Optimum selection of common master image for ground deformation monitoring based on PS-DInSAR technique

Considering the joint effects of various factors such as temporal baseline, spatial baseline, thermal noise, the difference of Doppler centroid frequency and the error of data processing on the interference correlation, an optimum selection method of common master images for ground deformation monitoring based on the permanent scatterer and differential SAR interferometry （PS-DInSAR） technique is proposed, in which the joint correlation coeficient is used as the evaluation function. The principle and realization method of PS-DInSAR technology is introduced, the factors affecting the DInSAR correlation are analysed, and the joint correlation function model and its solution are presented. Finally an experiment for the optimum selection of common master images is performed by using 25 SAR images over Shanghai taken by the ERS-1/2 as test data. The results indicate that the optimum selection method for PS-DInSAR common master images is effective and reliable.

Analyses of Trawling Track and Fishing Activity Based on the Data of Vessel Monitoring System(VMS): A Case Study of the Single Otter Trawl Vessels in the Zhoushan Fishing Ground

The original purpose of Vessel Monitoring System(VMS) is for enforcement and control of vessel sailing. With the application of VMS in fishing vessels, more and more population dynamic studies have used VMS data to improve the accuracy of fisheries stock assessment. In this paper, we simulated the trawl trajectory under different time intervals using the cubic Hermite spline(c Hs) interpolation method based on the VMS data of 8 single otter trawl vessels(totally 36000 data items) fishing in Zhoushan fishing ground from September 2012 to December 2012, and selected the appropriate time interval. We then determined vessels' activities(fishing or non-fishing) by comparing VMS speed data with the corresponding speeds from logbooks. The results showed that the error of simulated trajectory greatly increased with the increase of time intervals of VMS data when they were longer than 30 minutes. Comparing the speeds from VMS with those from the corresponding logbooks, we found that the vessels' speeds were between 2.5 kn and 5.0 kn in fishing. The c Hs interpolation method is a new choice for improving the accuracy of estimation of sailing trajectory, and the VMS can be used to determine the vessels' activities with the analysis of their trajectories and speeds. Therefore, when the fishery information is limited, VMS can be one of the important data sources for fisheries stock assessment, and more attention should be paid to its construction and application to fisheries stock assessment and management.

Underground ground control monitoring and interpretation,and numerical modeling, and shield capacity design

Mine or longwall panel layout is a 3D structure with highly non-uniform stress distribution. Recognition of such fact will facilitate underground problem identification/investigation and solving by numerical modeling through proper model construction. Due to its versatility, numerical modeling is the most popular method for ground control design and problem solving. However numerical modeling results require highly experienced professionals to interpret its validity/applicability to actual mining operations due to complicated mining and geological conditions. Underground ground control monitoring is routinely performed to predict roof behavior such as weighting and weighting interval without matching observation of face mining condition while the mining pressures are being monitored, resulting in unrealistic interpretation of the obtained data on mining pressure. The importance of ground control pressure monitoring and simultaneous observation of mining and geological conditions is illustrated by an example of shield leg pressure monitoring and interpretation in an U.S. longwall coal mine: it was found that the roof strata act like a plate, not an individual block of the size of a shield dimension, as commonly assumed by all researchers and shield capacity is not a fixed property for a longwall panel or a mine or a coal seam. A new mechanism on the interaction between shield's hydraulic leg pressure and roof strata for shield loading is proposed.

Monitoring and analysis of ground temperature and deformation within Qinghai-Tibet Highway subgrade in permafrost region

In order to study the stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway embankment at Chumaerhe in the permafrost region of northwest China, the ground temperature and deformation at different depths were monitored under the left and right shoulders of the embankment where thermosyphons were set up only on the left shoulder. Based on the monitored data, characteristics of ground temperature and deformation of the left and right shoulders are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the start time of freezing or thawing of the seasonal active layer was about one to two months later than that of the embankment body itself. The stability of each shoulder was mainly controlled by the settlement of different soil layers, whereas frost heave of soil had scarcely any effect on the stability of the embankment. For the left shoulder, the settlement was mainly influenced by the seasonal active layer and then by the embankment body itself, due to freeze-thaw cycles which may change the soil properties; however, the permafrost layer remained fairly stable. For the right shoulder, creep of the warm permafrost layer was the main influence factor on its stability, followed by settlement of embankment body itself, and finally settlement of the seasonal active layer. Compared with the deformation of the left shoulder, the permafrost layer under the right shoulder was less stable, which indicates that the thermosyphons had a significantly positive effect on the stability of warm permafrost.

Monitoring actual performance of ground source heat pump system using GPRS-based data transmission: A case analysis in Tangshan

The energy efficiency monitoring is an essential precondition for ground source heat pump system's controlling and energy saving operation. Based on the data monitoring applied in the school building, this work is focused on the parameters acquisition and operation analysis of the GSHP system in Tangshan. Results show the average COPs(coefficient of performance) are2.85 and 2.70 in summer and winter, respectively, and heat(cold) unbalance underground existed after whole year operation. The analysis of data also indicates that the direct borehole air-conditioning saved some power consumption obviously in the early stage of summer and energy saving of the GSHP system depended remarkably on its operation and management level. Besides the observation points of ground temperature are laid for a large-scale GSHP system, and the hydraulic balance of the pipes group needs to be concerned specially in safeguarding better reliability.

GPS monitoring and analysis of ground movement and deformation induced by transition from open-pit to underground mining

To trace the potential hazards of open-pit slope in Longshou mine,global positioning system（GPS） is applied to monitoring ground movement and deformation induced by transition from open-pit to underground mining.Through long-term monitoring from 2003 to 2008,huge amounts of data were acquired.Monitoring results show that large-scale ground movement and deformation have occurred in mining area,and the movement area is ellipse-shaped.The displacement boundary of settlement trough is 2.0 km long along the exploratory line,and 1.5 km long along the strike of ore body.GPS monitoring results basically agree with the practical deformation state of open-pit slope.It is indicated that the long-term GPS monitoring is an effective way to understand the mechanism of ground movement and deformation in mine area. 更多

Monitoring of ground subsidence movements over territory of mines being flooded in Budyonnovsky and Proletarsky districts in Donetsk city with help of GPS-technology

This paper considers the processes of activation in ground subsidence movements in flooding mine workings of mines being liquidated in two districts in Donetsk city on the area of more than 60km^2. A concept is given to build up control network of geomechanical monitoring in conditions of existing old mining operations at shallow depths (down to 100m), strong damages of objects of urban building. Given are GPS network structure, layouts for location of basic and local profile lines, special control stations for monitoring ground subsidence movements over the territory of mines being flooded. Results of the series of observations made are discussed and their accuracy is analyzed.

近地小行星天地基协同监测和轨道确定试验

基于中国科学院国家天文台空间碎片试验望远镜,联合“仰望一号”“吉林一号”卫星,设计并开展了近地小行星天地基协同监测试验,利用图像处理和定轨方法,实现了天地基观测图像的目标检测和天文定位,完成了近地小行星轨道的精确确定。经分析,基于现有的天地基设备可实现对近地小行星的协同监测和轨道编目,为研判近地小行星撞击风险提供轨道数据支持。

山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故区域应力背景与防控研究

矿山巷道、交通隧道等地下硐室围岩稳定与岩体所处区域地应力环境息息相关。分析区域深部地应力与地下硐室走向、形状等因素的关系,有助于提前规避硐室开挖风险。文章以山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故为背景,通过地应力测量与监测工作,初步揭示了山东西部地壳浅表层现今地应力环境,结合龙郓煤业矿区附近现今地应力场特征,探讨此次冲击地压事故产生的区域应力背景,并从地应力角度提出相应的防控建议。研究结果表明:测量深度范围内主应力大小总体上与深度成正比线性关系,最大水平主应力值为3.48~20.76 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0182 MPa/m;最小水平主应力值为3.44~14.95 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0130 MPa/m;区内最大水平主应力方位为北东43°~89°,平均方位为北东75°;地壳浅表层构造作用以水平构造作用为主,但随着深度的增加,逐渐向垂直构造作用转变;龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故的诱发机制主要是垂向应力大于水平主应力,现今处于拉张应力环境,尤其是巷道走向平行于最大水平主应力方向;建议龙郓煤业巷道轴线与最大水平主应力方向的夹角为60°~90°,同时巷道顶板可以采用拱形顶板,确保巷道岩体稳定。

卫星遥感水利应用进展与展望

监测感知数据是构建数字孪生水利体系的基础,卫星遥感是重要的监测感知手段。随着我国航天事业的蓬勃发展,依托国家科技重大专项、国家重点研发计划等科研项目开展技术攻关,以及国家防汛抗旱指挥系统工程等重大项目的推广应用,水利部构建了“采存算用全自主、遥感处理全链条、主要业务全覆盖、应用服务全贯通”的卫星遥感水利应用技术体系。卫星遥感技术在数字孪生水利数据底板建设、流域防洪、水资源管理与调配、河湖管理、水土保持、水利工程监测监管等业务工作中得到了广泛应用,发挥了显著成效。未来将从持续拓展卫星遥感影像资源、深度融合人工智能技术、强化“天空地”协同监测融合应用等方面,推动卫星遥感水利应用,赋能水利业务。

圆弧式地基合成孔径雷达在边坡变形监测中的应用

边坡变形监测是防止滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害的有效途径之一。圆弧式地基合成孔径雷达是一种非接触式的新型地表形变监测设备,具有高分辨率、高频率、高精度、全方位、全天候实时监测等优点,更能有效地满足边坡变形监测的全面性和连续性要求。为了验证该设备在边坡变形监测中的效果和精度,本文采用两种便携圆弧式地基合成孔径雷达系统进行测试。测试结果表明,两种设备均能快速、全面地获得整个边坡的形变情况,具有较高的分辨率和亚毫米级的监测精度,且能实时发出预警,是一种全面高效的边坡变形监测手段。

西南山区铁路客运专线隧道底鼓病害变形监测研究

西南山区铁路客运专线具有高桥隧比、沿线地质条件复杂恶劣等特征,在建设和运营过程中易出现各类工程病害。文章基于某隧道底鼓变形病害,设计并开展包含围岩变形、仰拱受力和道床板沉降变形3个监测指标的隧道变形监测方案。通过对监测数据进行分析,获取隧道和围岩受力变形的演化规律,据此提出后续加密轨道几何形位静态、动态检测和衬砌结构贯通裂缝观测、实施列车降速运行等处理措施。相关研究可为该客运专线的安全运营提供有力保障,同时为类似工程隧道病害的监测和整治工作提供有益参考。

对强震地形变监测预报方法的思考

简要回顾了中国地形变用于强震监测预报领域的发展过程及现状。对几次强震前得到的比较突出的地形变异常进行了分析,收集了大面积形变异常与强震中长期预测、地震前兆分布存在时间有序和空间配套,强震前发现巨幅形变异常,InSAR给出强震前地面垂向形变,强震前地倾斜异常,慢地震和预滑移等方面的研究成果。综合分析认为,强震前震中区附近存在与孕震体尺度相当的巨幅快速地面异常隆升。及时有效地捕捉强震前巨幅快速地面异常隆升的时间有序和空间配套的异常信息,可望针对人口稠密区域未来发生的强震给出具有减灾实效的预测预报意见,值得尝试。基于本研究提出了针对人口稠密的地震重点监视防御区开展高密度、大量程、低精度地倾斜观测的设想,并初步给出了观测方案、基本原理和数据计算处理方法。

铁路地质灾害勘察识别与监测预警

地质灾害对铁路建设、安全运营构成了极大威胁,“天空地”一体化综合勘察技术有效解决了地质灾害勘察识别难题。“天”基多源立体卫星遥感技术实现艰险复杂山区地质灾害的大范围精准判识,长时序InSAR与高精度GPS实现高陡岸坡的稳定性监测分析;“空”基真实感大场景、机载倾斜摄影和机载LiDAR扫描技术实现高植被覆盖区隐蔽性地质灾害判识;“地”基三维立体勘探技术获取岩土体结构、属性、参数;共同构建沟谷山地灾害链风险评价方案,为建设工程合理选址和工程设置提供依据。介绍地质灾害监测预警的方法、内容、技术和预警模型,对监测预警技术发展方向进行展望。

同步挤压S变换与τ⁃p变换联合的微地震信号消噪方法

微地震监测是指导页岩气开采水力压裂作业和评价压裂效果的常用手段。地面监测所采集的微地震信号能量弱、信噪比低,微地震事件识别困难,严重影响定位的准确性。针对低信噪比地面微地震监测资料,联合使用同步挤压S变换、谱分解和τ⁃p变换,提出一种新的消噪方法。首先对监测资料进行时差校正,将微地震信号的同相轴校平;之后使用同步挤压S变换对校平后的资料进行谱分解获取单频切片;再对每个单频切片进行τ⁃p变换,并根据τ⁃p变换的结果获取微地震信号位置;最后根据信号的位置在时频域完成消噪。实际低信噪比地面微地震监测数据的处理结果表明,新方法可以获得理想的消噪结果。

基于GB-SAR的矿山边坡局部变形演化与失稳预测

为了提高地基合成孔径雷达(ground-based synthetic aperture radar, GB-SAR)边坡监测效果与失稳预测能力,在广东省某石灰石矿山架设地基雷达,开展实地监测试验,结合矿山地质条件与监测数据研究不同类型的岩体变形演化特征,根据变形特征选择位移最大点的监测数据利用速度倒数法进行失稳预测。通过分析典型案例的监测数据来优化速度倒数法的算法,进而对矿山试验数据进行研究。研究结果表明:通过分析雷达三维模型变形图的局部位移差异,能够初步判断边坡岩体的变形破坏方式;适当增大移动平均滤波法的移动时间周期C,能够更早地发现灾害征兆,更好地识别岩体加速变形阶段及临滑阶段。研究结果可为基于雷达的滑坡预测提供参考。

空间视觉测量相机地面检测及显示系统

为了给空间视觉测量相机的研制提供测试环境,充分测试空间视觉测量相机的功能及性能,基于相机的工作特点和实际测试需求,设计了空间视觉测量相机的地面检测及显示系统。地面检测及显示系统由一台高性能计算机、一台图像接收设备、图像显示软件和通信软件组成,适用于空间视觉测量相机单机、环境试验等多种情况测试。通信软件采取分布式设计,分为1个中心服务器软件、4个客户端软件;软件采用MFC架构,多线程方式运行,软件间采取TCP/IP协议进行通信。其中中心服务器软件负责与相机之间进行通信,通信协议为RS422;4个客户端软件分别实现对相机的指令控制、遥测数据的显示及监测、自动运行及在轨更新功能验证。经过多次单机测试及超过400 h的环境试验测试,空间视觉测量相机地面检测及显示系统运行稳定,对相机的各项功能及性能均能实现测试覆盖,能够满足相机研制过程中的各项测试及试验需求,提高了相机研制的测试效率。

基于地音监测技术的矿震演化规律及预警模型研究

矿震是冲击地压孕育及诱发的重要影响因素,针对煤矿矿震灾害地音预警问题,通过现场地音监测数据,对矿震发生前地音活动演化规律和前兆特征进行了分析,基于M-K趋势评估法,建立了矿震发生危险评价预警模型,并进行了效果检验和应用分析。研究结果表明:矿震发生前在生产班和检修班期间,煤岩体内应力受采动影响处于波动增长状态,导致地音活动具有“波动增长”的前兆模式;危险评价预警模型通过对地音前兆信息给出的定量评价对矿震的发生能够起到较好的预警作用。

基于现场监控量测的高地应力隧道支护方案研究

为研究高地应力状态下隧道施工围岩稳定情况,优化支护设计方案,以段家坪隧道为研究对象。根据段家坪隧道地质情况设计支护方案,进行现场试验。借助监控量测技术和FLAC3D数值模拟分析验证支护方案的可行性。研究得出高地应力隧道围岩变形分析结论及建议,为高地应力隧道施工选择合理的施工方法,制定切实可行的支护方案提供参考和依据。

边坡全维度监测技术与模型试验研究

中国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一,其中滑坡常年位于各类地质灾害首位,因此对滑坡灾害进行深层次的研究至关重要。边坡工程常常会受到人类工程活动与自然地质作用叠加效应的影响,从而增加了对边坡变形失稳机理的科学认知难度。为精准掌握边坡状态信息与变形失稳过程,可通过建立全维度的监测体系以实现边坡状态信息的动态解译与表征,据此获得更加精准、可靠、直观的边坡稳定性评价依据。文章围绕边坡破坏模式及典型边坡监测技术,在厘清边坡变形演化过程的基础上,对边坡“天—空—地—体”一体化监测技术体系进行了全面分析;概述性总结了基于DFOS的边坡监测技术,重点阐述了基于DFOS的边坡多源多场监测研究思路与实施路径;系统性梳理了基于典型监测技术与DFOS技术的边坡物理模型试验研究过程与结果,以期为开展边坡加固方案设计与防灾减灾控灾提供重要的参考依据。