Mapping of ground motion amplifications for the Fraser River delta in Greater Vancouver, Canada

The Fraser River delta in Greater Vancouver, Canada consists of deep soft deposits of silts and clays, and it is well known that the deep soil deposits can amplify the low frequency contents of ground motions. This study aims to investigate the eff ects of deep soil deposits in the delta on ground motion amplifi cations by using thorough site response simulations that account for the full soil profi les and a suite of recorded ground motions that covers a wide range of intensity levels. Based on both equivalent-linear and nonlinear site response simulations, the eff ects of soil depth (represented by natural period of the soil, TS) on ground motion amplifi cations for various spectral periods are clearly demonstrated. The ground motion amplifi cation maps for various spectral periods and rock ground motion intensity levels are also generated to be used in the regional seismic hazard assessment for infrastructure. It is found that ground motions for long periods are substantially amplifi ed in the center of the delta, while those for short periods are de-amplifi ed when input rock motions are large.

Recent changes in ground surface thermal regimes in the context of air temperature warming over the Heihe River Basin, China

Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating spring, summer, autumn and winter air temperatures and mean annual air temperature（MAAT） from 1960 through 2008 over the Heihe River Basin reveals a statistically significant trend of 0.31 °C/decade, 0.28 °C/decade, 0.37 °C/decade, 0.50 °C/decade, and 0.37 °C /decade, respectively. The averaged time series of mean annual ground surface temperature（MAGST） and maximum annual ground surface temperature（MaxAGST） for 1972–2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of 0.58 °C/decade and 1.27 °C/decade, respectively. The minimum annual ground surface temperature（MinAGST） in the same period remains unchanged as a whole. Estimating surface freezing/thawing index as well as the ratio of freezing index to thawing index（RFT） in the period between 1959 and 2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of-42.5 °C-day/decade, 85.4 °C-day/decade and-0.018/decade, respectively.

放牧干扰下两河源牧区草地群落多样性与生物量的关系及变化

放牧会影响植物群落特征及地上生物量与多样性之间的关系,是近年来草地生态系统研究的热点问题。本研究以两河源牧区草地为例,基于60个采样点,采用样方法对该牧区的草地植被进行调查,使用α-多样性指数测度分析了放牧对植物群落结构特征的影响,探讨植物群落物种多样性与地上生物量之间的关系及变化。结果表明:1)在自然放牧条件下,两河源牧区植物科属种数量降低,植物群落高度和盖度呈下降趋势(P<0.01),密度呈上升趋势(P<0.01)。2)放牧显著降低了植物群落地上生物量(P<0.01)。其中,禾草类植物群落地上生物量降低,杂草类植物群落地上生物量提高,豆科类植物群落地上生物量的变化不大。3)放牧对两河源牧区植物群落产生了显著的影响,导致植物群落物种丰富度、优势度和多样性降低,但群落物种数量的分布更加均匀。4)植物群落地上生物量与Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与Simpson优势度指数呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。放牧干扰下,植物群落地上生物量与物种多样性之间的关系依然显著。因此,在草地的管理和维护中,应考虑放牧对植物群落结构特征的影响,根据当地实际情况做出合理的应对政策。研究结果为两河源牧区草地维护、管理及生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据。

干旱区自然资源地表基质细化分类体系构建与调查深度

地表基质分类是开展地表基质调查监测的基础,同时也是揭示地表基质与地表覆盖层的协同耦合关系的关键,有助于从地表覆被和地下空间要素两个层次认识地表基质与生态环境的作用机制。本研究以干旱区典型的内陆河流域——新疆三工河流域为靶区,依据干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠景观异质性分布特征,在地表基质的分布区域、海拔范围及主要地表覆被的基础上,构建了一套地表基质三级分类分区体系。整体划分为4个地表基质一级类、17个二级类及28个三级类。根据土壤理化性质及植被根系分布特征,地表基质调查深度在南部山区以50 cm;中部平原区以3 m;北部沙漠区小于10 m为宜。此外,基于垂直带生态系统NPP的分异性特征,验证了分类体系的合理性,体现了地表基质层孕育支撑土地覆被的作用关系。研究成果为未来干旱区自然资源调查监测和科学管理决策提供理论与技术支撑。

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.

Influencing factors of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River

Taking the source region of the Yellow River as a study area and based on the data from Madoi Meteorological Station and Huangheyan Hydrological Station covering the period 1955-2005, this paper analyses the changing trends of surface water resources, climate and frozen ground and reveals their causes. Results show that there exist frequent fluctuations from high to low water flow in the 51-year period. In general, the discharge has shown a de- clining trend in the 51 years especially since the 1990s. The annual distribution shows one peak which, year on year is getting smaller. （1） Precipitation has a significant and sustained influence on discharge. （2） A sharp rise of temperature resulted in the increase of evaporation and the decrease of discharge, which has a greater effect than on ice-snow melting. （3） Frozen ground tends to be degraded markedly. There is a significant positive correlation be- tween the permafrost thickness and the discharge. （4） Evaporation rates are significantly increasing, leading to the decrease of discharge. 70% of the discharge reduction resulted from climate change, and the remaining 30% may have been caused by human activities.

The effects of the identity of shrub species on the distribution and diversity of ground arthropods in a sandy desert ecosystem of northwestern China

Shrub is an important factor on structuring ground arthropod communities in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and their species influence ground arthropod distribution patterns in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, the ground arthropods were sampled with pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn. At the community level, total arthropod abundance was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare areas in spring; similar patterns occurred in terms of the richness of arthropod groups in the spring and over three seasons, suggesting season-specific shrub presence effects on arthropod activity. In addition, more arthropods were found under N. sphaerocarpa shrubs than under C. rnongolicum shrubs in autumn, suggesting season-specific effects of shrub species of arthropod activity, whereas more arthropods taxa were captured under C. mongoIicum than N. sphaerocarpa. At the trophic group level, the abundances of predator and herbivore arthropods were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas herbivore arthropods were more abundant under N. sphaerocarpa than C. rnongolicum, and an opposite rule was detected for predator arthropods At the family level, the mean abundances of Carabidae, Curculionidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae were significantly higher in the shrub microhabitats than in the intershrub bare habitat, there was no significant difference between habitats on the mean abundances of Formicidae and Tenebrionidae. The study results suggested that shrub presence and shrub species variation are important determinants of ground arthropod assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of ar- thropods differed among trophic and taxonomic groups.

Effects of shrub presence and shrub species on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of sea- son-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.

长江经济带跨界污染协同治理动力机制分析——基于扎根理论

传统的“政府单核”思维和单一的属地治理模式已无法有效回应跨界污染问题,以“多元共治、区域合作、协调对话”为主要方式的协同治理更加符合当下的治理需求。立足于长江经济带,通过对跨界污染事件报道的扎根分析,构建了协同治理动力机制模型,提炼出外源驱动、内生驱动、多元共治、赋能建设、思想引导和流程优化六个主导要素,进一步归纳为驱动力、能动力和执行力三维动力,分别作用于协同意愿、协同结构和协同过程三个阶段。利用模型对跨界污染事件进行回溯分析后发现,当前长江经济带跨界污染协同治理总体上存在驱动力失衡、能动力不足和执行力有限的问题,应结合具体实际有的放矢地予以强化。

An evaluation of soil moisture from AMSR-E over source area of the Yellow River, China

In this study,in-situ soil moisture measurements are used to evaluate the accuracy of three AMSR-E soil moisture prod ucts from NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration),JAXA(Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency)and VUA(Vrije University Amsterdam and NASA)over Maqu County,Source Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),China.Re sults show that the VUA soil moisture product performs the best among the three AMSR-E soil moisture products in the study area,with a minimum RMSE(root mean square error)of 0.08(0.10)m3/m3 and smallest absolute error of 0.07(0.08)m3/m3 at the grassland area with ascending(descending)data.Therefore,the VUA soil moisture product is used to describe the spatial variation of soil moisture during the 2010 growing season over SAYR.The VUA soil moisture product shows that soil moisture presents a declining trend from east south(0.42 m3/m3)to west north(0.23 m3/m3),with good agreement with a general precipitation distribution.The center of SAYR presents extreme wetness(0.60 m3/m3)dur ing the whole study period,especially in July,while the head of SAYR presents a high level soil moisture(0.23 m3/m3)in July,August and September.

雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸地上生物量与多样性沿海拔梯度的变化特征

【目的】雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原最重要的河流,研究雅鲁藏布江地上生物量和物种多样性对了解该区域的草地资源和生态保护具有重要意义。【方法】根据海拔梯度对雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸植被特征进行调查,探讨不同海拔梯度下地上生物量和物种多样性的分布差异、地上生物量与物种多样性之间的关系,以及相关环境因子对地上生物量和物种多样性的影响。【结果】(1)雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸地上生物量与海拔、气温和降水均无显著相关关系(P>0.05);(2)多物种样性指数与海拔呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),Shannon-Weiner指数(H)、Patrick指数(R)随海拔升高表现为下降趋势,而物种多样性与气温和降水呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);(3)地上生物量与物种多样性之间表现为显著负相关关系,Shannon-Weiner指数(H)对地上生物量的解释达到70%(P<0.01)。【结论】雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸的海拔与地上生物量无显著相关性,而与物种多样性呈显著负相关关系,这为雅鲁藏布江上游流域草地资源合理利用和物种多样性保护提供依据。

基于GPR探测的长江源地区冰川与冻土厚度研究

长江源地区的冰川变化揭示了青藏高原气候变化趋势。冰下地形探测作为冰川发育和运动过程研究的基础,对长江地区水土保持和淡水资源储量研究具有指导意义。长江科学院在长达10 a的江源科考基础上,分别于2022年、2023年采用探地雷达(GPR)技术对长江正源沱沱河发源地格拉丹东主峰的冰川厚度进行精准探测,并对查旦湿地冻土厚度上限进行了探测研究。结合多种冰川和冻土地质模型的GPR波场模拟结果,提高了GPR技术在长江源地区冰川和冻土探测的有效性和精准度。探测结果表明,格拉丹东主峰冰川厚度和查旦湿地冻土厚度上限均有不同程度降低,冰川厚度和冻土厚度上限观测是一个常年积累的结果,后续仍需持续进行观测,积累更多数据,分析变化趋势,以估算探测区域内冰储量,研究气候变化对冰川的影响效果。

沈从文辰河小说之自由意志内涵——基于扎根理论的探索性研究

沈从文以其辰河小说独特的地域风情和人文关怀吸引了广泛关注。文章采用扎根理论研究方法,深入探讨沈从文辰河小说中自由意志的内涵,揭示人物性格、命运与社会环境之间的内在联系。通过全面阅读和分析,提炼出辰河小说自由意志内涵模型,运用扎根理论对人物形象进行分类和归纳,总结出沈从文辰河小说自由意志的规律。结合社会历史背景,探讨自由意志的来源,背景、内涵形成和发展以及表现形式,以突显其在我国现代文学史上的独特价值。研究揭示了辰河小说自由意志内涵的多重维度,为理解作家创作意图和作品艺术价值提供新视角。

长江宜宾-江津段漂流性鱼卵纵向分布特征及与环境因子关系

通过2023年4-7月对长江上游宜宾、合江和江津断面鱼类早期资源的逐日监测,了解漂流性鱼卵种类组成、鱼卵径流量、产卵高峰期及产卵场的纵向分布特征,分析逐日产卵径流量变动与水文、水温条件的关系,明晰不同断面鱼卵径流量峰值出现的流量区间,辨识影响鱼卵径流量变动的关键环境要素。结果表明:共采集到漂流性鱼卵24种,包括长江上游特有鱼类鱼卵8种,其中红唇薄鳅(Leptobotia rubrilabris)、长薄鳅(L.elongata)、长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)为国家二级保护动物;流经宜宾、合江和江津断面的漂流性鱼卵总径流量分别为729.45×10^(4)、17301.92×10^(4)和76027.44×10^(4)粒,鱼卵总径流量从上游到下游呈明显增加的特征;3个断面鱼卵径流量的高峰期出现在5月下旬以后,其中宜宾断面最早,江津断面次之,合江断面最晚;金沙江一期工程蓄水后,保护区干流江段产卵场的纵向分布特征发生了明显改变,主要产卵场位置下移;流量上涨量、水位上涨量和流量日上涨率是影响3个断面鱼卵径流量变动的最重要因素。研究结果可为长江上游保护区干流鱼类早期资源保护、生态调度等提供科学依据。

长江源草地生物量空间分布及分配初步研究

草地生态系统是人类应对气候变化的重要资源,三江源区的草地生态系统脆弱而敏感,是研究草地生态系统状况的重要区域。利用长江南源当曲水系源头、干流、支流区域3种不同覆盖度5次重复采样共45个样方的草地生物量,初步分析了长江南源的草地生物量的空间分布和地上地下分配比差异。结果表明,越靠近源头(海拔升高),草地地上地下生物量越低,长江南源当曲草地地上生物量分布在21.12~850.61 g/m^(2)之间,草地地下生物量在50.34~6810.68 g/m^(2)之间,且草地覆盖度越高,生物量随高度增加而递减的趋势越明显。草地地上地下生物量的比值都<0.5,且草地覆盖度越高,草地地上地下生物量的比值越低。研究对长江南源当曲的草地生物量分布及其分配进行了初步分析,为了解三江源草地状态提供了前期探索和数据积累。

基于时序InSAR的九龙江河口地区地面沉降时空演变规律及成因分析

为探明九龙江河口地区地面沉降情况,本研究采用小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar, SBAS-InSAR)和永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture rader, PS-InSAR)技术获取了2017年1月至2022年3月地面沉降的时空分布信息和演变规律,并结合实地调查数据和水文地质调查监测资料对地面沉降成因进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:SBAS-InSAR和PS-InSAR两种方法均发现在研究期间九龙河口地区地面整体呈现出沉降趋势,SBAS-InSAR监测结果发现研究区沉降速率为6.2 mm/a;研究期间该区域的沉降中心持续扩大且沉降量呈增加趋势,最大累积沉降量达到250 mm以上,主要分布在浮宫镇中南部地区、海澄镇、东园镇中南部地区、角美镇和榜山镇东南部地区;该区域由于大量抽取地下水用于养殖,地下水位下降,引起淤泥层发生固结排水、压密,从而导致地面沉降。

长江上游江津段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状及繁殖需求

研究长江上游江津段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状和繁殖水文需求,可为长江上游鱼类资源保护和管理提供数据基础。2019-2022年鱼类繁殖季节,在长江上游保护区江津断面开展鱼类早期资源调查,以了解该区域鱼类早期资源种类组成、鱼卵密度的时间动态以及与水文、水环境因子的关系。结果表明,所采集到的67种鱼类卵苗中典型产漂流性种类26种;从各种类繁殖规模比例来看,吻鮈(Rhinogobio typus)、圆筒吻鮈(R.cylindricus)、铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)等占比较高;长鳍吻鮈(R.ventralis)繁殖高峰集中在4月,圆筒吻鮈和铜鱼集中在5月中下旬至7月上旬,四大家鱼集中在6月中旬至7月上旬,吻鮈的繁殖时间较长,高峰期集中在4月下旬至6月中下旬;产漂流性卵鱼类的主要产卵场分布在泸州弥陀镇、重庆朱杨溪-石门和金刚沱-油溪镇江段;相关分析结果表明,日均鱼卵密度与透明度呈显著负相关,与流量呈显著正相关;分类回归树结果表明,涨水过程中的水位涨幅、初始流量和透明度最小值是影响保护区产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖规模大小的重要因素,对于不同种类而言,所需的积温、流量条件不尽相同。长江上游保护区江段是多种产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵场,金沙江下游梯级电站陆续运行后,原产卵场位置和规模均发生了一定的变化,建议在实施生态调度来减缓其影响时,不仅需要考虑水文、积温条件对鱼类性腺的影响,还需要考虑水文过程与产卵场形成之间的联系。

基于LSTM模型的时序InSAR地表形变预测

为了解长江沿江区域的地表形变状况及发展趋势,维护长江防洪安全和河势稳定,利用2017年3月至2022年3月期间覆盖长江南京段沿江区域的61景Sentinel-1A影像,基于SBAS-InSAR技术获取了地面沉降监测结果,并基于LSTM长短期记忆神经网络模型对特征点未来变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明:①与水准监测结果相比,长江南京段沿江区域SBAS-InSAR监测结果具有一定的准确性;研究区域地面年均形变速率在-31~19 mm/a,并形成4个沉降漏斗。②LSTM模型对研究区域的形变预测值与SBAS-InSAR监测的期望值具有较高的一致性,两者最大绝对误差为3.28 mm;采用该方法对研究区域特征点的沉降趋势进行预测发现,未来2 a特征点总体表现为缓慢下沉并趋于稳定的趋势。研究成果可为相关部门制定沿江地区保护及规划方案提供技术参考。

马莲河水质监测与分析

马莲河流经环县、庆城县、宁县等五个县,全长366km。受季风影响,马莲河流域属于水资源极端贫乏的严重缺水区域。通过对马莲河各河流段现状的监测、分析、评价,分析研究马莲河历年污染防治措施产生的影响,检测马莲河的水质等级,从而为马莲河流域水污染防治、水资源综合利用提供科学依据。

牛栏江(昆明段)表层沉积物重金属时空分布特征与潜在生态风险评价

为探明牛栏江(昆明段)表层沉积物重金属污染特征,于3个水期(丰水期、枯水期、平水期)分别采集了流域内20个点位表层沉积物并测定了8种金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb、Hg、As)含量,进行了水期和区域差异分析、潜在风险评价以及重金属来源解析。结果发现牛栏江(昆明段)沉积物重金属中Cd含量1.45 mg/kg和Hg含量0.23 mg/kg,分别是云南省土壤背景值(0.218 mg/kg和0.058 mg/kg)的6.7倍和4.0倍,表明Cd和Hg污染相对严重。地累积指数表明牛栏江(昆明段)3个水期均为Cd污染程度最高,Hg次之,平均污染等级分别达到了中度污染和偏中度污染。因此Cd和Hg是牛栏江(昆明段)表层沉积物重金属污染最主要的生态风险贡献因子,应予以重视。同时,潜在生态风险指数表明,丰水期和平水期潜在生态风险程度分布具有干流高于支流、下游高于上游和北部高于南部的空间特征。