Catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions in Kazakhstan

The catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions of Kazakhstan used for modeling seismic effects in seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented.

An investigation on the ground motion parameters and seismic response of underground structures

Peak ground acceleration (PGA), frequency content and time duration are three fundamental parameters of seismic loading. This study focuses on the seismic load frequency and its effect on the underground structures. Eight accelerograms regarding different occurred earthquakes that are scaled to an identical PGA and variation of ground motion parameters with ratio of peak ground velocity (PGV) to PGA, as a parameter related to the load frequency, are considered. Then, concrete lining response of a circular tunnel under various seismic conditions is evaluated analytically. In the next, seismic response of underground structure is assessed numerically using two different time histories. Finally, effects of incident load frequency and frequency ratio on the dynamic damping of geotechnical materials are discussed. Result of analyses show that specific energy of seismic loading with identical PGA is related to the seismic load frequency. Furthermore, incident load frequency and natural frequency of a system have influence on the wave attenuation and dynamic damping of the system.

Ground motion parameters of Shillong plateau: One of the most seismically active zones of northeastern India

Strong ground motion parameters for Shillong plateau of northeastern India are examined. Empirical relations are obtained for main parameters of ground motions as a function of earthquake magnitude, fault type, source depth, velocity characterization of medium and distance. Correlation between ground motion parameters and characteristics of seismogenic zones are established. A new attenuation relation for peak ground acceleration is developed, which predicts higher expected PGA in the region. Parameters of strong motions, particularly the predominant periods and duration of vibrations, depend on the morphology of the studied area. The study measures low estimates of logarithmic width in Shillong plateau. The attenuation relation estimated for pulse width critically indicates increased pulse width dependence on the logarithmic distance which accounts for geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation.

The Relationship Among Bedrock Seismic Ground Motion Parameters with Different Exceedance Probabilities in the Panxi Area

Based on the calculation of the bedrock effective peak acceleration (EPA) zoning map in the Panxi area, the ratios of EPA with exceedance probabilities of 63%, 5%, 3%, 2% and 1% over 50 years to that of 10% in 50 years are 0.302, 1.30, 1.55, 1.76 and 2.14, respectively. The seismic effect will be conservative and safe if taking this zoning map as the earthquake resistant fortification level and following the relevant rules of the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GBJ11 89) to calculate the seismic effect. Furthermore, the main factors that influence the A10/A63 ratios have been found to be the attenuation relationship of seismic ground motion, the division of seismic potential source regions and the seismicity parameters. These achievements are helpful to the spreading and applying of the zoning map.

Performance Analysis of Corroded Grounding Devices with an Accurate Corrosion Model

Grounding devices are significant to the operation of the power transmission line and power equipment.The soil and leakage current can easily cause the corrosion of carbon steel grounding devices,resulting in power accidents.Therefore,most carbon steel grounding devices in service are already corroded,and the accurate calculation of grounding parameters for corroded grounding devices is important.However,most existing methods for calculating the grounding parameters of corroded grounding devices usually have the following disadvantages:1)They only consider whether the grounding devices are broken or not,and cannot analyze the grounding parameters of grounding devices with different corrosion degrees;2)They assume that the corroded grounding device is a conductor with a smaller diameter,and ignore the impact of the corrosion product layer,resulting in calculation errors.To solve the above problems,this paper establishes an accurate corrosion model for grounding devices based on the volume expansion coefficient of corrosion products.The grounding parameters calculation method for corroded grounding devices is proposed based on the boundary element method(BEM)and Galerkin’s method.Then the grounding performance of tower grounding grids with different corrosion degrees in different soils(uniform and layered)is analyzed.Finally,some features of grounding parameters of corroded grounding devices are given.This study can accurately calculate the grounding parameters of the corroded grounding devices and has far-reaching engineering significance for the safety of power equipment.

Modified image analytical solutions for ground displacement using nonuniform convergence model

Based on the image theory,the analytical solutions of tunneling-induced ground displacement were derived in conjunction with the nonuniform convergence model.The reasonable value of Poisson ratio in the analytical solution was discussed.The ground settlement width parameter which could reflect the ground condition was introduced to modify the analytical solutions proposed above,and new analytical solutions were presented.To evaluate the validity of the present solutions using the nonuniform convergence model,the results were compared with the observed values for four engineering projects,including 38 measured data of ground settlement.The agreement shows that the present solutions using the nonuniform convergence model are effective for evaluating the tunneling-induced ground displacements.

Study on inelastic displacement ratio spectra for near-fault pulse-type ground motions

In displacement-based seismic design, inelastic displacement ratio spectra （IDRS） are particularly useful for estimating the maximum lateral inelastic displacement demand of a nonlinear SDOF system from the maximum elastic displacement demand of its counterpart linear elastic SDOF system. In this study, the characteristics of IDRS for near-fault pulse-type ground motions are investigated based on a great number of earthquake ground motions. The influence of site conditions, ratio of peak ground velocity （PGV） to peak ground acceleration （PGA）, the PGV, and the maximum incremental velocity （MIV） on IDRS are also evaluated. The results indicate that the effect of near-fault ground motions on IDRS are significant only at periods between 0.2 s - 1.5 s, where the amplification can approach 20%. The PGV/PGA ratio has the most significant influence on IDRS among the parameters considered. It is also found that site conditions only slightly affect the IDRS.

Study on the severest real ground motion for seismic design and analysis

How to select the adequate real strong earthquake ground motion for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering research and practice. In the paper the concept of the severest design ground motion is proposed and a method is developed for comparing the severity of the recorded strong ground motions. By using this method the severest earthquake ground motions are selected out as seismic inputs to the structures to be designed from a database that consists of more than five thousand significant strong ground motion records collected over the world. The selected severest ground motions are very likely to be able to drive the structures to their critical response and thereby result in the highest damage potential. It is noted that for different structures with different predominant natural periods and at different sites where structures are located the severest design ground motions are usually different. Finally, two examples are illustrated to demonstrate the rationality of the concept and the reliability of the selected design motion.

Some considerations on the physical mea-sure of seismic intensity

The study on seismic intensity can be traced prior to the time that modern seismology was established. In its early stage the seismic intensity was designed to serve as a measure in scaling the severity of earthquake damage to civil engineering and environmental structures. Also the seismic intensity is usually assigned by engineers and seismologists with one or two characteristic parameters of earthquake ground motions to reflect earthquake damage potential so as to be able to serve as an input earthquake load for seismic design of structures. So choosing a proper parameter to reflect the action of seismic intensity is the main objective of the research on physical measure of seismic intensity. However, since various kinds of structures have quite different damage mechanisms, there will exist great differences in damages to different structures located at the same area during the same earthquake. Particularly, in some cases, quite different damages have happened even to the structures of same kind due to many other factors such as different construction materials, different configurations or on the different types of sites where structures located. In addition, the ground motion parameters, which result in damage to structures, are not the single peak value of ground motion. Hence, this paper emphasizes that the research on new physical measure of seismic intensity should not only consider the structural characteristics but also take into account other parameters such as duration, energy of ground motion and so on. In particular, as the physical measures of intensity, different ground motion parameter should be adopted for different structures.

Intensity Retrieved from Public Monitoring Video——Cases from the May 12,2008,Wenchuan Earthquake

Macroseismic investigation is presented with a new potential means of investigation in the "digital age". In this paper we studied several cases in the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake with a view to exploring the feasibility of retrieving intensity, or even strong ground motion parameters, from public monitoring video which was originally deployed for security purposes. We used public monitoring video records from 44 sites across the meizoseismal region and its surroundings to estimate the intensity. By using the video from a bank in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province and making the simple assumption that ground vibration is in the form of a propagating harmonic wave, we estimated that the local ground motion acceleration was 0.14g.

Seismic hazard analysis for engineering sites based on the stochastic finite-fault method

Seismic hazard analyses are mainly performed using either deterministic or probabilistic methods.However,there are still some defects in these statistical model-based approaches for regional seismic risk assessment affected by the near-field of large earthquakes.Therefore,we established a deterministic seismic hazard analysis method that can characterize the entire process of ground motion propagation based on stochastic finite-fault simulation,and we chose the site of the Xiluodu dam to demonstrate the method.This method can characterize earthquake source properties more realistically than other methods and consider factors such as the path and site attenuation of seismic waves.It also has high computational efficiency and is convenient for engineering applications.We first analyzed the complexity of seismogenic structures in the Xiluodu dam site area,and then an evaluation system for ground motion parameters that considers various uncertainties is constructed based on a stochastic finitefault simulation.Finally,we assessed the seismic hazard of the dam site area comprehensively.The proposed method was able to take into account the complexity of the seismogenic structures affecting the dam site and provide multi-level parameter evaluation results corresponding to different risk levels.These results can be used to construct a dam safety assessment system of an earthquake in advance that provides technical support for rapidly and accurately assessing the post-earthquake damage state of a dam,thus determining the influence of an earthquake on dam safety and mitigating the risk of potential secondary disasters.

Evaluation of ground motion parameters and seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings from the Mw 6.9,2011 Sikkim earthquake

The continuous collision of the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate has resulted in several earthquakes in the Himalayan region.The 6.9 Mw 2011 Sikkim earthquake,which caused immense damage to the built environment in Sikkim,was triggered by an intraplate source on the overriding Eurasian plate.Strong ground motions from the earthquake were recorded at stations established by IIT Roorkee as part of the PESMOS program.In this paper,near-field and far-field ground motions from this earthquake were analyzed to evaluate their key characteristics and examine their time-frequency features by employing Fast Fourier Transforms(FFTs)and Continuous Wavelet Transforms(CWTs).A comparison between the ground motion parameters of near-field and far-field seismic waves highlights the distinct characteristics of near-field ground motions.Additionally,the impact of near-field and far-field ground motions on the seismic response of a code-compliant RC building is investigated.The results from the non-linear time history analyses indicate that the roof displacements,drift ratio and strain induced in the frame elements are less than the code-prescribed maximum limits.Further,the demand and capacity levels for the RC frame elements were evaluated to compute the performance ratios.The results indicate that the extensive damage to reinforced concrete buildings in the 2011 Sikkim quake was primarily due to the nonengineered nature of the structures and also due to the non-compliance of the built structures to the seismic design code provisions.

The space and time distribution characteristics of the shear stress field for the sequence of the Wuding earthquake

Follow Chen and Duda's model of spectral fall-off of ω~3, the dependence of peak parameters of ground motion, peak displacement d_m, peak velocity vin and peak acceleration a_m, upon the environment stress τ_o-values are studied using near source seismic digital recordings for the sequence of the Wuding, Yunnan, M = 6.5 earthquake, in which, as a new thought, the peak parameters are assumed to be related to the medium Q-value. Three formulae for estimating the environment stress τ_o-values by the peak parameters of three types of ground motions are derived. Using these formulae, the environment stress τ_o-values are calculated for the sequence of the Wuding earthquake. The result show that τ_o-values calculated by the three formulae are constant largely, the averages of τ_o are in the range of 5.0-35 MPa for most earthquakes. It belongs to the high-stress earthquakes sequence: the high-stress values are restricted to the relatively small area closely near to the epicenter of the main shock. The fine distribu tion structure for the contours of the environment stress τ_o-values is related closely to the strong aftershocks. The analysis of spatial and temporal feature of To-values suggests that the earthquakes sequence in a rupture process generated at the specific intersection zone of seismo-tectonics under high-stress background.

Study on Ground Deformation during Shield Tunnel Construction

Through the systematic analysis of the ground settlement generated by the process of shield tunneling,the relationships between ground deformation and construction parameters are studied in this paper.Based on the assumption of linear small deformation,a mathematical model of the relationship between ground deformation and construction parameters is set up.The principle and method of optimization for estimating ground deformation is studied.The actual measured data are compared with the results of theoretical analysis in a case.Considering different ground formations in different construction sites with different adverse effects on surface and underground structures,the ground surface deformations caused by shield tunneling is an aimed topic in this paper.The contributions and research implications are the revealed relationships between the ground deformation and the shield tunneling parameters during construction.

A Prediction Method of Ground Motion for Regions without Available Observation Data(LGB-FS)and Its Application to both Yangbi and Maduo Earthquakes in 2021

Currently available earthquake attenuation equations are locally applicable,and methods based on observation data are not applicable in areas without available observation data.To solve the above problems and further improve the prediction accuracy of ground motion parameters,we present a prediction model referred to as a light gradient boosting machine with feature selection(LGB-FS).It is based on a light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)constructed using historical strong motion data from the NGA-west2 database and can quickly simulate the distribution of strong motion near the epicenter after an earthquake.Cases study shows that compared with GMPE methods and those based on real-time observation data,the model has a better prediction effect in areas without available observation data and can be applied to Yangbi Earthquake and Maduo Earthquake.The feature importance evaluation based on both information gains and partial dependence plots(PDPs)reveals the complex relationships between multiple factors and ground motion parameters,allowing us to better understand their mechanisms and connections.

FrFT-CSWSF: Estimating cross-range velocities of ground moving targets using multistatic synthetic aperture radar

Estimating cross-range velocity is a challenging task for space-borne synthetic aperture radar（SAR）, which is important for ground moving target indication（GMTI）. Because the velocity of a target is very small compared with that of the satellite, it is difficult to correctly estimate it using a conventional monostatic platform algorithm. To overcome this problem, a novel method employing multistatic SAR is presented in this letter. The proposed hybrid method, which is based on an extended space-time model（ESTIM） of the azimuth signal, has two steps： first, a set of finite impulse response（FIR） filter banks based on a fractional Fourier transform（FrFT） is used to separate multiple targets within a range gate; second, a cross-correlation spectrum weighted subspace fitting（CSWSF） algorithm is applied to each of the separated signals in order to estimate their respective parameters. As verified through computer simulation with the constellations of Cartwheel, Pendulum and Helix, this proposed time-frequency-subspace method effectively improves the estimation precision of the cross-range velocities of multiple targets.