系统的暂态电压稳定性评估和临界故障切除时间裕度值预测.仿真分析结果表明,对输入特征进行降维,保留重要输入特征量,剔除冗余特征量,不仅简化了模型,还提高了网络评估的准确性和计算效率.

弱电网下考虑数字控制延时的LCL并网逆变器改进WAC控制策略

传统加权平均电流(WAC)控制方法因控制延时产生反向谐振峰而失去环路降阶特性,导致系统在弱电网下具有极大的失稳风险。文中首先分析了控制延时与弱电网共同影响下,传统WAC失去降阶特性导致系统失稳的问题,不再从环路降阶的角度而是在等效阻抗模型的基础上对系统输出阻抗进行失稳分析;然后在电压比例前馈的基础上,从增强谐波抗扰能力及稳定性入手,提出基于多二阶滤波器的电压前馈控制策略,对系统输出阻抗进行重塑,进而提升等效输出阻抗在中低频段的相位裕度,增强系统对电网阻抗宽范围变化的适应性。仿真及实验结果表明,该策略对弱电网阻抗宽范围变化具有较强的适应性,能够输出优良品质的入网电流。

NFTSM控制的光伏并网系统低压穿越控制策略

针对现有PI与ISMC控制下光伏并网系统LVRT过程响应速度慢、不对称故障时控制效果较差或抖振效果明显等问题,提出一种NFTSM控制的LVRT控制策略。考虑光伏并网系统外部条件多变的特性,采用双指数滑模超平面与控制率,选取指数趋近律加速趋近速率,构造出具有调节有功、无功输出的非奇异快速滑模控制器,并验证其稳定与收敛性,简单且有效地实现了光伏并网LVRT。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果表明,NFTSM控制的光伏并网LVRT具有收敛速度快、谐波含量低、抗外界干扰与抖振抑制能力强等优点。

Improved virtual synchronous control for grid-connected VSCs under grid voltage unbalanced conditions

This paper presents an improved virtual synchronous control(VSynC) for the grid-connected voltage source converter(VSC) so as to continuously operate under the grid voltage with steady unbalance.The improved VSynC introduces the negative sequence power controls on basis of conventional VSynC.The improved VSynC is capable of regulating the negative sequence internal voltage to reduce the negative-sequence injected currents and oscillated powers of the VSC aroused by the negative-sequence grid voltage.Three alternative local control objectives for the VSC itself under steady state unbalanced grid conditions and their corresponding power references are deduced and computed.Simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed improved VSynC to enhance the continuous operation performance of VSynC-based VSCs during grid voltage steady-state unbalance.

构网型变流器:物理本质与特征

全球能源产业变革促进了电力系统电力电子化转型,以新能源为主体的电力电子化电力系统中同步机占比低,系统呈现低惯量、弱阻尼特征,引发了一系列运行问题。构网型变流器本质为电压源,能够主动构建电压频率,为系统提供惯量支撑,有利于改善系统稳定性,是提高新能源主动支撑能力的有效手段,近年来成为研究热点。该文从电力电子化电力系统的运行问题出发,梳理了下垂控制、虚拟同步机控制等典型构网型控制策略的实现原理及内在联系,建立构网型控制策略的统一数学模型;通过类比稳态条件下同步机与构网型变流器的电压频率构建原理,揭示了构网型变流器的物理本质,从电压频率构建、惯量阻尼支撑、同步机制等角度解释了构网型变流器的内涵与特性,可为构网型变流器的稳定与控制提供理论参考。

基于滑模观测器的三电平风力发电并网逆变器无差拍优化模型预测控制

针对中点钳位型(NPC)三电平并网逆变器系统,提出了一种基于滑模观测器的无差拍可优化有限控制集模型预测控制策略。为了降低电网电流谐波量及有功和无功功率的独立控制,采用了基于幂次函数的滑模观测器,实现对电网电压和耦合项进行实时性观测;以滑模观测器为基础,结合空间电压矢量位置信息,提出了基于电流无差拍的优化有限控制集模型预测控制,减少了控制计算量;通过基于中点不平衡电压补偿的性能代价目标函数,提高了控制系统的性能。仿真结果表明了该控制策略的可靠性和有效性。

新能源并网对配电网电压的影响

新能源并网有效缓解了我国能源短缺与环境污染问题,但新能源发电存在间歇性、波动性和不确定性,在并网时对配电网的电压影响较大,使得配电网的结构及控制更复杂。针对新能源并入10 kV配电网,重点讨论了配电网的无功电压与潮流分布特性。分析新能源并网对电压波动的影响机理,研究发现,在配电网末端并网不仅能降低新能源并网对配电网的不利影响,还能对配电网整体电压分布起一定的支撑作用,提升配电网电压合格率,保障配电网供电质量。

弱电网下基于导纳合成相量法的单相并网逆变器鲁棒性提升技术研究

为保证并网逆变器的并网电流与电网电压同步,通常采用锁相环获取电网电压相位信息。同时,为提高并网电流质量,常考虑在回路中加入电网电压前馈。然而,当逆变器工作在弱电网下时,它们均有可能对系统的稳定性带来负面影响。该文以单相LCL型并网逆变器为例,旨在研究弱电网下锁相环和电网电压前馈造成系统不稳定的原因并进行优化。针对2 个不稳定因素存在的情况,该文提出一种导纳合成相量法来分析多个导纳共同作用时的影响机理。考虑到带通滤波器可以衰减不稳定因素的影响,文中加入带通环节对系统的鲁棒性进行优化。结合上述导纳合成相量法的分析结果,确定带通环节的设计目标,并进一步给出带通环节参数的具体设计过程。结果表明,并网逆变器加入优化设计的带通环节后,即使在电网阻抗变化范围较大的情况下,系统仍能稳定工作。