The effects of torsional ground motion on thin cylindric shell structures

The effects of torsional component of earthquake ground motion on thin cylindric shell structures were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively.The results show that the contributions of torsional component to structural response are related to the height,the radius-to-height ratio,and the stiffness of the structure.The structural response caused by torsional component can not be neglected for the containment structure of nuclear power plant and the industrial oil tank.

Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Structures underMulti-component Ground Motion Excitation

An analysis of a base-isolated structure for multi-component random ground motion is presented. The mean square respond of the system is Obtained under different parametric variations. The effectiveness of main parameters and the torsional component during an earthquake is quantified with the help of the response ratio and the root mean square response with and without base isolation. It is observed that the base isolation has considerable influence on the response and the effect of the torsional component is not ignored.

Seismic Responses of Asymmetric Base-Isolated Structures under Near-Fault Ground Motion

An inter-story shear model of asymmetric base-isolated structures incorporating deformation of each isolation bearing was built, and a method to simultaneously simulate bi-directional near-fault and far-field ground motions was proposed. A comparative study on the dynamic responses of asymmetric base-isolated structures under near-fault and far-field ground motions were conducted to investigate the effects of eccentricity in the isolation system and in the superstructures, the ratio of the uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency of the superstructure and the pulse period of near-fault ground motions on the nonlinear seismic response of asymmetric base-isolated structures. Numerical results show that eccentricity in the isolation system makes asymmetric base-isolated structure more sensitive to near-fault ground motions, and the pulse period of near-fault ground motions plays an import role in governing the seismic responses of asymmetric base-isolated structures.

Equivalent Response Estimation of Structural Systems Subjected to Long-Period Ground Motion

Long-period ground motion has become an important consideration because of the increasing number of large and long-period structures.Therefore,a thorough investigation on the formation and characteristics of longperiod ground motion is desirable for engineering applications.In this work,an analytical study is performed to examine the effect of several parameters and the combining mode for equivalent harmonic components on the dynamic response of systems.The results of the work show that the harmonic components in equivalent ground motion are evidently influenced by the intensity rise time,duration,phase and combining mode.Moreover,the long-period ground motions are simplified and simulated by separate harmonic components through proper combination.The findings of the work are believed to be useful in the selection of input ground motion in structural seismic analysis.

Time-frequency response spectrum of rotational ground motion and its application

The rotational seismic motions are estimated from one station records of the 1999 Jiji （Chi-Chi）, Taiwan, earthquake based on the theory of elastic plane wave propagation. The time-frequency response spectrum （TFRS） of the rotational motions is calculated and its characteristics are analyzed, then the TFRS is applied to analyze the damage mechanism of one twelve-storey frame concrete structure. The results show that one of the ground motion components can not reflect the characteristics of the seismic motions completely; the characteristics of each component, especially rotational motions, need to be studied. The damage line of the structure and TFRS of ground motion are important for seismic design, only the TFRS of input seismic wave is suitable, the structure design is reliable.

Orthogonal expansion of ground motion and PDEM-based seismic response analysis of nonlinear structures

This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes. In the method, a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochastic process and then a correlated matrix decomposition technique, which transforms a correlated random vector into a vector of standard uncorrelated random variables, is used to complete a double orthogonal decomposition of the stochastic processes. Considering the relationship between the Hartley transform and Fourier transform of a real-valued function, it is suggested that the first orthogonal expansion in the above process is carried out using the Hartley basis function instead of the trigonometric basis function in practical applications. The seismic ground motion is investigated using the above method. In order to capture the main probabilistic characteristics of the seismic ground motion, it is proposed to directly carry out the orthogonal expansion of the seismic displacements. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible to represent the seismic ground motion with only a few random variables. In the second part of the paper, the probability density evolution method （PDEM） is employed to study the stochastic response of nonlinear structures subjected to earthquake excitations. In the PDEM, a completely uncoupled one-dimensional partial differential equation, the generalized density evolution equation, plays a central role in governing the stochastic seismic responses of the nonlinear structure. The solution to this equation will yield the instantaneous probability density function of the responses. Computational algorithms to solve the probability density evolution equation are described. An example, which deals with a nonlinear frame structure subjected to stochastic ground motions, is illustrated to validate the above approach.

Seismic response reduction analysis of large chassis base-isolated structure under long-period ground motions

Long-period structures(e.g.Isolated structures)tend to produce pseudo-resonance with low frequency compo-nents of long-period ground motions,resulting in the increase in damage.Stiffness mutation occurs due to the set-back in the upper body of the large chassis structure.In the parts with stiffness mutation,the torsion effect caused by the tower is far greater than that of the chassis itself.In this study,a total of 273 ground motions are collected and then filtered into four types,including the near-field ordinary,near-field pulse,far-field ordinary,and far-field harmonic.An 8-degree(0.2 g)fortified large chassis base-isolated structure is established.Furthermore,ETABS program software is used to conduct nonlinear time history analysis on the isolation and seismic model under bi-directional earthquake ground motions.The comparison results show that the seismic isolation effect of the base-isolated structure under long-period ground motions is worse than that associated with ordinary ground motions when the seismic response reduction rate of the large base floor significantly decreases compared with that of the tower.When the inter-story displacement angle and the displacement of isolation layer of the chassis exceeds the limit of Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(GB 50011-2010),it is recommended to adopt composite seismic isolation technology or add limit devices.Under the condition of long-period ground motions,the base-isolated structure reduces the lateral-torsional coupling effect of the large chassis structure,while the torsion response of large chassis’top layer increases.Under long-period ground motions with the same acceleration peak,the response of the base-isolated structure increases much more than that of the seismic structure and the consideration of this impact is suggested to be added to the Code.

Vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio for offshore ground motions:Analysis and simplified design equation

In order to study the differences in vertical component between onshore and offshore motions,the vertical-to-horizontal peak ground acceleration ratio(V/H PGA ratio) and vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio(V/H) were investigated using the ground motion recordings from the K-NET network and the seafloor earthquake measuring system(SEMS).The results indicate that the vertical component of offshore motions is lower than that of onshore motions.The V/H PGA ratio of acceleration time histories at offshore stations is about 50%of the ratio at onshore stations.The V/H for offshore ground motions is lower than that for onshore motions,especially for periods less than 0.8 s.Furthermore,based on the results in statistical analysis for offshore recordings in the K-NET,the simplified V/H design equations for offshore motions in minor and moderate earthquakes are proposed for seismic analysis of offshore structures.

Peak earthquake response of structures under multi-component excitations

Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground motions are multidirectional. One key issue is the uncertainty of the incident angle between the directions of ground motion and the reference axes of the structure. Different assumed seismic incidences can result in different peak values within the scope of design spectrum analysis for a given structure and earthquake ground motion record combination. Using time history analysis to determine the maximum structural responses excited by a given earthquake record requires repetitive calculations to determine the critical incident angle. This paper presents a transformation approach for relatively accurate and rapid determination of the maximum peak responses of a linear structure subjected to three-dimensional excitations within all possible seismic incident angles. The responses can be deformations, internal forces, strains and so on. An irregular building structure model is established using SAP2000 program. Several typical earthquake records and an artificial white noise are applied to the structure model to illustrate the variation of the maximum structural responses for different incident angles. Numerical results show that for many structural parameters, the variation can be greater than 100%. This method can be directly applied to time history analysis of structures using existing computer software to determine the peak responses without carrying out the analyses for all possible incident angles. It can also be used to verify and/or modify aseismic designs by using response spectrum analysis.

地震动持时和不同持时指标对结构地震响应的影响

选取70条具有不同持时的天然地震波,并采用5%~75%重要持时将谱匹配后的地震记录划分为长、短持时地震记录集,对10层RC框架结构进行IDA分析和弹塑性时程分析,研究地震动持时对结构地震响应的影响,进一步选取35条天然地震波,采用有效持续时间、5%~75%和5%~95%重要持时等不同强震持时指标分别截取相应的加速度时程段,构建不同的地震记录集,分析不同持时指标对RC框架结构峰值响应和滞回耗能的影响。研究结果表明:在相同的地震动强度下,长持时地震动会导致更大的结构层间变形和结构倒塌概率,且随着持时的增加,结构总滞回耗能大幅增加;在罕遇地震水准下,可选取有效持续时间和5%~95%重要持时指标用于结构层间变形和楼层峰值位移分析,而在极罕遇地震水准下,选用有效持续时间具有更高的可靠性;对于楼层峰值速度,不同地震集计算结果均值和变异系数未表现出明显差异;在相同地震动强度下,建议优先选用有效持续时间用于结构滞回耗能分析。

双向水平地震作用下高桩码头地震效应组合方法研究

高桩码头在双向水平地震作用下会出现扭转效应,我国码头设计规范对此并无具体规定,但国内建筑结构设计规范和国外码头设计规范一般是将结构在两个主轴方向的单向水平地震作用效应进行组合来处理类似问题。为验证规范中的组合方法对码头的适用性和准确性,选取30组双向水平地震动记录,对码头案例进行时程分析和振型分解反应谱分析。按规范的组合方法计算反应谱分析得到的桩基内力,再计算组合值与时程分析所得内力之比,并进行统计分析。对内力比均值进行回归分析,以提出桩基内力修正系数计算公式。研究结果表明:1)双向地震作用下桩基内力比单向地震作用下大得多,抗震分析时应考虑双向地震的影响。2)相较于国外码头设计规范所用的组合方法,采用国内建筑规范中的平方和方根法组合得到的内力与时程分析结果的相关性更好,所得内力比服从对数正态分布且均值接近1,离散程度较小,建议将此法用于码头抗震分析。3)对于长周期码头结构,组合方法会低估地震反应,应使用所提出的公式对桩基内力予以修正。

Strong ground movement induced by mining activities and its effect on power transmission structures

Surface mining activities may introduce damages to nearby infrastructure. Concerns are put forward by the power company about structural integrity of electric power transmission structures in areas where coal mining activities cause strong ground vibrations. Common practice in the power industry is to limit ground motion by specifying maximum Peak Particle Velocity. So far, there is a lack of industry-wide recognized guidelines on how ground vibration limits should be set for the transmission structures. In order to develop a defense strategy to protect power transmission lines against strong ground motions in mining areas, a systematic research work was conducted to establish strong ground vibration characteristics and to study impacts of ground excitations on transmission pole structures. Ground movements were recorded using geophones and wireless tri-axial sensing units. The process of generating ground motion response spectra via analyzing actual ground motion measurements is described in the paper. These spectra developed based on peak particle velocities were used as a basis for spectral analysis performed using validated Finite Element models to obtain structural displacements, reactions and stress states of the transmission pole structures in the mining sites. A quantitative ground motion limit was established by comparing structural responses with the corresponding design requirements.

地震动持时对工程结构地震反应影响研究进展

地震动工程特性由幅值、频谱与持时三大要素决定,三个要素共同决定了地震动对工程结构破坏作用,工程结构抗震设计与评估等应全面考虑三个要素综合影响。目前来看:关于幅值及频谱的研究成果已广泛应用于各类工程抗震设计与评估,但关于地震动持时这一要素,国内外至今尚无明确的考虑方式和相应设计与评估技术,或考虑相对笼统。部分规范仅在结构地震反应时程分析方面做出了简单规定,尤其是用于确定地震荷载的抗震设计谱,几乎没有反映地震动持时对结构的影响,这远远不能满足性态及韧性等先进抗震方法对地震动作用的迫切需求。因此,关于地震动持时特性及其对工程结构地震反应影响的研究,近期成为一个热门研究课题。本文主要回顾和评述了地震动持时对工程结构地震影响的研究进展,并根据国内外研究现状对地震动持时研究进行了展望,可供分析地震动工程特性及其对结构的影响参考。

转动地震动作用对结构动力响应影响分析

转动地震动作用对结构响应的影响有待深入研究。建立钢筋混凝土框架结构模型,对地震动平动分量和转动分量单独及耦合作用下的结构动力响应进行分析,结果表明:地震动转动分量与平动分量耦合作用时,会增大结构响应;结构顶层位移、层间扭转角、结构的扭转效应都显著增大;含有速度脉冲比无速度脉冲的转动分量与平动分量耦合作用对结构响应影响大;地震动转动分量的施加方向对结构动力响应有影响;在有速度脉冲的地震波作用下,转动分量单独作用也可使结构进入弹塑性状态。

近场地震作用下桥梁结构动力响应研究进展

针对当前近场地震动特性和桥梁近场地震动响应方面的研究进展,从近场地震动强度指标、地震动拟合、地震动反应谱特征3个方面综述了近场地震动特性的研究现状,并梳理了梁式桥、拱桥、斜拉桥、悬索桥等不同结构型式的桥梁在近场地震作用下的动力响应特性研究进展,论述和比较了相关研究方法,总结归纳了现有近场地震作用下桥梁结构动力响应在今后有待进一步深入研究的若干问题及发展方向。

隔震框架结构长周期地震动响应与损伤机理

研究目的:采用隔震技术可有效改善山地掉层框架结构的抗震性能,但山地地区常紧邻地震断裂带与大型沉积盆地,这为近断层脉冲型长周期地震动(近场型)和远场长周期地震动(远场型)的孕育提供了条件。在实际工程设计中,常常忽略长周期地震动对隔震结构的危害性,且对于长周期地震动作用下隔震结构减震性能的研究尚未完善。研究结论:(1)基于Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)方法实现了对两类长周期地震动的特殊长周期成分的提取;(2)针对铅芯隔震掉层框架结构,将提取特殊长周期成分后的地震动的结构响应与原始地震动的响应进行对比,依据各类结构响应的改变量进一步揭示不同长周期成分对隔震框架结构的控制效应;(3)隔震框架结构在近场地震动作用下主要产生隔震垫位移过大的首次超越破坏,而在远场长周期地震动作用下除了产生较大的隔震垫位移,还需对隔震垫的能量滞回效应引起重视;(4)本研究成果可为山地建筑结构的设计提供参考。

近断层地震作用下设备-结构耦合隔震体系动力响应分析

建立设备-结构耦合隔震体系模型,选取近断层脉冲型和非脉冲型地震波各50条,计算耦合隔震体系的动力响应。分析表明,近断层脉冲型地震动对耦合隔震体系的影响大于非脉冲型地震动,且对主体结构的影响大于对设备的影响;近断层脉冲型地震作用下的隔震层位移、层间位移、楼层加速度、设备加速度和设备位移的平均响应分别达到非脉冲型地震作用的2.25倍、2.17倍、2.24倍、1.17倍和1.20倍。进行设备-结构耦合隔震体系设计时,需考虑近断层地震动脉冲作用的影响,同时需注意引起主体结构和设备最大响应的地震动不一定相同。

跨断层工程输入地震动模拟及其应用研究进展

跨越活动断层的桥梁和隧道等工程结构面临巨大的地震风险,断层破裂产生的脉冲效应和永久位移是造成跨断层结构破坏的主要原因。研究跨断层工程的地震响应并采取相应的抗震设防措施显得十分重要,而合理的地震动输入是揭示跨断层结构地震破坏机理的基础。但目前缺乏跨越断层两侧的实际地震动记录,各类规范也没有提供合理的面向跨断层工程的输入地震动的模拟方法。为了分析跨断层工程输入地震动的研究现状,文中总结了相关研究提出的断层区域地震动的几种模拟方法,重点对基于脉冲函数和基于断层物理机制的方法进行详细介绍,分析其特点和存在的问题;综述了在上述方法模拟的断层地震动激励下跨断层梁式桥、缆索承重桥梁的地震响应特征。结果表明:断层地震动非常复杂,模拟方法不仅需要考虑脉冲效应、上下盘效应以及永久位移特征,而且应合理地考虑断层两侧地震动的空间相关性和相干性,才能为跨断层工程提供合理的输入地震动。

海域地震动竖向加速度反应谱阻尼修正系数

该文提出了一个用于调整5%阻尼比海域地震动竖向加速度反应谱的阻尼修正系数(Damping modification factor,DMF)模型。基于S-net台网的5680条海底竖向地震动记录,利用DMF比值和Z检验分析了地震类型对DMF的影响,提出了考虑阻尼比和谱周期的DMF模型,与陆域DMF模型进行了对比,并获取了不同阻尼比下的竖向加速度反应谱,最后对残差及标准差进行分析。研究表明:地震类型对DMF的影响可以忽略;可用三次多项式模拟阻尼比对DMF的影响;由于海域地震动特性导致海陆DMF模型之间差异显著;阻尼比能够影响5%阻尼比反应谱1倍标准差的谱值;残差分析表明可引入矩震级、断层深度和震源距改善DMF模型的拟合度。该文提出的海域地震动加速度谱竖向DMF模型,为海域工程多阻尼抗震设计谱的确定提供了参考。

长周期地震动下考虑SSI效应的层间隔震结构地震响应试验研究

隔震结构在长周期地震动下地震响应强烈,考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI效应)改变了结构的动力特性,导致刚性地基假定设计的隔震结构减震效果与理论结果存在偏差。为此,选取了一栋上部和下部子结构平面和布置相同的的层间隔震建筑,通过振动台试验,探究其在长周期地震动与土-结构相互作用下的动力特性和地震响应规律。结果表明:考虑SSI效应后,塔楼加速度响应有所减小,但随着PGA的增加,长周期地震动下加速度响应的削弱较普通地震动小;楼层位移响应有所放大,隔震层转普通地震动下层间剪力明显减小。双向输入普通地震动会增大刚性地基上底盘的加速度响应,而软土地基上加速度响应可能增大或减小。双向输入长周期地震动会减小软土地基上塔楼的加速度响应,增大刚性地基上底盘的加速度响应,增大楼层层间剪力。