Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Org...Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.展开更多
This paper demonstrates that Marshall’s logic on the supply and demand curve is not rigorous enough,that Coase’s theorem is flawed,and that the“Okishio Theorem”and Sweezy s logic are inadequate through empirical p...This paper demonstrates that Marshall’s logic on the supply and demand curve is not rigorous enough,that Coase’s theorem is flawed,and that the“Okishio Theorem”and Sweezy s logic are inadequate through empirical proof.By the way,the Goldbach conjecture is proved through clever mathematical proof.It shows that beautiful curves and mathematical formulas cannot be separated from reality and logic,and correct logic can play a correct role in market theory.In this paper,the analysis of the actual supply and demand curve,as well as the concepts and models of tax,profit rate and income,has positive practical significance for economic depression and stagflation.展开更多
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)proposal for taxation of digital economy constitutes one of the most ambitious projects in the field of taxation and may lead to the most significant ref...The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)proposal for taxation of digital economy constitutes one of the most ambitious projects in the field of taxation and may lead to the most significant reform to international tax rules in the 20th century.Based on a two-pillar approach,Pillar Two of the proposal suggests the adoption of Global Anti-Base Erosion(GloBE)provisions that are aimed at introducing a worldwide minimum tax.In this article,a critical analysis is based that the GloBE proposal suggests that it represents a shift in the OECD policy.As compared to base erosion and profit shifting(BEPS),it jeopardizes the tax sovereignty of jurisdictions and it raises fundamental challenges of implementation,both in terms of amendments to domestic law and conflicts with tax treaties.展开更多
文摘Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.
文摘This paper demonstrates that Marshall’s logic on the supply and demand curve is not rigorous enough,that Coase’s theorem is flawed,and that the“Okishio Theorem”and Sweezy s logic are inadequate through empirical proof.By the way,the Goldbach conjecture is proved through clever mathematical proof.It shows that beautiful curves and mathematical formulas cannot be separated from reality and logic,and correct logic can play a correct role in market theory.In this paper,the analysis of the actual supply and demand curve,as well as the concepts and models of tax,profit rate and income,has positive practical significance for economic depression and stagflation.
文摘The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)proposal for taxation of digital economy constitutes one of the most ambitious projects in the field of taxation and may lead to the most significant reform to international tax rules in the 20th century.Based on a two-pillar approach,Pillar Two of the proposal suggests the adoption of Global Anti-Base Erosion(GloBE)provisions that are aimed at introducing a worldwide minimum tax.In this article,a critical analysis is based that the GloBE proposal suggests that it represents a shift in the OECD policy.As compared to base erosion and profit shifting(BEPS),it jeopardizes the tax sovereignty of jurisdictions and it raises fundamental challenges of implementation,both in terms of amendments to domestic law and conflicts with tax treaties.
