Prediction of Grinding Force by an Electroplated Grinding Wheel with Orderly-Micro-Grooves

The ability to predict a grinding force is important to control,monitor,and optimize the grinding process.Few theoretical models were developed to predict grinding forces when a structured wheel was used in a grinding process.This paper aimed to establish a single-grit cutting force model to predict the ploughing,friction and cutting forces in a grinding process.It took into the consideration of actual topography of the grinding wheel,and a theoretical grinding force model for grinding hardened AISI 52100 by the wheel with orderly-micro-grooves was proposed.The model was innovative in the sense that it represented the random thickness of undeformed chips by a probabilistic expression,and it reflected the microstructure characteristics of the structured wheel explicitly.Note that the microstructure depended on the randomness of the protruding heights and distribution density of the grits over the wheel.The proposed force prediction model was validated by surface grinding experiments,and the results showed(1)a good agreement of the predicted and measured forces and(2)a good agreement of the changes of the grinding forces along with the changes of grinding parameters in the prediction model and experiments.This research proposed a theoretical grinding force model of an electroplated grinding wheel with orderly-micro-grooves which is accurate,reliable and effective in predicting grinding forces.

ONLINE GRINDING WHEEL WEAR COMPENSATION BY IMAGE BASED MEASURING TECHNIQUES

Automatic compensation of grinding wheel wear in dry grinding is accomplished by an image based online measurement method. A kind of PC-based charge-coupled device image recognition system is schemed out, which detects the topography changes of the grinding wheel surface. Profile data, which corresponds to the wear and the topography, is measured by using a digital image processing method. The grinding wheel wear is evalualed by analyzing the position deviation of the grinding wheel edge. The online wear compensation is achieved according to the measure results. The precise detection and automatic compensation system is integrated into an open structure CNC curve grinding machine. A practical application is carried out to fulfil the precision curve grinding. The experimental results confirm the benefits of the proposed techniques, and the online detection accuracy is less than 5 um. The grinding machine provides higher precision according to the in-process grinding wheel error compensation.

Experimental Study on Grinding Force of Electrostatic Coated Grinding Wheel

In order to deal with the hard machining of TC4 alloy,coated graphite on grinding wheel surface by electrostatic device is proposed in this paper.This paper mainly completed the design of graphite electrostatic spraying grinding wheel device,force experimental analysis of grinding TC4 alloy with coated graphite grinding wheel,and summary of the influence of different grinding speeds and grinding depths on grinding force and grinding force ratio.The experimental results show that the lubrication coating can reduce the grinding force and grinding force ratio in the process of grinding TC4 alloy with graphite powder-coated wheel under electrostatic field force,compared to dry grinding with the uncoated wheel.

Grinding Characteristics of MoS_(2)-Coated Brazed CBN Grinding Wheels in Dry Grinding of Titanium Alloy

As an important green manufacturing process,dry grinding has problems such as high grinding temperature and insufficient cooling capacity.Aiming at the problems of sticking and burns in dry grinding of titanium alloys,grinding performance evaluation of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))solid lubricant coated brazed cubic boron carbide(CBN)grinding wheel(MoS_(2)-coated CBN wheel)in dry grinding titanium alloys was carried out.The lubrication mechanism of MoS_(2)in the grinding process is analyzed,and the MoS_(2)-coated CBN wheel is prepared.The results show that the MoS_(2)solid lubricant can form a lubricating film on the ground surface and reduce the friction coefficient and grinding force.Within the experimental parameters,normal grinding force decreased by 42.5%,and tangential grinding force decreased by 28.1%.MoS_(2)lubricant can effectively improve the heat dissipation effect of titanium alloy grinding arc area.Compared with common CBN grinding wheel,MoS_(2)-coated CBN wheel has lower grinding temperature.When the grinding depth reaches 20μm,the grinding temperature decreased by 30.5%.The wear of CBN grains of grinding wheel were analyzed by mathematical statistical method.MoS_(2)lubricating coating can essentially decrease the wear of grains,reduce the adhesion of titanium alloy chip,prolong the service life of grinding wheel,and help to enhance the surface quality of workpiece.This research provides high-quality and efficient technical support for titanium alloy grinding.

Identification of Grinding Wheel Wear Signature by a Wavelet Packet Decomposition Method

Grinding is known as the most complicated material removal process and the method for monitoring the grinding wheel wear has its own characteristics comparing with the approaches for detecting the wear on regular cutting tools.Research efforts were made to develop the wheel wear monitoring system due to its significance in grinding process.This paper presents a novel method for identification of grinding wheel wear signature by combination of wavelet packet decomposition(WPD) based energies.The distinctive feature of the method is that it takes advantage of the combinational information of the decomposed frequency components based on the WPD so the extracted features can be customized according to the specific monitored object to get better diagnosis effects.Experiments are researched on monitoring of grinding wheel wear states under different machining conditions.The results show that the energy ratio extracted from the measured vibration signals is consistent with the grinding wheel wear condition evaluated by experiment and the further extracted feature ratio can be used in prediction of wheel wear condition.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (II) Experimental Studies of Grinding Forces and Force Ratio

As is known to all, grinding force is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the whole process of grinding. Generally, the grinding force is resolved to three component forces, namely, normal grinding force F n, tangential grinding force F t and a component force acting along the direction of longitudinal feed which is usually neglected because of insignificance. The normal grinding force F n has influence upon surface deformation and roughness of workpiece, while the tangential grinding force F t mainly affect power consumption and service life of grinding wheel. In order to study deep into the process of the unsteady state grinding, we set up a measurement system to monitor the change of grinding force during the course of grinding and try to find some difference in the change of grinding force between the steady state grinding and unsteady state grinding. In the test, the normal and tangential grinding forces, F n and F t were measured by using a set of equipments including sensor, amplifier, oscilloscope and computer monitor. From the results, we can conclude that: 1) In the unsteady state grinding process, the values of the grinding forces are much lower than those of the steady state grinding process and the grinding force ratio showed a nonlinear fluctuation. 2) The tendency of the grinding forces in the process of the unsteady state grinding proved the existence of the cutting and micro-cutting actions. 3) Because the grinding force signals of the unsteady state grinding are much weaker than those of the steady state grinding, to obtain accurate value of the grinding forces, wave filtering is needed to be done. The whole process to filter the perturbation wave can be separated into three steps in order, changing the grinding force signals from analog signals into digital signals, FFT (fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals, and IFFT(inversion fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals after spectrum limitation.

GRINDING FORCE IN PRECISION MACHINING OF WC-Co COATING BY CUP WHEEL

High machining precision and machining efficiency can be obtained in grinding WC-Co coating by cup wheel. The conventional model of the grinding force is not suitable for the grinding of the cup wheel due to the difference in grinding style between the cup wheel and the conventional external wheel. So the grit grinding process of the cup wheel is studied, and a new concept of the effective grinding width of the cup wheel is presented. Then the grinding force in grinding WC-Co coating materials by cup wheel is analyzed and a theoretical formula is deduced. Finally, experimental results of the grinding force verify the correctness and the precision of the theoretical formula.

An investigation on machined surface quality and tool wear during creep feed grinding of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with alumina abrasive wheels

In this study,the machined surface quality of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96(similar to Rene88DT)and the grinding characteristics of brown alumina(BA)and microcrystalline alumina(MA)abrasive wheels were comparatively analyzed during creep feed grinding.The infuences of the grinding parameters(abrasive wheel speed,workpiece infeed speed,and depth of cut)on the grinding force,grinding temperature,surface roughness,surface morphology,tool wear,and grinding ratio were analyzed comprehensively.The experimental results showed that there was no significant difference in terms of the machined surface quality and grinding characteristics of FGH96 during grinding with the two types of abrasive wheels.This was mainly because the grinding advantages of the MA wheel were weakened for the difficult-to-cut FGH96 material.Moreover,both the BA and MA abrasive wheeIs exhibited severe tool wear in the form of wheel clogging and workpiece material adhesion.Finally,an analytical model for prediction of the grinding ratio was established by combining the tool wear volume,grinding force,and grinding length.The acceptable errors between the predicted and experimental grinding ratios(ranging from 0.6 to 1.8)were 7.56%and 6.31%for the BA and MA abrasive wheels,respectively.This model can be used to evaluate quantitatively the grinding performance of an alumina abrasive wheel,and is therefore helpful for optimizing the grinding parameters in the creep feed grinding process.

Prediction on grinding force during grinding powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with electroplated CBN abrasive wheel

In this article,a grinding force model,which is on the basis of cutting process of single abrasive grains combined with the method of theoretical derivation and empirical formula by analyzing the formation mechanism of grinding force,was established.Three key factors have been taken into accounts in this model,such as the contact friction force between abrasive grains and materials,the plastic deformation of material in the process of abrasive plowing,and the shear strain effect of material during the process of cutting chips formation.The model was finally validated by the orthogonal grinding experiment of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 by using the electroplated CBN abrasive wheel.Grinding force values of prediction and experiment were in good consistency.The errors of tangential grinding force and normal grinding force were 9.8%and 13.6%,respectively.The contributions of sliding force,plowing force and chip formation force were also analyzed.In addition,the tangential forces of sliding,plowing and chip formation are 14%,19%and 11%of the normal forces on average,respectively.The pro-posed grinding forcemodel is not only in favor of optimizing the grinding parameters and improving grinding efficiency,but also contributes to study some other grinding subjects(e.g.abrasive wheel wear,grinding heat,residual stress).

On－Line Identification of Grinding Burn and Wheel Wear Based on Grinding Chips Thermal Flow

The theoretical basis of the grinding chips thermal flow being regarded as the characteristic signal of on line identification is summarized. And on line identification of grinding burn and wheel wear based on the grinding chips thermal flow is introduc

PERFORMANCE OF BRAZED DIAMOND CUP-TYPE WHEELS WITH DEFINED GRAIN PATTERN IN GRINDING CEMENTED CARBIDE

A new cup-type grinding wheel of the brazed monolayer diamond is developed with a defined grain pattern on the wheel surface. Grinding performance of the brazed wheel in the surface grinding of cemented carbide is studied. Experimental results show that when continuous dry grinding is employed, grits of the brazed diamond grinding wheel fail mainly in attritious wear and fracture modes and no pull-out ones are found in conventional electroplated and sintered diamond wheels. It indicates the strong retention of brazing alloy to diamond grits and the longer service life of the wheel. In addition, the ground surface has good roughness. The theoretical surface roughness agrees well with experimental results.

Development of twin wheel creep-feed grinding machine using continuous dressing for machining of aircraft rotary wing

The purpose of this study is to develop a twin wheel creep-feed grinding machine using continuous dressing to machine precise axisymmetric turbine blades that have been difficult to machine using a conventional creep-feed machine.In order to develop such a machine,3D-modeling and machine simulations were performed and a twin wheel creep-feed grinding machine was manufactured.Furthermore,the axisymmetric precision of the machined workpieces through practical machining was evaluated and the quality of the continuous dressing effect of the developed machine was established.In addition,experimental considerations for a proper dresser-to-wheel speed ratio and proper feed rate of the dresser were carried out.As a result,a twin wheel creep-feed grinding machine with continuous dressing is developed through machine simulation,manufacturing and performance evaluation.Optimum condition for the dresser feed rate is 0.3μm/rev.In cases of large dressor-to-wheel speed ratio,grinding efficiency can be enhanced,but the surface roughness shows a conflicting trend.Developed twin wheel creep-feed grinding machine has satisfactory appraisal with regard to surface roughness,flatness,and parallelism.Satisfactory surface roughness below 0.1μm can be obtained for the blade of aircraft.However,in order to perform precise machining,it is necessary to improve the structure of the twin wheel creep-feed grinding machine.

复合纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮磨削SiC陶瓷的试验研究

提出一种复合纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮的制备方法,并对制备的砂轮进行SiC陶瓷的磨削试验,分析砂轮表面不同质量分数的复合纳米颗粒对磨削性能的影响。使用MoS2、TiO2纳米颗粒作为自润滑砂轮基底的填充材料,采用复合纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮和传统金刚石砂轮进行磨削对比试验,研究复合纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮的润滑机制。研究结果表明,复合纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮自释放的纳米颗粒有效地参与了磨削区间的润滑,砂轮的法相力、切向力降低,提升了工件表面质量。在磨削深度为2~8μm内,复合纳米自润滑金刚石砂轮的具体表现为法向磨削力降低18.6%~38.7%、切向磨削力降低11.2%~28.6%,工件表面粗糙度降低13.9%~41.5%。根据本试验所得数据,当砂轮表面复合纳米颗粒质量分数为8%时,润滑性能和工件表面质量最佳。

小半径曲线上P75钢轨打磨廓形设计及应用研究

以国内某重载铁路R400 m曲线P75钢轨为研究对象,建立了轮轨接触模型和轮径差曲线描述模型,选取代表性车轮踏面和钢轨廓形,采用轮径差曲线逆向求解法优化了轮轨接触区域钢轨廓形,并依据打磨量最小化原则设计得到了曲线钢轨打磨廓形。建立了实测参数下的车辆-轨道多体动力学仿真模型,对比分析了实测廓形和设计廓形匹配下的动力学指标。按钢轨廓形设计要求,在该R400 m曲线上实施了钢轨打磨试验和轮轨动力学测试。研究结果表明,优化后轮径差曲线趋于平滑,车辆曲线通过能力得到提高,抗脱轨能力得到保持;轮轨关系得到显著改善、轮轨接触点交叉跳跃和集中问题得到缓解;轮轨横向力减小20%以上,脱轨系数减小16%以上,钢轨法向接触应力减小32%以上,轮轨蠕滑力减小26%以上;实施打磨后,轮轨横向力减小34%以上,脱轨系数减小35%以上,钢轨振动加速度减小35%以上;打磨后3个月轨面疲劳伤损未见明显发展,钢轨使用寿命由前一换轨周期的8个月延长至13.5个月。仿真分析和打磨试验验证了钢轨廓形设计方法在重载铁路小半径曲线的应用效果。

基于多目标优化策略的曲线钢轨非对称打磨设计

铁路曲线钢轨打磨一直是养护维修工作的重点之一,虽然钢轨的磨损不可避免,但适当打磨型面能有效减缓磨损。为了降低打磨去除量,改善轮轨接触性能,提高铁路系统的安全性和经济性,提出一种基于多目标协方差矩阵自适应优化策略(MO-CMA-ES)的曲线段打磨型面设计方法。首先,通过主成分分析方法(PCA),从钢轨磨耗型面中选取代表性的磨耗型面作为初始种群。接着,采用NURBS曲线拟合算法对这些型面进行曲线拟合,以建立参数化模型。随后,使用MOCMA-ES算法进行多目标优化,其中目标函数包括降低打磨去除量、轮重减载率和轮轴横向力。根据每个型面在不同目标函数下的适应度值,进行种群的进化与连续迭代,直到满足终止条件,即适应度函数值不再显著变化。最后,从最终的种群中选取目标适应度值最小的子代个体作为最优解。优化结果显示,优化型面降低了45.3%的打磨去除量,同时内外轨轨顶的打磨下降高度分别降低了0.84 mm和0.23 mm。静态轮轨接触方面,优化后的轮轨接触点分布更加均匀,且轨距角过渡区域的跳跃现象得到改善。动力学性能方面,优化型面降低了列车车体的横向加速度和轮轨横向力。此外,有效减小了轮对的横向位移,并微幅降低了轮轨最大接触应力。研究结果为曲线钢轨打磨提供了一种智能化的设计方法与参考。

38CrMoAl渗氮钢微晶刚玉砂轮摆线磨削工艺试验研究

在实际磨削38CrMoAl渗氮钢过程中,存在磨削烧伤情况。本文分别采用白刚玉砂轮和微晶刚玉砂轮磨削38CrMoAl渗氮钢,对比研究了不同磨料类型刚玉砂轮对磨削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律。试验结果表明:相较于白刚玉砂轮,微晶刚玉砂轮磨削时磨削力降低了14.2%。基于正交试验方法,通过微晶刚玉砂轮平面磨削试验,探究了磨削工艺参数对磨削力和工件表面粗糙度的影响。结果分析表明:磨削深度对磨削力影响最大,其次是工件进给速度和砂轮转速;对于工件表面粗糙度而言,工件进给速度的影响最大,其次是砂轮速度和磨削深度。最终采用微晶刚玉砂轮对38CrMoAl渗氮钢齿轮样件进行批次加工,结果显示无磨削烧伤发生,且磨削表面质量得到了显著提高。

基于力信号的砂轮磨削状态在线监测研究

磨削过程监控是实现磨削加工智能化与保证制造质量的关键.磨削力是磨削加工过程中一个重要的伴随信号特征,它直接跟砂轮磨损程度、磨削热、砂轮与工件接触状态等事件之间有着密切联系.为了提升微晶刚玉砂轮磨削齿轮工艺的精密化、自动化与智能化水平,开展砂轮磨削状态在线监测与砂轮磨损机制研究,建立磨削力时频两域信号与砂轮–工件接触状态、砂轮磨损程度事件之间的内在关联,提出一种基于实时力信号的砂轮磨削状态的在线监测新方法.同时,采用激光共聚焦显微镜与扫描电镜表征分析了微晶刚玉砂轮形貌蕴含的磨损机理.研究表明,磨削力时域波谱的峭度、波形指标、峰值指标、脉冲指标等波形特征指标分布规律呈现为变切深磨削状态≥显著磨损砂轮的稳态磨削状态≥轻度磨损砂轮的稳态磨削状态>未接触状态的鲜明态势.然而,磨削力幅频谱的峭度、脉冲指标两项波形特征值在不同磨削状态下的变化规律却与时域信号截然相反.砂轮工作表面三维粗糙度随磨损演变呈现出先略微减小后增大的变化规律,而微晶刚玉磨粒的聚微晶结构使其拥有沿微晶界面呈现逐层解理剥落的更新自锐能力.

钨合金精密磨削砂轮磨损及对表面质量的影响机制

为了满足钨合金零件的高精度和高完整性表面加工需求,实现钨合金磨削质量的控制和加工工艺的优化,通过分析砂轮磨粒种类和结合剂类型对砂轮磨损形式的关系,明确了超硬磨料砂轮在钨合金磨削加工中的优势.研究了磨粒粒度和磨削参数对钨合金磨削加工质量的影响规律,为制定合理的磨削工艺提供依据.通过磨削试验获得钨合金高精度和高完整性表面磨削加工工艺.研究结果表明,钨合金磨削过程中砂轮易磨损,超硬磨料砂轮更适合钨合金的磨削加工.金属结合剂金刚石砂轮在钨合金磨削加工的表面质量和加工精度方面表现出优越性.通过改进磨削参数,钨合金精密磨削后表面粗糙度可达18.9nm,实现了镜面磨削效果.

基于MRAC+PID算法的机器人打磨力跟踪控制研究

针对铝合金轮毂打磨过程中末端执行器气动系统建模不准确以及外部环境干扰导致打磨过程中打磨力稳定性差的问题,提出了一种MRAC+PID混合控制策略来实现对打磨力的跟踪控制。首先对末端执行器进行建模和分析;然后采用MRAC+PID控制策略对末端执行器进行控制,其中通过构造李雅普诺夫函数来设计自适应控制律;最后通过仿真和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,MRAC+PID在提高系统的响应速度和抗干扰方面具有良好的控制性能,能够快速准确地跟踪期望打磨力,提高铝合金轮毂的表面打磨质量。

Influence of alumina abrasive tool wear on ground surface characteristics and corrosion properties of K444 nickel-based superalloy

K444 nickel-based superalloy is an important material to manufacture the gas turbine due to its excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures and corrosion resistance.Currently,grinding is the mostly used method for the surface finish of the K444 alloy components.However,few studies worked on the effects of the abrasive tool wear on the ground surface characteristics and corrosion properties of K444 alloy.This study uses two different-type alumina abrasive tools,i.e.,white alumina(WA)and microcrystalline alumina(MA)wheels,to grind the K444 alloy.The influence of the alumina abrasive tool wear on ground surface characteristics and corrosion resistance performance are investigated.It is discovered that the MA wheel presents a slighter wheel wear and higher self-sharpening than the WA wheel.Compared to the WA wheel,the MA wheel has less material adhesion,which leads to a better surface finish.In the corrosion testing,the maximum corrosion depth is 80μm in the surface ground by the MA wheel but 100μm in the surface ground by the WA wheel,which demonstrates that the MA wheel grinding benefits the surface corrosion resistance of K444 alloy.Therefore,this study could provide a guide to selecting the abrasive tools and optimizing the grinding process of the K444 alloy.