A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the mos...A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework of the rehabilitation and strengthening works foreseen in a second stage.展开更多
Soil structure plays an important role in understanding soil attributes as well as hydrological processes. Effective method to obtain high quality soil map is therefore important for both soil science research and soi...Soil structure plays an important role in understanding soil attributes as well as hydrological processes. Effective method to obtain high quality soil map is therefore important for both soil science research and soil work ability improvement. However,traditional method such as digging soil pits is destructive and time-consuming. In this study, the structure of headwater hillslopes from Hemuqiao catchment(Taihu Basin, China) have been analyzed both by indirect(ground penetrating radar, GPR) and direct(excavation or soil auger) methods. Four transects at different locations of hillslopes in the catchment were selected for GPR survey. Three of them(#1, #2, and #3) were excavated to obtain fullscale soil information for interpreting radar images.We found that the most distinct boundary that can be detected by GPR is the boundary between soil and underlain bedrock. In some cases(e.g., 8-17 m in transect #2), in which the in situ soil was scarcely affected by colluvial process, different soil layers can be identified. This identification process utilized the sensitive of GPR to capture abrupt changes of soil characteristics in layer boundaries, e.g., surface organic layer(layer #1) and bamboo roots layer(layer#2, contain stone fragments), illuvial deposits layer(layer #3) and regolith layer(layer #4). However, in areas where stone fragments were irregularly distributed in the soil profile(highly affected bycolluvial and/or fluvial process), it was possible to distinguish which part contains more stone fragments in soil profile on the basis of reflection density(transect #3). Transect #4(unexcavated) was used to justify the GPR method for soil survey based on experiences from former transects. After that, O horizon thickness was compared by a hand auger.This work has demonstrated that GPR images can be of a potential data source for hydrological predictions.展开更多
As a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition, Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) has been widely used in Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) based on the first order elec...As a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition, Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) has been widely used in Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) based on the first order electromagnetic wave equation. However, the PML boundary condition is difficult to apply in GPR Finite Element Time Domain (FETD) simulation based on the second order electromagnetic wave equation. This paper developed a non-split perfectly matched layer (NPML) boundary condition for GPR FETD simulation based on the second order electromagnetic wave equation. Taking two-dimensional TM wave equation as an example, the second order frequency domain equation of GPR was derived according to the definition of complex extending coordinate transformation. Then it transformed into time domain by means of auxiliary differential equation method, and its FETD equation is derived based on Galerkin method. On this basis, a GPR FETD forward program based on NPML boundary condition is developed. The merits of NPML boundary condition are certified by compared with wave field snapshots, signal and reflection errors of homogeneous medium model with split and non-split PML boundary conditions. The comparison demonstrated that the NPML algorithm can reduce memory occupation and improve calculation efficiency. Furthermore, numerical simulation of a complex model verifies the good absorption effects of the NPML boundary condition in complex structures.展开更多
Ground penetrating radar surveys of technical condition of Karatomar and Aktobe water storage basins on the river Tobol are shown. In this article we have shown that dams have problems with cavities and identified lon...Ground penetrating radar surveys of technical condition of Karatomar and Aktobe water storage basins on the river Tobol are shown. In this article we have shown that dams have problems with cavities and identified longitudinal dimensions of anomalous zones of decompression.展开更多
The reverse time migration(RTM)of ground penetrating radar(GPR)is usually implemented in its two-dimensional(2D)form,due to huge computational cost.However,2D RTM algorithm is difficult to focus the scattering signal ...The reverse time migration(RTM)of ground penetrating radar(GPR)is usually implemented in its two-dimensional(2D)form,due to huge computational cost.However,2D RTM algorithm is difficult to focus the scattering signal and produce a high precision subsurface image when the object is buried in a complicated subsurface environment.To better handle the multi-off set GPR data,we propose a three-dimensional(3D)prestack RTM algorithm.The high-order fi nite diff erence time domian(FDTD)method,with the accuracy of eighth-order in space and second-order in time,is applied to simulate the forward and backward extrapolation electromagnetic fi elds.In addition,we use the normalized correlation imaging condition to obtain pre-stack RTM result and the Laplace fi lter to suppress the low frequency noise generated during the correlation process.The numerical test of 3D simulated GPR data demonstrated that 3D RTM image shows excellent coincidence with the true model.Compared with 2D RTM image,the 3D RTM image can more clearly and accurately refl ect the 3D spatial distribution of the target,and the resolution of the imaging results is far better.Furthermore,the application of observed GPR data further validates the eff ectiveness of the proposed 3D GPR RTM algorithm,and its fi nal image can more reliably guide the subsequent interpretation.展开更多
The englacial structures and ice thickness of the Laohugou No. 12 （L12） Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China, were retrieved from ground-penetrating radar （GPR） profile dzta acquired in August of 2007. Here the ...The englacial structures and ice thickness of the Laohugou No. 12 （L12） Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China, were retrieved from ground-penetrating radar （GPR） profile dzta acquired in August of 2007. Here the interpretation of a typical GPR image is validated using two-dimensional, Finite-Difference Time-Domain （FDTD） numerical modeling. Data analyses revealed many en- glacial characteristics, such as temperate ice, crevasses, and cavities at the position of convergence between the eastern and west- ern glacial branches of L12, and at an altitude between 4,600 and 4,750 m a.s.1, on the east branch. Combining ice thickness, en- glacial structures, subglacial topography, and surface flow velocities of this glacier, we analyzed the reasons for the distribution of temperate ice. The results show that greater englacial water content is associated with englacial crevassing and surface moulins, which allow water to be channeled to the temperate ice aquifer beneath the surface cold ice layer. Analysis of air temperature data shows that as more meltwater imports into the ice body, this has a great effect on water conservation and dynamics conditions. With climate warming, and under the influence of crevasses, subglacial structures, and ice thickness, ice thickness reduction on the L12 east branch is more rapid than that on the west branch.展开更多
探讨了多小波函数及其预处理方法对探地雷达(ground penetrating radar—GPR)图象去噪性能的影响,在Donoho D L和Johnstone I M提出的小波阈值去噪方法的基础上提出了一个改进的阈值函数,并对实际的GPR图象进行阈值化处理和对比分析,结...探讨了多小波函数及其预处理方法对探地雷达(ground penetrating radar—GPR)图象去噪性能的影响,在Donoho D L和Johnstone I M提出的小波阈值去噪方法的基础上提出了一个改进的阈值函数,并对实际的GPR图象进行阈值化处理和对比分析,结果表明选取合适的预处理方法,采用DGHM和STT多小波对GPR图象去噪可获得比其他方法更好的效果。展开更多
文摘A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework of the rehabilitation and strengthening works foreseen in a second stage.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 41271040, 51190091)The Special Fund of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (Grant No. 20145028012)
文摘Soil structure plays an important role in understanding soil attributes as well as hydrological processes. Effective method to obtain high quality soil map is therefore important for both soil science research and soil work ability improvement. However,traditional method such as digging soil pits is destructive and time-consuming. In this study, the structure of headwater hillslopes from Hemuqiao catchment(Taihu Basin, China) have been analyzed both by indirect(ground penetrating radar, GPR) and direct(excavation or soil auger) methods. Four transects at different locations of hillslopes in the catchment were selected for GPR survey. Three of them(#1, #2, and #3) were excavated to obtain fullscale soil information for interpreting radar images.We found that the most distinct boundary that can be detected by GPR is the boundary between soil and underlain bedrock. In some cases(e.g., 8-17 m in transect #2), in which the in situ soil was scarcely affected by colluvial process, different soil layers can be identified. This identification process utilized the sensitive of GPR to capture abrupt changes of soil characteristics in layer boundaries, e.g., surface organic layer(layer #1) and bamboo roots layer(layer#2, contain stone fragments), illuvial deposits layer(layer #3) and regolith layer(layer #4). However, in areas where stone fragments were irregularly distributed in the soil profile(highly affected bycolluvial and/or fluvial process), it was possible to distinguish which part contains more stone fragments in soil profile on the basis of reflection density(transect #3). Transect #4(unexcavated) was used to justify the GPR method for soil survey based on experiences from former transects. After that, O horizon thickness was compared by a hand auger.This work has demonstrated that GPR images can be of a potential data source for hydrological predictions.
文摘As a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition, Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) has been widely used in Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) based on the first order electromagnetic wave equation. However, the PML boundary condition is difficult to apply in GPR Finite Element Time Domain (FETD) simulation based on the second order electromagnetic wave equation. This paper developed a non-split perfectly matched layer (NPML) boundary condition for GPR FETD simulation based on the second order electromagnetic wave equation. Taking two-dimensional TM wave equation as an example, the second order frequency domain equation of GPR was derived according to the definition of complex extending coordinate transformation. Then it transformed into time domain by means of auxiliary differential equation method, and its FETD equation is derived based on Galerkin method. On this basis, a GPR FETD forward program based on NPML boundary condition is developed. The merits of NPML boundary condition are certified by compared with wave field snapshots, signal and reflection errors of homogeneous medium model with split and non-split PML boundary conditions. The comparison demonstrated that the NPML algorithm can reduce memory occupation and improve calculation efficiency. Furthermore, numerical simulation of a complex model verifies the good absorption effects of the NPML boundary condition in complex structures.
文摘Ground penetrating radar surveys of technical condition of Karatomar and Aktobe water storage basins on the river Tobol are shown. In this article we have shown that dams have problems with cavities and identified longitudinal dimensions of anomalous zones of decompression.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41604039,41604102,41764005,41574078)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation project(No.2020GXNSFAA159121,2016GXNSFBA380215).
文摘The reverse time migration(RTM)of ground penetrating radar(GPR)is usually implemented in its two-dimensional(2D)form,due to huge computational cost.However,2D RTM algorithm is difficult to focus the scattering signal and produce a high precision subsurface image when the object is buried in a complicated subsurface environment.To better handle the multi-off set GPR data,we propose a three-dimensional(3D)prestack RTM algorithm.The high-order fi nite diff erence time domian(FDTD)method,with the accuracy of eighth-order in space and second-order in time,is applied to simulate the forward and backward extrapolation electromagnetic fi elds.In addition,we use the normalized correlation imaging condition to obtain pre-stack RTM result and the Laplace fi lter to suppress the low frequency noise generated during the correlation process.The numerical test of 3D simulated GPR data demonstrated that 3D RTM image shows excellent coincidence with the true model.Compared with 2D RTM image,the 3D RTM image can more clearly and accurately refl ect the 3D spatial distribution of the target,and the resolution of the imaging results is far better.Furthermore,the application of observed GPR data further validates the eff ectiveness of the proposed 3D GPR RTM algorithm,and its fi nal image can more reliably guide the subsequent interpretation.
基金funded by a project of the Chinese Glacier Inventory(41071047 and KZCX2-YW-GJ04)
文摘The englacial structures and ice thickness of the Laohugou No. 12 （L12） Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China, were retrieved from ground-penetrating radar （GPR） profile dzta acquired in August of 2007. Here the interpretation of a typical GPR image is validated using two-dimensional, Finite-Difference Time-Domain （FDTD） numerical modeling. Data analyses revealed many en- glacial characteristics, such as temperate ice, crevasses, and cavities at the position of convergence between the eastern and west- ern glacial branches of L12, and at an altitude between 4,600 and 4,750 m a.s.1, on the east branch. Combining ice thickness, en- glacial structures, subglacial topography, and surface flow velocities of this glacier, we analyzed the reasons for the distribution of temperate ice. The results show that greater englacial water content is associated with englacial crevassing and surface moulins, which allow water to be channeled to the temperate ice aquifer beneath the surface cold ice layer. Analysis of air temperature data shows that as more meltwater imports into the ice body, this has a great effect on water conservation and dynamics conditions. With climate warming, and under the influence of crevasses, subglacial structures, and ice thickness, ice thickness reduction on the L12 east branch is more rapid than that on the west branch.
文摘探讨了多小波函数及其预处理方法对探地雷达(ground penetrating radar—GPR)图象去噪性能的影响,在Donoho D L和Johnstone I M提出的小波阈值去噪方法的基础上提出了一个改进的阈值函数,并对实际的GPR图象进行阈值化处理和对比分析,结果表明选取合适的预处理方法,采用DGHM和STT多小波对GPR图象去噪可获得比其他方法更好的效果。
