Analysis of Application Status and Recommendations for Shade-Tolerant Lawns and Ground Cover Plants in the West Lake Scenic Area

Taking 8 parks in Xihu Scenic Area as the survey objects, this study found that there are 77 kinds of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants under the forest in good growth condition, and there are 3 types of application forms: dense forest, sparse forest and forest edge. In response to the existing problems, it is proposed that it is necessary to adhere to principles of ecology, adapt to local conditions and plant suitable varieties in accordance with local conditions, develop and use new varieties of wild shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, and strengthen the promotion of the mixed planting model of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, so as to provide guidance for the better use of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover under the forest in the West Lake Scenic Area in the future.

Study on the Ground Cover Plant in Tibetan Herb Garden

This paper conducts a comprehensive survey of the ground cover plant in Tibetan herb garden for the first time using " five-point sampling method". Survey results show that:(i) A total of 46 families,95 genera,119 species of ground cover plants in herb garden are applied in Tibet,and Asteraceae,Gramineae,Leguminosae,Labiatae,Iridaceae and Liliaceae are used most,with the species number of 22,15,8,7,6 and 5,respectively,accounting for 18. 49%,12. 61%,6. 72%,5. 88%,5. 04% and 4. 20% of the plants surveyed,respectively.(ii) In terms of importance value for the herbaceous layer,the top three plants are Poa pratensis L.,Festuca arundinace and Lolium multiflorum L.,with the importance value of 45. 950,34. 610 and 29. 880,respectively; in terms of importance value for the non-turf ground cover herb plants,the top three plants are Trifolium L.,Cosmos bipinnata Cav. and Althaea rosea(Linn.) Cavan.,with the importance value of4. 372,3. 437 and 2. 062,respectively.(iii) The overall level of greening is low and uneven in the region,with large regional differences. In terms of ground cover plant abundance,Nyingchi > Lhasa > Shannan > Changdu > Xigaze > Ali > Nagqu.

Investigation and Evaluation of Ground Covers in Botanical Garden of Chengdu

After investigating species and application forms of ground covers in Botanical Garden of Chengdu, the application quality evaluation system was established from the perspective of ornamental, adaptive and applicable characteristics of ground covers, AHP and K-Means adopted to evaluate and grade major ground covers. The results showed that there are 93 ground cover species in Botanic Garden of Chengdu, belonging to 82 genera of 47 families. Major application means of the ground covers in the garden were introduced, covering fl ower bed, roadside, waterfront, under woods, lawn, rockery decoration. Application quality of the 38 major ground covers was evaluated comprehensively, and the qualifi cation rate achieved 97.39%, i.e. these plants are able to meet ecological, beautifying and social functions in the garden.

Landscape Application of Ground Covers in Beijing Highway

Ground cover is a necessary component of highway green space, and as a background color of landscape, it enriches landscape hierarchy, reflects regional characteristics, and reduces maintenance cost. By analyzing application of ground covers in some sections of 6 highways in Beijing, China, selection standards, application species, and planting designs of ground covers in highway green spaces of Beijing were explored, so as to enrich the application species, optimize landscape designs, and enhance the application of under-bridge ground covers.

Preliminary Study on Dynamic Changes of Insect Communities in Airport Ground Cover Areas in Different Weather Conditions

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate insect activity rhythms in airport ground cover areas,and provide guidance for insect control and bird strike prevention.[Methods]The daily rhythm of insects in the northern area of the airport was studied,and their activity rhythms and characteristics under different weather conditions were analyzed.[Results]In rainy days,the insect number in the three sample areas was low.In cloudy days,insect activity was relatively stable,and insect number was consistent in the morning and evening,and maintained in a stable range,while in sunny weather,insect activity was increased,and the number changed greatly with time.For a single tussock plant growth area,the number of insects was at a relatively low level under rainy weather.In fine weather,the peak period of insect activity was between 10:00-11:00 and 14:00-15:00.[Conclusions]This study can provide a reference for the formulation of safe flight departure time.

Study on Ability of Ground Cover Plant of Taiyuan to Adsorb PM(2.5)

Four ground cover plant species of Taiyuan（ Iris,Hemerocallis,Sedum,Hosta） were selected to study their capacities in adsorbing PM（2.5）. Meanwhile,the concentration of PM（2.5） in Taiyuan between April 2017 and August 2017 was recorded,and the characteristics of PM（2.5） pollution in summer and autumn in Taiyuan were studied. The results showed that for the 4 plants,the ability to adsorb PM（2.5） was in the order from great to small of Hosta,Iris,Hemerocallis,Sedum,in which H. plantaginea had the best effect to adsorb PM（2.5）. The fresh weight and dry weight per gram of H. plantaginea were 4. 4 times and 2 times higher than those of S. spectabile,while the mass quality of dust adsorption was 2.8 times higher. The sorting result was the same as the ability to adsorb PM（2.5） of unit leaf area. The result of the coefficient of purification showed that the purification coefficients of 3 vegetation structure were positive,and the combination of trees and shrubs in university campus had strong PM（2.5） adsorption capacity. By comparing the seasonal variation of PM（2.5） concentration in Taiyuan city,it found that the PM（2.5） concentration was particularly high in late spring and early summer of Taiyuan,when most of the ground cover plants were not fully grown. Therefore,ground cover plants played an important role in the construction of landscape and the regulation of ecological environment in Taiyuan.

Feasibility of using polypropylene ground cover upon consideration of long-term responses of sweet cherry nutrition and profitability

The impacts of synthetic polypropylene ground cover in the row area of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees (‘Regina’/’Gisela 6’) on soil nutrient availability, tree mineral nutrition and productivity, and economic returns were investigated on a Van Horn fine sandy loam soil at Hood River OR, from 2000 to 2007. Treatments included 2.44-m wide synthetic fabric ground cover made of black, woven poly-propylene over the row area of cherry trees (woven fabric), and no ground cover but with herbicide applications in the row area with the same width as the polypropylene ground cover (herbicide strip) – standard industry practice. This article reports the plant nutrition and soil fertility results of 2006 and 2007 and profitability and feasibility results of 2000 to 2007. Tree leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly higher with 9 to 14% increases using woven fabric compared with herbicide strip in 2006 and 2007. However, leaf sulfur (S) concentrations were significantly lowered with woven fabric in the two seasons. Woven fabric resulted in fruit with comparable quality and possible greater storability under enhanced fruit yields than herbicide strip in both years. Woven fabric was more profitable than herbicide strip based on an additional net present value of $2,606 ha-1 by the end of this study. Woven fabric had annual gross returns greater than annual costs in the fourth year after planting by $8,181 ha-1 relative to herbicide strip, and had cumulative net returns greater than total costs of all previous years in the sixth year after planting by $17,796 ha-1 over herbicide strip. However, to establish a sweet cherry orchard with woven fabric, the grower would spend an additional $4,332 ha-1 over herbicide strip. In conclusion, woven fabric is a profitable and sustainable in-row ground management alternative to herbicide strip for orchards from a long-term perspective.

Effects of Snow Cover on Ground Thermal Regime： A Case Study in Heilongjiang Province of China

The important effects of snow cover to ground thermal regime has received much attention of scholars during the past few decades. In the most of previous research, the effects were usually evaluated through the numerical models and many important results are found. However, less examples and insufficient data based on field measurements are available to show natural cases. In the present work, a typical case study in Mohe and Beijicun meteorological stations, which both are located in the most northern tip of China, is given to show the effects of snow cover on the ground thermal regime. The spatial(the ground profile) and time series analysis in the extremely snowy winter of 2012–2013 in Heilongjiang Province are also performed by contrast with those in the winter of 2011–2012 based on the measured data collected by 63 meteorological stations. Our results illustrate the positive(warmer) effect of snow cover on the ground temperature(GT) on the daily basis, the highest difference between GT and daily mean air temperature(DGAT) is as high as 32.35℃. Moreover, by the lag time analysis method it is found that the response time of GT from 0 cm to 20 cm ground depth to the alternate change of snow depth has 10 days lag, while at 40 cm depth the response of DGAT is not significant. This result is different from the previous research by modeling, in which the response depth of ground to the alteration of snow depth is far more than 40 cm.

Study of seasonal snow cover influencing the ground thermal regime on western flank of Da Xing'anling Mountains,northeastern China

Although many studies relevant to snow cover and permafrost have focused on alpine, arctic, and subarctic areas, there is still a lack of understanding of the influences of seasonal snow cover on the thermal regime of the soils in permafrost regions in the mid-latitudes and boreal regions, such as that on the westem flank of the Da Xing＇anling （Hinggan） Mountains, northeastern China. This paper gives a detailed analysis on meteorological data series from 2001 to 2010 provided by the Gen＇he Weather Station, which is located in a talik of discontinuous permafrost zone and with sparse meadow on the observation field. It is inferred that snow cover is important for the ground thermal regime in the middle Da Xing＇anling Mountains. Snow cover of 10-cm in thickness and five to six months in duration （generally November to next March） can reduce the heat loss from the ground to the atmosphere by 28%, and by 71% if the snow depth increases to 36 cm. Moreover, the occurrence of snow cover resulted in mean annual ground surface temperatures 4.7-8.2℃ higher than the mean annual air temperatures recorded at the Gen＇he Weather Station, The beginning date for stable snow cover establishment （SE date） and the initial snow depth （SDi） also had a great influences on the ground freezing process. Heavy snowfall before ground surface freeze-up could postpone and retard the freezing process in Gen＇he. As a result, the duration of ground freezing was shortened by at least 20 days and the maximum depth of frost penetration was as much as 90 cm shallower.

FAST BREEDING OF GROUND-COVER CHRYSANTHEMUM

The experiment of tissue culture of ground-cover chrysanthemum with the tip of shoots as the explant was made. On MS medium, with adding BA 3.0 mg/ L and NAA 0.01mg / L, the adventitious buds had the best multip1ication result. The best result for taking roots was obtained on 1 / 2 MS medium with adding NAA 0.1 mg / L. It had good result and a high survival rate for transplanting the young test-tube plants into soil whcn they were 3-4 cm high,with 5-7 rootlets (0.5- 1.0 cm in length). 30% of edible powdered sugar was uscd to replace sucrose in order to lower thc cost and the same results were obtained.

Variability and Long-Term Trend of Total Cloud Cover in China Derived from ISCCP, ERA-40, CRU3, and Ground Station Datasets

Total Cloud Cover (TCC) over China determined from four climate datasets including the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the 40-year Re-Analysis Project of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40), Climate Research Unit Time Series 3.0 (CRU3), and ground station datasets are used to show spatial and temporal variation of TCC and their differences. It is demonstrated that the four datasets show similar spatial pattern and seasonal variation. The maximum value is derived from ISCCP. TCC value in North China derived from ERA-40 is 50% larger than that from the station dataset; however, the value is 50% less than that in South China. The annual TCC of ISCCP, ERA-40, and ground station datasets shows a decreasing trend during 1984-2002; however, an increasing trend is derived from CRU3. The results of this study imply remarkable differences of TCC derived from surface and satellite observations as well as model simulations. The potential effects of these differences on cloud climatology and associated climatic issues should be carefully considered.

基于LBM-DEM细观数值模拟的水力诱导覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷发育过程分析

文章以水力驱动的覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷为背景,基于离散元方法和格子Boltzmann方法,采用Bouzidi插值反弹边界格式和动量交换法,建立一种可以从细观角度模拟覆盖型岩溶塌陷的二维格子Boltzmann方法—离散元方法流固耦合模型。在此基础上对承压水下降引起的覆盖型岩溶塌陷数值模拟开展了探索性研究。模拟结果表明:承压水位下降工况中地下水主要对隔水层岩溶开口处的颗粒产生影响,对土洞周围土体产生向下的作用力;土体颗粒的剥落容易造成土颗粒原位置和上方位置处水压的陡降,从而造成较强的水力坡降,使得地下水对内部颗粒作用力陡增,容易引起上方颗粒在地下水作用力和重力作用下失稳,导致从土体颗粒失稳至土层塌陷逐渐加速。研究成果对进一步从细观尺度进行水力驱动的覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷的发育过程与特征研究具有理论及实际意义。

山东枣园地被植物对土壤固碳能力的影响

为明确枣园常用地被植物吸收二氧化碳(CO_(2))能力及其对土壤固碳能力的影响,选择可有效降低空气中温室气体的鼠茅草、长柔毛野豌豆和油菜等草品种,以自然生草为对照,研究分析不同地被植物吸收碳的能力,刈割覆盖后生物量损失量、残渣分解初期碳含量、分解末期碳含量和土壤有机碳含量的变化,为枣园地被植物选择提供依据。结果表明:长柔毛野豌豆吸收碳的能力最强,达3596.7~4822.3kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1);自然生草刈割覆盖并分解3个月后残渣剩余碳最多,在1164.55~2529.97kg·hm^(-2);油菜碳释放碳量高于其他3种地被植物,平均5679.7 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),最高达6316.67kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),是对照的1.56倍;油菜使土壤固定的有机碳最多,达4790.75kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),为对照的1.4倍。

赣州市园林地被植物资源筛选评价及园林应用研究

为评价地被植物在赣州城市绿地中的表现,筛选出适合城市园林应用的地被植物品种,采用层次分析法构建赣州市园林地被植物综合评价体系,从观赏性、生物学特性、应用潜力3方面筛选出13个评价指标,对赣州市园林应用的75种地被植物进行评价与分级。结果表明:观赏期、显示度、适应性等指标在园林地被植物占较大权重,其中Ⅰ级(3.6<Q≤4.0)有9种,Ⅱ级(3.2<Q≤3.6)有29种,Ⅲ级(2.8<Q≤3.2)有25种,Ⅳ级(Q≤2.8)有12种。

生态地质调查方法与评价体系研究——以京西“一线四矿”地区为例

生态地质作为一门新兴交叉学科,诸多学者对其研究内容、工作思路、技术手段、服务目标等进行了探索。以京西“一线四矿”为研究对象,阐述了以服务于生态保护和修复为目标的生态地质调查总体思路和工作方法,建立了生态地质分区评价指标体系。研究结果表明:生态地质分区评价能够直观反映生态地质本底特征,是生态地质条件优劣的直接表现;“地理+地质+生态”三要素融合的生态地质分区评价模式,建立了1个目标层、3个准则层、10个指标层的评价指标体系,其中地理环境权重0.1226,地质环境权重0.6011,生态环境权重0.2763。以地质建造为分类单元,地表基质层支撑力由强到弱分别是中性侵入岩建造、陆源碎屑岩建造、中性喷出岩建造、基性喷出岩建造、碳酸盐岩建造。京西“一线四矿”地区(287 km^(2))生态地质条件良好区面积105.9 km^(2),占比36.9%;一般区面积78.7 km^(2),占比27.4%;较差区面积102.4 km^(2),占比35.7%。在京西“一线四矿”及周边区域协同发展概念规划总体策划范围(99 km^(2)),圈定出乔木生长适宜区面积58.6 km^(2),灌木生长适宜区面积40.4 km^(2)。

Advanced land observing satellite data to identify ground vegetation in a juniper forest,northeast Iran

Juniperus excelsa subsp.polycarpos,(Persian juniper),is found in northeast Iran.In this study,the relationship between ground cover and vegetation indices have been investigated using remote sensing data for a Persian juniper forest.Multispectral data were analyzed based on the Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 and panchromatic data obtained by the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping sensors,both on board the advanced land observing satellite(ALOS).The ground cover was calculated using field survey data from 25 sub-sample plots and the vegetation indices were derived with 595 maximum filtering algorithm from ALOS data.R2 values were calculated for the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and various soil-adjusted vegetation indices(SAVI)with soilbrightness-dependent correction factors equal to 1 and 0.5,a modified SAVI(MSAVI)and an optimized SAVI(OSAVI).R2 values for the NDVI,MSAVI,OSAVI,SAVI(1),and SAVI(0.5)were 0.566,0.545,0.619,0.603,and 0.607,respectively.Total ratio vegetation index for arid and semi-arid regions based on spectral wavelengths of ALOS data with an R2 value 0.633 was considered.Results of the current study will be useful for forest inventories in arid and semi-arid regions in addition to assisting decisionmaking for natural resource managers.

不同细度重质碳酸钙在PVC压延膜中的应用研究

分析了两种矿种制备出的不同细度重质碳酸钙(南召1号~8号和连州1号~5号)的性能指标,研究了这些不同细度重质碳酸钙粉体应用于PVC压延膜对其白度、拉伸强度、耐热性能与遮盖性能的影响。研究结果发现:从南召1号到8号,粉体的粒径在逐渐变小,粒径分布逐渐变窄,白度和吸油值均在逐渐增加;连州1号到5号粉体具有类似的变化规律。南召1号至8号粉体随着粉体白度和细度的提升,其应用于PVC压延膜的白度、拉伸强度、耐热性和遮盖力性能都在明显提升,其中,5号以上的产品填充PVC压延膜可以获得较好的综合性能,7号具有最佳的综合性能。连州1号至5号填充PVC压延膜,白度变化不大,拉伸强度增大,耐热性能和遮盖性能逐渐变好,其中,3号以上的产品均可获得较好的综合性能,5号具有最佳的综合性能。

Snow cover influences the thermal regime of active layer in Urumqi River Source,Tianshan Mountains,China

Snow cover is characterized by the high albedo, low thermal conductivity, and notable heat transition during phase changes. Thus, snow cover significantly affects the ground thermal regime. A comparison of the snow cover in high latitudes or high-altitude snowy mountain regions indicates that the eastern Tianshan Mountains(China) show a characteristically thin snow cover(snow depth below 15 cm) with remarkable temporal variability. Based on snow depth, heat flux, and ground temperature from 2014 to 2015 in the Urumqi River source, the spatialtemporal characteristics of snow cover and snow cover influences on the thermal conditions of active layer in the permafrost area were analyzed. During the autumn(Sept.-Oct.), thin and discontinuous snow cover can noticeably accelerate the exothermic process of the ground, producing a cooling effect on the shallow soil. During the winter(Nov.-Mar.), it is inferred that the effective thermal insulation starts with snow depth exceeding 10 cm during early winter.However, the snow depth in this area is generally below 15 cm, and the resulting snow-induced thermal insulation during the winter is very limited. Due to common heavy snowfalls in the spring(Apr. to May), the monthly mean snow thickness in April reached to 15 cm and remained until mid-May. Snow cover during the spring significantly retarded the ground warming. Broadly, snow cover in the study area exerts a cooling effect on the active layer and plays a positive role in the development and preservation of permafrost.

承德坝上高原如意河流域地表基质调查与编图探索

地表基质调查与编图是当前自然资源调查监测体系中的全新领域,但如何开展还缺乏统一的行动指南。在总结地球关键带理论和地表基质调查研究现状的基础上,充分借鉴区域地质、工程地质、第四纪地质、水文地质、环境地质等调查与编图表达方式,以承德坝上高原如意河流域为研究区,探索建立了基于地球关键带理论的地表基质调查与图件编制方法。基于野外调查结果,将如意河流域划分为玄武岩、安山岩、凝灰岩、流纹岩、冲洪积砂砾石、残坡积砂砾石、风积沙、湖积淤泥和沼积淤泥等9种地表基质类型,研究了不同类型地表基质的分布特征、调查和监测指标,编制了风积沙厚度空间分布图、地表基质与地表覆盖层耦合关系图和地表基质层图。地表基质厚度空间分布图可展布不同类型地表基质厚度的空间分布特征,地表基质与地表覆盖层耦合关系图可直观刻画地表基质的剖面结构特征和理化性质对地表覆盖生态要素的约束作用,地表基质图能系统地反映地表基质与地表覆盖层的结构、展布、特征和耦合关系。地表基质系列图件是岩-土-水-生等地球关键带多圈层交互作用在地质图上的反映。该研究可为在全国范围开展地表基质调查与编图提供参考。

铺设闪蒸法农用地膜对西瓜田昆虫群落及病毒病的影响

为了明确铺设闪蒸法农用地膜对西瓜田昆虫群落及病毒病的影响,在西瓜田间铺设闪蒸法农用地膜,并在瓜田悬挂黄色粘虫板诱集监测田间昆虫数量,在西瓜采收前调查病毒病发病率。结果表明,在西瓜生长初期铺设闪蒸法农用地膜对瓜田的瓜蚜、瓜蓟马、叶蝉类和盲蝽类等昆虫有显著的驱避作用。与常规铺设黑色地膜相比,增铺闪蒸法农用地膜后1~8 d,瓜蚜、瓜蓟马、叶蝉类、盲蝽类诱集的数量分别减少了96.12%、99.13%、85.89%、100.00%,只有甲虫数量上升;铺设闪蒸法农用地膜后9~15 d,瓜蚜、瓜蓟马、叶蝉类、盲蝽类诱集数量分别减少11.11%、94.02%、93.60%、81.82%,铺设闪蒸法农用地膜区域病毒病的病株率较对照区域下降了32.35%。综上所述,闪蒸法农用地膜对几种重要的西瓜害虫具有很强的趋避作用,随后由于西瓜蔓迅速生长,覆盖部分闪蒸法农用地膜,对蚜虫等趋避作用开始下降。研究结果可为西瓜生产中病虫害防控提供新方法,进而显著降低病毒病的发病率。