Ice Nucleation of Cirrus Clouds Related to the Transported Dust Layer Observed by Ground-Based Lidars over Wuhan,China

Cirrus clouds related to transported dust layers were identified on 22 occasions with ground-based polarization lidar from December 2012 to February 2018 over Wuhan(30.5°N,114.4°E),China.All the events occurred in spring and winter.Cirrus clouds were mostly located above 7.6 km on top of the aloft dust layers.In-cloud relative humidity with respect to ice(RH_(i))derived from water vapor Raman lidar as well as from ERA5 reanalysis data were used as criteria to determine the possible ice nucleation regimes.Corresponding to the two typical cases shown,the observed events can be classified into two categories:(1)category A(3 cases),in-cloud peak RH_(i)≥150%,indicating competition between heterogeneous nucleation and homogeneous nucleation;and(2)category B(19 cases),in-cloud peak RH_(i)<150%,revealing that only heterogeneous nucleation was involved.Heterogeneous nucleation generally took place during instances of cirrus cloud formation in the upper troposphere when advected dust particles were present.Although accompanying cloud-top temperatures ranged from–51.9℃to–30.4℃,dust-related heterogeneous nucleation contributed to primary ice nucleation in cirrus clouds by providing ice nucleating particle concentrations on the order of 10^(−3)L^(−1)to 10^(2)L^(−1).Heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent crystal growth reduced the ambient RH_(i)to be less than 150%by consuming water vapor and thus completely inhibited homogeneous nucleation.

Ground-based and additional science support for SMILE

The joint European Space Agency and Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamics of the magnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions,and simultaneously monitor the auroral response of the Northern Hemisphere ionosphere.Combining these large-scale responses with medium and fine-scale measurements at a variety of cadences by additional ground-based and space-based instruments will enable a much greater scientific impact beyond the original goals of the SMILE mission.Here,we describe current community efforts to prepare for SMILE,and the benefits and context various experiments that have explicitly expressed support for SMILE can offer.A dedicated group of international scientists representing many different experiment types and geographical locations,the Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group,is facilitating these efforts.Preparations include constructing an online SMILE Data Fusion Facility,the discussion of particular or special modes for experiments such as coherent and incoherent scatter radar,and the consideration of particular observing strategies and spacecraft conjunctions.We anticipate growing interest and community engagement with the SMILE mission,and we welcome novel ideas and insights from the solar-terrestrial community.

Comparison of Two Air Pollution Episodes over Northeast China in Winter 2016/17 Using Ground-Based Lidar

This study analyzes and compares aerosol properties and meteorological conditions during two air pollution episodes in 19–22（E1） and 25–26（E2） December 2016 in Northeast China. The visibility, particulate matter（PM） mass concentration, and surface meteorological observations were examined, together with the planetary boundary layer（PBL） properties and vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient and volume depolarization ratio that were measured by a ground-based lidar in Shenyang of Liaoning Province, China during December 2016–January 2017.Results suggest that the low PBL height led to poor pollution dilution in E1, while the high PBL accompanied by low visibility in E2 might have been due to cross-regional and vertical air transmission. The PM mass concentration decreased as the PBL height increased in E1 while these two variables were positively correlated in E2. The enhanced winds in E2 diffused the pollutants and contributed largely to the aerosol transport. Strong temperature inversion in E1 resulted in increased PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, and the winds in E2 favoured the southwesterly transport of aerosols from the North China Plain into the region surrounding Shenyang. The large extinction coefficient was partially attributed to the local pollution under the low PBL with high ground-surface PM mass concentrations in E1,whereas the cross-regional transport of aerosols within a high PBL and the low PM mass concentration near the ground in E2 were associated with severe aerosol extinction at high altitudes. These results may facilitate better understanding of the vertical distribution of aerosol properties during winter pollution events in Northeast China.

智航无人机载LiDAR系统在轨道交通建设中的应用分析

为了减少轨道交通建设外业勘测的工作量,提高制图的效率和精度,本文首先基于实际项目,选用智航SF1650六旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统对济南新东站片区进行航摄,利用获取的LiDAR点云和影像数据制作DEM、DOM,然后再进行大比例尺地形图和片区断面图的制作。通过外业勘测核实,DEM和DOM精度完全满足轨道交通建设工程制作大比例尺地形图的要求,且相较于传统立体航测,精度和数据利用率得到很大的提升,极大减少了外业勘测工作量,验证了智航SF1650无人机载LiDAR系统的可行性,为今后的工程应用提供了参考方案。

一种DEM辅助下的LiDAR点云PTD滤波改进算法

针对传统渐进加密不规则三角网(PTD)滤波算法在复杂地形环境下需要反复调试地面点判断参数才能获得较好结果的局限性,以往期DEM数据提取的地形高程和地形梯度为辅助,改进PTD中初始地面种子点的选取方法,优化地面点判断参数,并对往期DEM数据和现势LiDAR点云数据之间的地形变化进行检测和处理,适用于不同坡度地形条件的复杂地形,滤波效果较好。对比分析实验数据精度可知,该算法能有效降低I类与II类误差,且样本分类精度均在90%以上,说明DEM辅助可切实提高PTD滤波算法的精度。

改进的密度聚类精确自适应提取LiDAR电力线点云方法

原有邻域半径r_(Eps)与密度阈值p_(MinPts)两个参数的初始赋值导致电力线点云的提取结果存在不确定性,在密度聚类的基础上增添了点云簇类自适应判别方法,该方法避免人员重复测试初始参数的繁琐过程,采用C++语言完成了对该算法电力线精确提取及电力线拟合程序的开发与测试。结果表明:改进后的密度聚类法在电力线点云提取的损失率仅0.02%,三维重建残差为0.213 m;该方法大幅提高了电力线点云提取的准确性与便捷性,适用于高压电力走廊的电力巡检与三维重建等工作。

基于车载LiDAR的交通标线自动提取方法研究

针对自动驾驶技术对高精度道路信息实时存储分析的需求日渐增大、道路点云数据冗余离散的问题,本文提出了一种从车载LiDAR点云数据中自动提取道路面、分类并矢量化交通标线的有效方法。首先,将点云数据中的非地面点滤除;其次,基于载体车辆的行车轨迹线生成伪扫描线实现道路面的提取;然后,构建一系列二维点云参考影像,利用点云强度等特征信息检测交通标线边界像素点及坐标,并去除离群值对交通标线进行分类细化;最后,对本文方法提取与传统方法提取的交通要素进行对比,实验结果表明,本文提取方法的准确度及效率都有了一定的提升。

CNN-Transformer结合对比学习的高光谱与LiDAR数据协同分类

针对高光谱图像(hyperspectral images,HSI)与LiDAR数据多模态分类任务中的跨模态信息表达和特征对齐等问题,提出一种基于对比学习CNN-Transformer高光谱和LiDAR数据协同分类网络(Contrastive Learning based CNNTransformer Network,CLCT-Net)。CLCT-Net通过由ConvNeXt V2 Block构成的共有特征提取模块,获得不同模态间的共性特征,解决异构传感器数据之间语义对齐的问题。构建了包含空间-通道分支和光谱上下文分支的双分支HSI编码器,以及结合频域自注意力机制的LiDAR编码器,以获取更丰富的特征表示。利用集成对比学习进行分类,进一步提升多模态数据协同分类的精度。在Houston 2013和Trento数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于其他高光谱图像和Li‐DAR数据分类模型,本文所提模型获得了更高的地物分类精度,分别达到了92.01%和98.90%,实现了跨模态数据特征的深度挖掘和协同提取。

基于IMU-LiDAR紧耦合的煤矿防冲钻孔机器人定位导航方法

防冲钻孔机器人是冲击地压矿井卸压的关键设备,其在复杂卸压巷道的精确地图构建和的稳定导航是实现钻孔作业智能化的基础和前提。在分析激光雷达点云畸变成因和同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)算法缺陷的基础上,设计了基于惯性测量单元(IMU)连续时间轨迹的点云畸变矫正方法,建立了激光雷达和IMU的数据融合模型,提出了基于IMU-LiDAR紧耦合的防冲钻孔机器人定位建图方法。根据煤矿卸压巷道特点建立了密闭坡道模型,开展了建图效果仿真分析,结果表明,所提算法在定位精度、轨迹误差方面均优于现有常用算法。在此基础上,设计了基于改进人工势场法和快速扩展随机树的动态路径规划方法,建立了适用于防冲钻孔机器人的路径规划与导航融合方案,并设计了2种仿真运动场景,结果表明,所提路径规划方法在全局路径规划和动态路径规划的平均路径长度、平均运行时间、平均生成节点数等方面均具有较好的综合性能。为了进一步验证防冲钻孔机器人定位导航方法的实用性,在校内模拟巷道、地面实验基地和井下卸压巷道等场景下开展了多组对比实验,结果表明:将IMU数据与LiDAR数据紧耦合后,所提方法的定位建图精度明显提高,在特征退化场景中具有优越的定位建图性能,且规划路径的运算效率和路径代价方面均具有良好的表现,验证了所提定位导航方法在多种场景中的可行性和优越性。

Ground-Based Atmospheric CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO Column Measurements at Golmud in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Comparisons with TROPOMI/S5P Satellite Observations

Measurements of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),and carbon monoxide(CO)are of great importance in the Qinghai-Tibetan region,as it is the highest and largest plateau in the world affecting global weather and climate systems.In this study,for the first time,we present CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO column measurements carried out by a Bruker EM27/SUN Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR)at Golmud(36.42°E,94.91°N,2808 m)in August 2021.The mean and standard deviation of the column-average dry-air mixing ratio of CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO(XCO_(2),XCH_(4),and XCO)are 409.3±0.4 ppm,1905.5±19.4 ppb,and 103.1±7.7 ppb,respectively.The differences between the FTIR co-located TROPOMI/S5P satellite measurements at Golmud are 0.68±0.64%(13.1±12.2 ppb)for XCH_(4) and 9.81±3.48%(–10.7±3.8 ppb)for XCO,which are within their retrieval uncertainties.High correlations for both XCH_(4) and XCO are observed between the FTIR and S5P satellite measurements.Using the FLEXPART model and satellite measurements,we find that enhanced CH_(4) and CO columns in Golmud are affected by anthropogenic emissions transported from North India.This study provides an insight into the variations of the CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO columns in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

机载LiDAR点云数据的建筑屋顶面提取算法

针对机载LiDAR点云数据的屋顶面提取过程中因受植被影响导致提取精度低的问题,提出了一种基于区域生长的屋顶面点云提取算法。进行滤波处理得到非地面点云,利用屋顶面点云邻域特征信息提取屋顶面种子点,引入植被指数和RGB差值信息作为生长约束条件对屋顶面点云进行生长分割,利用屋顶面的高程与面积值对提取结果进行过滤优化,得到屋顶面点云。选取了农村、城市、工厂三组不同场景的测试数据进行实验,结果表明:Kappa系数分别达到了97.29%、97.82%、97.13%,算法可实现较好的建筑屋顶面提取效果,且针对不同建筑场景具有良好的适应性。

基于MLS LiDAR点云提取桃树结构参数

为构建数字化果园并提高智能化管理水平,探索基于MLS LiDAR提取桃树结构参数的方法。使用背包搭载多平台激光雷达采集展叶期桃园点云数据,采用改进K-Means聚类算法分割单棵桃树点云;对部分存在空洞的枝条点云上采样,得到较高密度枝条点云数据;使用不同直径的圆柱拟合重建桃树定量结构模型(QSM),提取桃树5项结构参数。结果表明:该方法能实现桃树精准三维模型重建,重建后提取的冠幅值、株高、主干直径、一二级枝条长度与实测值决定系数分别为0.779、0.939、0.978、0.965、0.986,均方根误差分别为0.280 m、0.076 m、0.003 m、0.066 m、0.068 m;平均相对误差为8.6%、2.5%、3.2%、2.6%、8.4%。研究结果可为桃园智能化管理提供数据支撑。

GNSS/IMU/LiDAR融合定位研究

为提升低成本卫星接收机和惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)条件下传统组合导航定位的抗干扰性和定位精度,本文通过融合GNSS、IMU、激光雷达(laser radar,LiDAR)来提高定位的鲁棒性及定位精度.在高楼遮挡等复杂环境下由于卫星信号丢失导致卫星定位结果降低,可通过GNSS与IMU的组合来提升导航定位的鲁棒性及其精度.如果卫星信号缺失时间过长,那么低成本条件下的GNSS/IMU组合定位精度仍不理想,本文提出利用LiDAR里程计输出的位置信息与传统组合导航通过扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)进行融合定位.实验得出:在无遮挡的环境下融合定位标准差(standard deviation,STD)精度较之卫星定位提升53.7%,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)精度提升56%,较之GNSS/IMU组合定位STD精度提升37.9%,RMSE精度提升38.6%.在有遮挡的环境下融合定位STD精度较之卫星定位提升59.4%,RMSE精度提升71.3%,较之GNSS/IMU组合定位STD精度提升26.3%,RMSE精度提升33.7%.

林区机载LiDAR点云的多分辨率层次布料模拟滤波

针对现有机载LiDAR(light detection and ranging)点云滤波方法在地形起伏剧烈的林区适用性不足的问题,提出一种多分辨率层次布料模拟滤波方法。首先,通过多尺度形态学开运算选择大量种子地面点;然后,基于种子地面点,使用布料模拟法由低至高逐层构建参考地形,以快速获取高分辨率参考地形;最后,基于点至参考地形的高差区分地面点和非地面点。利用国际摄影测量和遥感学会提供的数据集和参考方法,评估该方法性能。利用在中国、美国多个代表性林区的点云数据,评估该方法的可推广性。结果表明,该方法的Kappa系数和运行时间是83.72%和34.11 s,精度和效率较经典布料模拟滤波方法提高10.49%和52.17%。相比8种参考方法,该方法能够获得更高精度,并且具有稳定的可推广性。

基于LiDAR数据与光谱影像融合的单木提取方法

针对现有的机载数据单木分割方法对林型的普适度不高,尤其在高郁闭度阔叶林地带提取精度偏低的问题,选用海南省海口市热带阔叶林地带的光谱影像和LiDAR数据,先采用基于距离阈值的单木分割方法,利用高分光谱影像分割得到的树冠边缘,对初始探测树顶点进行位置约束。获得单木顶点的精确定位后,采用基于种子点的单木分割方法分割,完成了阔叶林的单木提取。结果显示,与已有的基于单木间相对间距单木分割方法相比,本研究通过选取最佳分割尺度结合光谱影像进行精确定位,改善了原有单一尺度分割方法导致的过分割现象,将单木识别精确率由0.67提升至0.92。该方法在使用遥感对森林单木进行分割工作中,可以更好地识别单木,对不同林型适用度较高,可以为后续的单木信息提取工作提供数据基础。

一种改进的机载LiDAR数据构建DEM地面种子点选取方法

针对机载激光雷达(LiDAR)数据使用传统方法获取的地面种子点密度低,种子点之间空白区域的地形信息缺失,不利于后续提取地面点和构建高质量数字高程模型(DEM)的问题,本文提出了一种基于新的网格遍历规则的地面种子点选取方法。与传统方法中的起始网格在X和Y方向上每次移动1个规则网格宽度不同,该方法每次移动1/2个网格宽度,增加规则网格数量,获取的地面种子点个数相较于传统方法提高约200%,可补充种子点之间空白区域的地形信息,有利于提高后续点云数据处理的精度和相关产品的可靠性。

Modeling and Analysis of the Impacts of Temporal-Spatial Variant Troposphere on Ground-Based SAR Imaging of Asteroids

The near-Earth asteroid collisions could cause catastrophic disasters to humanity and the Earth,so it is crucial to monitor asteroids.Ground-based synthetic aperture radar(SAR)is an observation technique for high resolution imaging of asteroids.The ground-based SAR requires a long integration time to achieve a large synthetic aperture,and the echo signal will be seriously affected by temporal-spatial variant troposphere.Traditional spatiotemporal freezing tropospheric models are ineffective.To cope with this,this paper models and analyses the impacts of temporal-spatial variant troposphere on ground-based SAR imaging of asteroids.For the background tropo-sphere,a temporal-spatial variant ray tracing method is proposed to trace the 4D(3D spatial+temporal)refractive index network provided by the numerical weather model,and calculate the error of the background troposphere.For the tropospheric turbulence,the Andrew power spectral model is used in conjunction with multiphase screen theory,and varying errors are obtained by tracking the changing position of the pierce point on the phase screen.Through simulation,the impact of temporal-spatial variant tropospheric errors on image quality is analyzed,and the simulation results show that the X-band echo signal is seriously affected by the troposphere and the echo signal must be compensated.

Ground-Based LiDAR Improves Phenotypic Repeatability of Above-Ground Biomass and Crop Growth Rate in Wheat

Highly repeatable,nondestructive,and high-throughput measures of above-ground biomass(AGB)and crop growth rate(CGR)are important for wheat improvement programs.This study evaluates the repeatability of destructive AGB and CGR measurements in comparison to two previously described methods for the estimation of AGB from LiDAR:3D voxel index(3DVI)and 3D profile index(3DPI).Across three field experiments,contrasting in available water supply and comprising up to 98 wheat genotypes varying for canopy architecture,several concurrent measurements of LiDAR and AGB were made from jointing to anthesis.Phenotypic correlations at discrete events between AGB and the LiDAR-derived biomass indices were significant,ranging from 0.31(P<0:05)to 0.86(P<0:0001),providing confidence in the LiDAR indices as effective surrogates for AGB.The repeatability of the LiDAR biomass indices at discrete events was at least similar to and often higher than AGB,particularly under water limitation.The correlations between calculated CGR for AGB and the LiDAR indices were moderate to high and varied between experiments.However,across all experiments,the repeatabilities of the CGR derived from the LiDAR indices were appreciably greater than those for AGB,except for the 3DPI in the water-limited environment.In our experiments,the repeatability of either LiDAR index was consistently higher than that of AGB,both at discrete time points and when CGR was calculated.These findings provide promising support for the reliable use of ground-based LiDAR,as a surrogate measure of AGB and CGR,for screening germplasm in research and wheat breeding.

融合星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像的长江中游洲滩典型禾本科植物高度动态研究

植物是大型河流生态系统的重要成分。但受气候变化和人类活动影响,洲滩禾本科植物高度不断发生调整,进而影响洲滩生境和河道防洪安全,故需长期监测。近年来,伴随着星载激光雷达(LiDAR)技术的发展,应用LiDAR卫星数据反演洲滩禾本科植物高度成为一种可能。本文融合新一代星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像,基于XGBoost算法构建了考虑物候、累积温度与光合有效辐射指标的洲滩典型禾本科植物高度外推模型,同时利用Attention-UNet算法搭建了洪淹区域识别模型。随后以长江中游洲滩为例,探明了星载LiDAR技术在获取洲滩植株高度方面的性能,分析了各指标对模型精度的影响,并初步得出了洲滩典型禾本科植物高度对不同淹没条件的响应模式。主要结论包括:(1)星载LiDAR系统GEDI具有准确探测洲滩植物高度的能力,与无人机航测数据相比RMSE=0.43 m;(2)运用GEDI数据构建禾本科植物高度外推模型时,考虑物候和累积温度等指标可有效提升模型精度,提升幅度为6.8%~10.7%;(3)利用无人机航测数据对模型外推植物高度进行评价,RMSE=0.80 m。同时从模型外推结果中可知,受2020年流域尺度洪水影响,中游各河段平均植物高度下降了0.03~0.24 m;(4)在2020年流域尺度洪水作用下,淹没历时≤10天的洲滩禾本科植物,其次年株高整体呈增长趋势;而淹没历时>10天时,其次年株高平均下降了2.3%~3.1%。此外,对于日均淹没水深与株高的比值>0.95的洲滩,随着比值增加,洪水对禾本科植株高度的负面作用逐步增强。

Ground-based/UAV-LiDAR data fusion for quantitative structure modeling and tree parameter retrieval in subtropical planted forest

Light detection and ranging(LiDAR)has contributed immensely to forest mapping and 3D tree modelling.From the perspective of data acquisition,the integration of LiDAR data from different platforms would enrich forest information at the tree and plot levels.This research develops a general framework to integrate ground-based and UAV-LiDAR(ULS)data to better estimate tree parameters based on quantitative structure modelling(QSM).This is accomplished in three sequential steps.First,the ground-based/ULS LiDAR data were co-registered based on the local density peaks of the clustered canopy.Next,redundancy and noise were removed for the ground-based/ULS LiDAR data fusion.Finally,tree modeling and biophysical parameter retrieval were based on QSM.Experiments were performed for Backpack/Handheld/UAV-based multi-platform mobile LiDAR data of a subtropical forest,including poplar and dawn redwood species.Generally,ground-based/ULS LiDAR data fusion outperforms ground-based LiDAR with respect to tree parameter estimation compared to field data.The fusion-derived tree height,tree volume,and crown volume significantly improved by up to 9.01%,5.28%,and 18.61%,respectively,in terms of rRMSE.By contrast,the diameter at breast height(DBH)is the parameter that has the least benefits from fusion,and rRMSE remains approximately the same,because stems are already well sampled from ground data.Additionally,particularly for dense forests,the fusion-derived tree parameters were improved compared to those derived from ground-based LiDAR.Ground-based LiDAR can potentially be used to estimate tree parameters in low-stand-density forests,whereby the improvement owing to fusion is not significant.