The effects of torsional ground motion on thin cylindric shell structures

The effects of torsional component of earthquake ground motion on thin cylindric shell structures were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively.The results show that the contributions of torsional component to structural response are related to the height,the radius-to-height ratio,and the stiffness of the structure.The structural response caused by torsional component can not be neglected for the containment structure of nuclear power plant and the industrial oil tank.

Equivalent Response Estimation of Structural Systems Subjected to Long-Period Ground Motion

Long-period ground motion has become an important consideration because of the increasing number of large and long-period structures.Therefore,a thorough investigation on the formation and characteristics of longperiod ground motion is desirable for engineering applications.In this work,an analytical study is performed to examine the effect of several parameters and the combining mode for equivalent harmonic components on the dynamic response of systems.The results of the work show that the harmonic components in equivalent ground motion are evidently influenced by the intensity rise time,duration,phase and combining mode.Moreover,the long-period ground motions are simplified and simulated by separate harmonic components through proper combination.The findings of the work are believed to be useful in the selection of input ground motion in structural seismic analysis.

Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Structures underMulti-component Ground Motion Excitation

An analysis of a base-isolated structure for multi-component random ground motion is presented. The mean square respond of the system is Obtained under different parametric variations. The effectiveness of main parameters and the torsional component during an earthquake is quantified with the help of the response ratio and the root mean square response with and without base isolation. It is observed that the base isolation has considerable influence on the response and the effect of the torsional component is not ignored.

Seismic Responses of Asymmetric Base-Isolated Structures under Near-Fault Ground Motion

An inter-story shear model of asymmetric base-isolated structures incorporating deformation of each isolation bearing was built, and a method to simultaneously simulate bi-directional near-fault and far-field ground motions was proposed. A comparative study on the dynamic responses of asymmetric base-isolated structures under near-fault and far-field ground motions were conducted to investigate the effects of eccentricity in the isolation system and in the superstructures, the ratio of the uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency of the superstructure and the pulse period of near-fault ground motions on the nonlinear seismic response of asymmetric base-isolated structures. Numerical results show that eccentricity in the isolation system makes asymmetric base-isolated structure more sensitive to near-fault ground motions, and the pulse period of near-fault ground motions plays an import role in governing the seismic responses of asymmetric base-isolated structures.

Time-frequency response spectrum of rotational ground motion and its application

The rotational seismic motions are estimated from one station records of the 1999 Jiji （Chi-Chi）, Taiwan, earthquake based on the theory of elastic plane wave propagation. The time-frequency response spectrum （TFRS） of the rotational motions is calculated and its characteristics are analyzed, then the TFRS is applied to analyze the damage mechanism of one twelve-storey frame concrete structure. The results show that one of the ground motion components can not reflect the characteristics of the seismic motions completely; the characteristics of each component, especially rotational motions, need to be studied. The damage line of the structure and TFRS of ground motion are important for seismic design, only the TFRS of input seismic wave is suitable, the structure design is reliable.

Vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio for offshore ground motions:Analysis and simplified design equation

In order to study the differences in vertical component between onshore and offshore motions,the vertical-to-horizontal peak ground acceleration ratio(V/H PGA ratio) and vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio(V/H) were investigated using the ground motion recordings from the K-NET network and the seafloor earthquake measuring system(SEMS).The results indicate that the vertical component of offshore motions is lower than that of onshore motions.The V/H PGA ratio of acceleration time histories at offshore stations is about 50%of the ratio at onshore stations.The V/H for offshore ground motions is lower than that for onshore motions,especially for periods less than 0.8 s.Furthermore,based on the results in statistical analysis for offshore recordings in the K-NET,the simplified V/H design equations for offshore motions in minor and moderate earthquakes are proposed for seismic analysis of offshore structures.

Orthogonal expansion of ground motion and PDEM-based seismic response analysis of nonlinear structures

This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes. In the method, a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochastic process and then a correlated matrix decomposition technique, which transforms a correlated random vector into a vector of standard uncorrelated random variables, is used to complete a double orthogonal decomposition of the stochastic processes. Considering the relationship between the Hartley transform and Fourier transform of a real-valued function, it is suggested that the first orthogonal expansion in the above process is carried out using the Hartley basis function instead of the trigonometric basis function in practical applications. The seismic ground motion is investigated using the above method. In order to capture the main probabilistic characteristics of the seismic ground motion, it is proposed to directly carry out the orthogonal expansion of the seismic displacements. The case study shows that the proposed method is feasible to represent the seismic ground motion with only a few random variables. In the second part of the paper, the probability density evolution method （PDEM） is employed to study the stochastic response of nonlinear structures subjected to earthquake excitations. In the PDEM, a completely uncoupled one-dimensional partial differential equation, the generalized density evolution equation, plays a central role in governing the stochastic seismic responses of the nonlinear structure. The solution to this equation will yield the instantaneous probability density function of the responses. Computational algorithms to solve the probability density evolution equation are described. An example, which deals with a nonlinear frame structure subjected to stochastic ground motions, is illustrated to validate the above approach.

Seismic response reduction analysis of large chassis base-isolated structure under long-period ground motions

Long-period structures(e.g.Isolated structures)tend to produce pseudo-resonance with low frequency compo-nents of long-period ground motions,resulting in the increase in damage.Stiffness mutation occurs due to the set-back in the upper body of the large chassis structure.In the parts with stiffness mutation,the torsion effect caused by the tower is far greater than that of the chassis itself.In this study,a total of 273 ground motions are collected and then filtered into four types,including the near-field ordinary,near-field pulse,far-field ordinary,and far-field harmonic.An 8-degree(0.2 g)fortified large chassis base-isolated structure is established.Furthermore,ETABS program software is used to conduct nonlinear time history analysis on the isolation and seismic model under bi-directional earthquake ground motions.The comparison results show that the seismic isolation effect of the base-isolated structure under long-period ground motions is worse than that associated with ordinary ground motions when the seismic response reduction rate of the large base floor significantly decreases compared with that of the tower.When the inter-story displacement angle and the displacement of isolation layer of the chassis exceeds the limit of Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(GB 50011-2010),it is recommended to adopt composite seismic isolation technology or add limit devices.Under the condition of long-period ground motions,the base-isolated structure reduces the lateral-torsional coupling effect of the large chassis structure,while the torsion response of large chassis’top layer increases.Under long-period ground motions with the same acceleration peak,the response of the base-isolated structure increases much more than that of the seismic structure and the consideration of this impact is suggested to be added to the Code.

Peak earthquake response of structures under multi-component excitations

Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground motions are multidirectional. One key issue is the uncertainty of the incident angle between the directions of ground motion and the reference axes of the structure. Different assumed seismic incidences can result in different peak values within the scope of design spectrum analysis for a given structure and earthquake ground motion record combination. Using time history analysis to determine the maximum structural responses excited by a given earthquake record requires repetitive calculations to determine the critical incident angle. This paper presents a transformation approach for relatively accurate and rapid determination of the maximum peak responses of a linear structure subjected to three-dimensional excitations within all possible seismic incident angles. The responses can be deformations, internal forces, strains and so on. An irregular building structure model is established using SAP2000 program. Several typical earthquake records and an artificial white noise are applied to the structure model to illustrate the variation of the maximum structural responses for different incident angles. Numerical results show that for many structural parameters, the variation can be greater than 100%. This method can be directly applied to time history analysis of structures using existing computer software to determine the peak responses without carrying out the analyses for all possible incident angles. It can also be used to verify and/or modify aseismic designs by using response spectrum analysis.

Strong ground movement induced by mining activities and its effect on power transmission structures

Surface mining activities may introduce damages to nearby infrastructure. Concerns are put forward by the power company about structural integrity of electric power transmission structures in areas where coal mining activities cause strong ground vibrations. Common practice in the power industry is to limit ground motion by specifying maximum Peak Particle Velocity. So far, there is a lack of industry-wide recognized guidelines on how ground vibration limits should be set for the transmission structures. In order to develop a defense strategy to protect power transmission lines against strong ground motions in mining areas, a systematic research work was conducted to establish strong ground vibration characteristics and to study impacts of ground excitations on transmission pole structures. Ground movements were recorded using geophones and wireless tri-axial sensing units. The process of generating ground motion response spectra via analyzing actual ground motion measurements is described in the paper. These spectra developed based on peak particle velocities were used as a basis for spectral analysis performed using validated Finite Element models to obtain structural displacements, reactions and stress states of the transmission pole structures in the mining sites. A quantitative ground motion limit was established by comparing structural responses with the corresponding design requirements.

地震动持时和不同持时指标对结构地震响应的影响

选取70条具有不同持时的天然地震波,并采用5%~75%重要持时将谱匹配后的地震记录划分为长、短持时地震记录集,对10层RC框架结构进行IDA分析和弹塑性时程分析,研究地震动持时对结构地震响应的影响,进一步选取35条天然地震波,采用有效持续时间、5%~75%和5%~95%重要持时等不同强震持时指标分别截取相应的加速度时程段,构建不同的地震记录集,分析不同持时指标对RC框架结构峰值响应和滞回耗能的影响。研究结果表明:在相同的地震动强度下,长持时地震动会导致更大的结构层间变形和结构倒塌概率,且随着持时的增加,结构总滞回耗能大幅增加;在罕遇地震水准下,可选取有效持续时间和5%~95%重要持时指标用于结构层间变形和楼层峰值位移分析,而在极罕遇地震水准下,选用有效持续时间具有更高的可靠性;对于楼层峰值速度,不同地震集计算结果均值和变异系数未表现出明显差异;在相同地震动强度下,建议优先选用有效持续时间用于结构滞回耗能分析。

近场地震动对我国RC框架结构地震响应影响分析

近场地震常含有丰富的脉冲成分,其短时间内产生的冲击效应会对近场地区建筑结构造成严重破坏。钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架结构在我国城镇地区应用较多,为此应开展近场地震动对我国框架结构地震响应影响研究。基于近期记录较为完整的土耳其M 7.8级地震,筛选出近场脉冲型和非脉冲型两类地震动各2条作为输入,并对比分析了4条地震动加速度反应谱的形状特征;按8度设防设计并建立了4、7、10层三个不同周期的RC框架结构有限元分析模型,利用现有试验结果验证了该模型的准确性;采用非线性动力时程分析方法,通过比较地震加速度反应谱、结构层间位移角、结构耗能和梁、柱构件利用率等指标,从结构整体到构件层面综合分析了这两类地震动对框架结构地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:所选的脉冲型地震动加速度反应谱平台段较长且双峰和多峰特性明显,非脉冲型地震动加速度反应谱的单峰特性明显;在这两类地震动作用下,短周期结构整体响应以及梁、柱构件的破坏程度均与地震加速度反应谱值呈正相关性;而对于中和长周期结构,相比较非脉冲型地震动,脉冲型地震动作用下会造成加速度反应谱值小,而结构整体响应以及梁、柱构件的破坏程度较大的现象。因此,对该类结构进行抗震设计时应充分考虑近场地震动脉冲效应的影响。

远场长周期地震动作用下超高层建筑结构模态识别

远场地震动长周期成分显著,与高层、超高层建筑基本周期相近,容易产生放大效应,给高层、超高层建筑结构带来严重震害。以2022年9月17日21时41分至次日17时39分发生在台湾省花莲县M6.5、M5.7、M6.9和M 5.4地震为例,利用Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT)方法,初步分析距震中超1000 km的武汉某超高层建筑结构台阵对这4次地震的结构动力响应观测数据,在对不同时间尺度的本征模态函数分量进行地震动长周期特性分析的基础上,重构各结构层的地震动,通过功率谱法得到结构层相对地面层的频率响应函数,并利用复模态指数函数法获得结构第一阶模态频率和振型。对4次地震中该超高层建筑结构模态频率和振型的初步分析表明:在花莲长周期地震动作用下结构未受到损伤。这一认识将为远场长周期地震动影响下超高层建筑的震后安全性评价提供重要参考。

近断层脉冲型地震作用下连体结构地震反应特征与易损性分析

近断层脉冲型地震作用对工程结构破坏作用较强,连体结构传力机制复杂,研究其在脉冲型地震下的抗震性能至关重要。利用SAP 2000有限元软件建立了连体结构数值模型,研究了其在近断层脉冲型与非脉冲型地震动作用下的结构响应特征,基于增量动力分析法研究了其在两种类型地震动作用下的结构易损性,进而评价了其在脉冲型地震作用下的安全性。结果表明:与非脉冲型地震作用相比,脉冲型地震动作用下连体结构的楼层峰值加速度、最大层间位移角、基底剪力明显较大,平均差异分别可达77%、131%及94%;脉冲型地震作用下连体结构对应各级极限状态的超越概率明显较大,尤其极限状态LS5对应的超越概率差异最为显著。此外,脉冲型地震动作用下的连体结构基本满足“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。但是地震动脉冲特征对连体结构的不利影响仍然值得关注。

竖向地震动对地铁车站共构结构体系地震响应的影响研究

[目的]地铁车站共构结构体系(以下简称“共构结构体系”)通过厚板实现箱形结构与箱形框架结构的连接转换。因共构结构体系的结构形式独特,其地震响应规律目前尚不明确,需进一步研究其地震响应特征。[方法]以某综合管廊与地铁车站共构结构体系为例,建立了土-共构结构体系相互作用的有限元仿真模型。考虑单向地震波和双向地震波(含水平向、竖向)作为输入,选取了3种工况,分析了共构结构体系在地震作用下的加速度响应特征、位移响应特征、受压受拉损伤情况及演变过程,并以共构结构体系左侧柱端为例,讨论了部分结构部位的内力响应特征。[结果及结论]双向耦合地震动对共构结构体系竖向加速度的影响较大,在侧墙与负一层底板连接处加速度的最大增幅达158%(与竖向地震动作用相比)。竖向地震动会加大共构结构体系顶底板的相对水平位移和相对竖向位移,加大柱子的内力响应。柱端、侧墙下部、底板两端、构件连接处、腋角等位置为共构结构体系地震损伤薄弱部位,应对这些部位进行加强处理。

双向水平地震作用下高桩码头地震效应组合方法研究

高桩码头在双向水平地震作用下会出现扭转效应,我国码头设计规范对此并无具体规定,但国内建筑结构设计规范和国外码头设计规范一般是将结构在两个主轴方向的单向水平地震作用效应进行组合来处理类似问题。为验证规范中的组合方法对码头的适用性和准确性,选取30组双向水平地震动记录,对码头案例进行时程分析和振型分解反应谱分析。按规范的组合方法计算反应谱分析得到的桩基内力,再计算组合值与时程分析所得内力之比,并进行统计分析。对内力比均值进行回归分析,以提出桩基内力修正系数计算公式。研究结果表明:1)双向地震作用下桩基内力比单向地震作用下大得多,抗震分析时应考虑双向地震的影响。2)相较于国外码头设计规范所用的组合方法,采用国内建筑规范中的平方和方根法组合得到的内力与时程分析结果的相关性更好,所得内力比服从对数正态分布且均值接近1,离散程度较小,建议将此法用于码头抗震分析。3)对于长周期码头结构,组合方法会低估地震反应,应使用所提出的公式对桩基内力予以修正。

考虑风险极限的建筑钢结构抗震延性检测仿真

抗震延性是衡量建筑结构在地震荷载下是否具备足够延性和韧性的重要指标。传统的静力测试方法往往需要破坏性取样,对结构造成一定的损伤。为了解决传统方法中存在的问题,提出考虑风险极限的建筑钢筋结构抗震延性检测方法。通过三参数模型获取地震加速度反应谱,以描述地震的强度作用;建立建筑钢筋等效单自由度体系,并获取建筑钢筋的结构特征参数;在考虑风险极限的情况下,通过地震中建筑钢筋延性能力与地震中风险极限下建筑钢筋的延性需求值的对比,完成建筑钢筋结构的抗震延性检测。实验结果表明,所提方法的建筑钢筋结构抗震延性检测精度在85%以上,且准确度高、整体应用效果好。

高烈度地震区角钢格构式变电构架地震响应分析

以位于抗震设防烈度9度的230 kV角钢格构式变电构架为研究对象,采用有限元分析软件SAP2000建立变电构架的有限元分析模型,研究近场地震动作用下230 kV角钢格构式变电构架的地震响应。研究结果表明:9度设防地震作用下,构架位移角不满足规范对弹塑性层间位移角限值的规定;构架梁动力反应放大系数最大可达2.81,在验算此处电气设备抗震性能时应特别注意;同时构架柱底部杆件应力超出较多,构架整体偏于不安全。

地震动持时对工程结构地震反应影响研究进展

地震动工程特性由幅值、频谱与持时三大要素决定,三个要素共同决定了地震动对工程结构破坏作用,工程结构抗震设计与评估等应全面考虑三个要素综合影响。目前来看:关于幅值及频谱的研究成果已广泛应用于各类工程抗震设计与评估,但关于地震动持时这一要素,国内外至今尚无明确的考虑方式和相应设计与评估技术,或考虑相对笼统。部分规范仅在结构地震反应时程分析方面做出了简单规定,尤其是用于确定地震荷载的抗震设计谱,几乎没有反映地震动持时对结构的影响,这远远不能满足性态及韧性等先进抗震方法对地震动作用的迫切需求。因此,关于地震动持时特性及其对工程结构地震反应影响的研究,近期成为一个热门研究课题。本文主要回顾和评述了地震动持时对工程结构地震影响的研究进展,并根据国内外研究现状对地震动持时研究进行了展望,可供分析地震动工程特性及其对结构的影响参考。

近断层地震作用下设备-结构耦合隔震体系动力响应分析

建立设备-结构耦合隔震体系模型,选取近断层脉冲型和非脉冲型地震波各50条,计算耦合隔震体系的动力响应。分析表明,近断层脉冲型地震动对耦合隔震体系的影响大于非脉冲型地震动,且对主体结构的影响大于对设备的影响;近断层脉冲型地震作用下的隔震层位移、层间位移、楼层加速度、设备加速度和设备位移的平均响应分别达到非脉冲型地震作用的2.25倍、2.17倍、2.24倍、1.17倍和1.20倍。进行设备-结构耦合隔震体系设计时,需考虑近断层地震动脉冲作用的影响,同时需注意引起主体结构和设备最大响应的地震动不一定相同。