中国地鼠(Cricetulus griseus)染色体的三种带型

中国地鼠是产于我国北方的应用广泛的实验动物,早年由我国学者发现它对黑热病(LD小体)敏感^([1,2])。由此引起人们对这种动物的兴趣并试图进行人工繁殖^([3])。后来Yerganian^([4])花了较长时间把这种动物繁殖成纯系。伴随组织培养技术的发展,发现这种动物有染色体数少,细胞株易于获得,增殖传代快,二倍体细胞株稳定等优点,而被细胞遗传学和细胞生物学工作者广为利用。在六十年代初Bender和Gooch^([5])用这种动物进行了放射线与染色体畸变效应的研究,Hampar和Ellison^([6])用单纯疱疹病毒感染这种动物,研究了染色体的畸变。

Predatory Enemy of Harpalus griseus (panzer) against Pasture Pests

[ Objective] The paper aimed to study the biological property of predatory enemy of Harpalus griseus （panzer） against pasture pests. [ Method] H. griseus was collected to carry out biological feeding trial during late April to late October in 2008, predatory behavior was observed and the poisoning effect of pesticides on H. griseus was tested. [ Result] H. gdseus occurred generation in one year in Guizhou and overwintered in the soil in the form of adult. Adult was the main form to prey the quarry. One individual adult of H. griseus could mostly prey armyworm for 6.36 heads within 24 h, pesticides had obvious poison effect on H. gdseus in the former 10 d, while it mainly had repellent effect in the latter period. [ Conclusion] This study could provide theoretical foundation for protecting H. griseus and controlling pasture pests.

Photo-Identification Methods Reveal Seasonal and Long-Term Site-Fidelity of Risso’s Dolphins (<i>Grampus griseus</i>) in Shallow Waters (Cardigan Bay, Wales)

A photo-identification study on Risso’s dolphins was carried out off BardseyIslandinWales(July to September, 1997-2007). Their local abundance was estimated using two different analytical techniques: (1) mark-recapture of well-marked dolphins using a ‘closed-population’ model;and (2) a census technique based on the total number of identified individual dolphins sighted over the study period. The mark-recapture estimates of 121 (left sides;64 - 178 95% CI;CV 0.24) and 145 dolphins (right sides;78 - 213 95% CI;CV 0.24) closely matched the census technique estimates (population size of 90 - 151). It was found that the dolphins showed a degree of long-term and seasonal site-fidelity. A first long-distance match was made for Risso’s dolphins (319 km) betweenBardseyIslandandCornwall, confirming they can be wide-ranging animals. This study demonstrates that the combination of systematic and opportunistic photo-ID studies has complementary value as a population assessment tool in generating the first local abundance estimate for Risso’s dolphins inUKwaters. From the conservation perspective, these studies confirm the regular presence of Risso’s dolphins in these waters and the presence of calves shows breeding.BardseyIslandmay be part of a network of localities that are important habitats to this species where it may take advantage of prey abundance in shallow waters. As such, results of this study may provide assistance to include the Risso’s dolphin in future regional conservation strategies including the envisaged marine protected areas.

灰裂腹鱼肌肉营养分析与评价

采用常规生化分析方法对灰裂腹鱼(Schizothorax griseus)肌肉进行分析并评价。分析的主要指标:常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素。灰裂腹鱼的含肉率为71.22%,肌肉鲜样的粗蛋白含量高达22.98%,粗脂肪含量低,为1.35%。其干样含有18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量(TAA)为77.02%,包括8种人体必需氨基酸(EAA),总量为31.69%,必需氨基酸的构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准;灰裂腹鱼的第一限制性氨基酸是色氨酸(Trp),赖氨酸(Lys)的氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)都最高,分别为2.28和1.76,呈味氨基酸的总量为34.73%;肌肉干样的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量分别为24.4%、41.3%、25.6%;一共检测到8种矿物质元素铁、锰、锌、铜、钙、镁、钾、钠,其比例合理。结论:灰裂腹鱼味道鲜美,具有较高的营养价值和巨大的开发潜能。

Non-invasive genetic analysis indicates low population connectivity in vulnerable Chinese gorals:concerns for segregated population management

Detailed information on the size and genetic structure of wildlife populations is critical for developing effective conservation strategies, especially for those species that have suffered population decline and fragmentation due to anthropogenic activities. In the present study, we used a non-invasive approach combining fecal pellet sampling with mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA microsatellite marker analysis to monitor and compare the population structure of the Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus) in Beijing and northeast Inner Mongolia in China. Of the 307 fecal samples confirmed to be from N. griseus, 15 individuals (nine females and six males) were found in the Beijing population and 61 individuals (37 females and 24 males) were found in the Inner Mongolian population. Among these 76 individuals, we identified eight haplotypes and 13 nucleotide polymorphic sites from mtDNA and 45 alleles from 10 microsatellite loci. Spatially structured genetic variation and a significant level of genetic differentiation were observed between the two populations. In both populations, the sex ratios were skewed toward females, indicating high reproductive potential, which is crucial for population recovery and conservation of this patchily distributed vulnerable species. We suggest that managing the two populations as evolutionarily significant units with diverse genetic backgrounds could be an effective solution for present population recovery, with the possible relocation of individuals among different groups to help ensure future goral species prosperity.

肥水培育灰裂腹鱼鱼苗试验

为研究池内肥水培育灰裂腹鱼(Schizothorax griseus)鱼苗存活、长势效果,2019年5月19日至7月26日利用灰裂腹鱼亲鱼进行人工授精、孵化出仔鱼,在经肥水的长方形池内进行培育试验。结果表明:灰裂腹鱼鱼苗存活率达88.75%,平均全长6.02 cm,末均重1.1161 g/尾,培养过程中无鱼病发生,养殖成本低。

灰裂腹鱼水霉病的防治试验

2019年3月24日至4月22日,选择三个患水霉病灰裂腹鱼(Schizothorax griseus)养殖池,设试验1组、2组和对照组;试验1组通过Vc应激宝、霉立净、聚维酮碘及应激活力源等水产药物,试验2组通过氯化钠、小苏打两种药物,进行了一个月治疗,病鱼身上小白点消失,恢复正常摄食和游动,试验1组、试验2组成活率分别达到88.2%、81.7%,而对照组病鱼身上小白点未消失,不摄食、游动迟缓异常,成活率为65.4%。

Enhanced catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity of Streptomyces griseus trypsin by evolution‑guided mutagenesis

Streptomyces griseus trypsin(SGT)is a bacteria-sourced trypsin that could be potentially applied to industrial insulin productions.However,SGT produced by microbial hosts displayed low catalytic efficiency and undesired preference to lysine residue.In this study,by engineering theαsignal peptide in Pichia pastoris,we increased the SGT amidase activity to 67.91 U mL^(−1)in shake flask cultures.Afterwards,we engineered SGT by evolution-guided mutagenesis and obtained three variants A45S,V177I and E180M with increased catalytic efficiencies.On this basis,we performed iterative combinatorial mutagenesis and constructed a mutant A45S/V177I/E180M which the amidase activity reached 98 U mL^(−1)in shake flasks and 2506 U mL^(−1)in 3-L fed-batch cultures.Moreover,single mutation T190 to S190 increased the substrate catalytic preference of R to K and the R/K value was improved to 7.5,which was 2 times better than the animal-sourced trypsin.

菌株Streptomyces griseus subsp.griseus CGMCC4.18对熊果酸的微生物转化

目的熊果酸是存在于多种天然植物中的一种三萜类化合物,因具有广泛的生物活性而备受关注。笔者拟通过对其进行结构修饰,以增加熊果酸的结构多样性,为筛选活性更好的化合物奠定基础。方法本研究首次利用链霉菌Streptomyces griseus subsp.griseus CGMCC 4.18,通过微生物转化的方式对熊果酸进行结构修饰与改造。结果得到化学方法难以得到且微生物转化中稀有的2位羟基化产物corosolic acid(2α,3β-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid)以及A环C-C单键打开的产物3,4-seco-ursan-4-hydroxy-12-en-3,28-dioic acid,更为可贵的是2位羟基的立体结构是α构型,这在微生物转化中是非常少见的。转化产物的结构通过波谱数据以及报道文献得知。结论通过链霉菌Streptomyces griseus subsp.griseus CGMCC 4.18对熊果酸进行结构改造,可以有效地增加熊果酸结构的多样性,这也充分体现了微生物转化具有区域选择性强、立体选择性高的特点。

Microbial specific carboxylation of (–)-huperzine A by Streptomyces griseus

In a scale-up microbial transformation of（–）-huperzine A（1） by Streptomyces griseus CACC 200300, a specific carboxylated derivative（2） was yielded together with two known hydroxylated metabolites. The structure of 2 was characterized as 16-carboxyl huperzine A on the basis of IR, HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data analysis.

Microbial Hydroxylation of Quinovic Acid Glycoside by Streptomyces griseus ACCT 13273

Microbial transformation of a triterpene glycoside, quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside by Streptomyces griseus ACCT 13273 was achieved with the aim of generating new bio-active derivatives. Preparative-scale biotransformation with standard two-stage fermentation protocol afforded a new oxidized metabolite, as a result of the hydroxylation of the methyl group at C-30, which was difficult to achieve by chemical means. The metabolite was elucidated based on extensive NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses.

Diet,dietary selectivity and density of South American grey fox,Lycalopex griseus,in Central Chile

The South American grey fox Lycalopex griseus is a canid widely distributed in southern South America;however,some aspects of its biology are still poorly known.We studied the diet and density of L.griseus in the Lago Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve,in Central Chile.The trophic niche breadth was B=6.16(B_(sta)=0.47)and prey diversity was H′=2.46(H_(max)′=3.17,J′=0.78).The highest proportions of prey consumed in the diet were Oryctolagus cuniculus(52.21%)and other mammals(32.78%).We compared these results with a latitudinal gradient of diet results for this species in Chile.L.griseus eats mostly mammals(>90%of total prey),consuming the rodent Phyllotis darwini and reptiles in the northern zone;Oryctolagus cuniculus,Octodon degus and Abrocoma bennetti in the central zone;Abrothrix spp.and lagomorphs in the southern zone;and Lepus capensis and Ovis aries in the austral zone.The estimated density of L.griseus in Lago Peñuelas NR was 1.3 foxes/km^(2).

The enantioselective synthesis of(4S,5S)-and(4S,5R)-5-hydroxy-4-decanolide,the autoregulators from Strepotomyces griseus

(4S,5S)-and(4S,5R)-5-Hydroxy-4-decanolide(1a and 1b),the proposed autoregula- tors from Strepotomyces Griseus were synthesized from a propargyl alcohol 2 in an overall yield of 30%,employing the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation as the key step.

An empirical movement model for sixgill sharks in Puget Sound： Combining observed and unobserved behavior

Understanding the movement of animals is fundamental to population and community ecology. Historically, it has been difficult to quantify movement patterns of most fishes, but technological advances in acoustic telemetry have increased our abilities to monitor their movement. In this study, we combined small-scale active acoustic tracking with large-scale passive acoustic monitoring to develop an empirical movement model for sixgill sharks in Puget Sound, WA, USA. We began by testing whether a correlated random walk model described the daily movement of sixgills; however, the model failed to capture home-ranging behavior. We added this behavior and used the resultant model （a biased random walk model） to determine whether daily movement patterns are able to explain large-scale seasonal movement. The daily model did not explain the larger-scale pat- terns of movement observed in the passive monitoring data. In order to create the large-scale patterns, sixgills must have per- formed behaviors （large, fast directed movements） that were unobserved during small-scale active tracking. In addition, seasonal shifts in location were not captured by the dally model. We added these ＇unobserved＇ behaviors to the model and were able to capture large-scale seasonal movement of sixgill sharks over 150 days. The development of empirical models of movement al- lows researchers to develop hypotheses and test mechanisms responsible for a species movement behavior and spatial distribution. This knowledge will increase our ability to successfully manage species of concern [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 103-115, 2012].

Effect of toasting grain silages from field peas(Pisum sativum)and field beans(Vicia faba)on in vitro gas production,methane production,and post-ruminal crude protein content

Legume grains such as field peas and field beans can be produced on a local level,and may be reliable sources of dietary protein and energy apart from common soybean and rapeseed meals.In ruminants,protein,starch,and carbohydrates from peas and field beans are fermented in large part before reaching the small intestine.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of ensiling and hydro-thermic treatment(i.e.,toasting at 160℃for 30 min)of grains of peas and field beans on the concentrations of post-ruminal crude protein(PRCP)and rumen-undegraded protein(RUP).Moreover,24-h gas production and methane production were measured.For this,an in vitro batch culture system with ruminal fluid from sheep was used.Rumen-undegraded protein was determined using the Streptomyces griseus protease test.Scanning electron micrographs were used to visualize morphological changes of starch granules and their joint matrices in peas and field beans after ensiling,toasting,or a combination of both.Native pea grains contained crude protein(CP)at 199 g/kg DM,PRCP at 155 g/kg DM at a ruminal passage rate of 0.08/h(Kp8),RUP at 33 g/kg DM at Kp8,and starch at 530 g/kg DM.Native field beans contained CP at 296 g/kg DM,PRCP at 212 g/kg DM at Kp8,RUP at 54 g of/kg DM at Kp8,and starch at 450 g/kg DM.The PRCP did not considerably differ among native and treated peas or field beans.Especially in the peas,RUP at Kp8 increased after ensiling by 10 g/kg DM(i.e.,30%;P<0.05).Toasting increased RUP(Kp8)in ensiled peas by another 28%(P<0.05).Toasting had no effect on PRCP or RUP when the peas or field beans were not ensiled before.Gas and methane production were not affected by any treatment,and scanning electron micrographs did not reveal structural changes on the starches doubtless of any treatment.Protein seemed to be more affected by treatment with ensiled+toasted peas than with ensiled+toasted field beans,but starches and other carbohydrates from both legumes remained unaffected.

Nitrogen fractionation of certain conventional-and lesser-known by-products for ruminants

Dietary proteins for ruminants are fractionated according to solubility, degradability and digestibility. In the present experiment, 11 vegetable protein meals and cakes used in ruminant nutrition were included with a main focus on determining various nitrogen(N) fractions in vitro. Total N(N×6.25) content varied from 22.98%(mahua cake) to 65.16%(maize gluten meal), respectively. Guar meal korma contained the lowest and rice gluten meal had the highest acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN; N×6.25). Boratephosphate insoluble N(BIN, N×6.25) and Streptomyces griseus protease insoluble N(PIN; N×6.25) were higher(P<0.01) in maize gluten meal than in other feeds, whereas groundnut cake and sunflower cake had lower(P < 0.01) BIN, and PIN, respectively. Available N, calculated with the assumption that ADIN is indigestible, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. Furthermore, rapid and slowly degradable N(N × 6.25) was found to be higher(P < 0.01) in groundnut cake and coconut cake, respectively. Intestinal digestion of rumen undegradable protein, expressed as percent of PIN, was maximum in guar meal korma and minimum in rice gluten meal. It was concluded that vegetable protein meals differed considerably in N fractions, and therefore, a selective inclusion of particular ingredient is needed to achieve desired level of N fractions to aid precision N rationing for an improved production performance of ruminants.